Les premiers ordinateurs

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1 B. Ycart histoires d informatique Les premiers ordinateurs comment et pourquoi?

2 Quatre «premiers» ordinateurs de 1941 à 1946 Qui Où Quand Z3 Zuse Berlin mai 41 MARK I Aiken Harvard février 44 Colossus II Flowers Bletchley Park juin 44 ENIAC Mauchly-Eckert Philadelphie février 46

3 Konrad Zuse ( ) Z1,2,3,4, S1, S2,...

4 Howard H. Aiken ( ) MARK I, II, III, IV,...

5 Thomas H. Flowers ( ) Heath Robinson, Colossus I, II,...

6 J. W. Mauchly ( ) J. P. Eckert ( ) ENIAC, EDVAC,...

7 Z1 Konrad Zuse ( )

8 MARK I Howard H. Aiken ( )

9 Colossus II Thomas H. Flowers ( )

10 ENIAC John W. Mauchly ( ) J. Presper Eckert ( )

11 Relai électro-mécanique

12 Tubes à vide

13 Technologies de 1941 à 1946 Qui Avec Comment pourquoi Z3 Zuse REM binaire calculs MARK I Aiken REM décimal calculs Colossus II Flowers TAV binaire décodage ENIAC Mauchly-Eckert TAV décimal calculs

14 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ( )

15 obtaining Leibniz s works Témoignage de Walter Bullmann My contribution to Zuse s work was limited to visits, discussions, and attempts to contribute a few points, as well as obtaining Leibniz s works, in which the philosopher described and examined the binary system.

16 general dyadics (1937) Zuse, The computer, my life I summarized my thoughts in a brief work. Since Leibniz used the expression dyadic for the binary number system, I called my conditional combinatorics study general dyadics. In a letter to my former mathematics teacher, I proudly mentioned my thoughts. The reply read, as it should : This formal system has long been known under the name propositional calculus. This came as a surprise to me.

17 Charles Babbage ( )

18 La filiation Howard Aiken, Grace Hopper et une relique

19 Historical Introduction A manual of operation for the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (1946) If, unwarned by my example, any man shall undertake and shall succeed in really constructing an engine [... ] I have no fear of leaving my reputation in his charge, for he alone will be fully able to appreciate the nature of my efforts and the value of their results. Charles Babbage, Passages from the life of a philosopher (1864)

20 Babbage s dream come true L. J. Comrie, Nature (1946) The machine now described, The automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, is a realization of Babbage s project in principle, although its physical form has the benefit of twentieth century engineering and mass-production methods.

21 La vision de Zuse Konrad Zuse et la reconstitution du Z1

22 able to play chess Témoignage de Walter Bullmann Zuse explained that calculations are only a special case of logical operations, and that his machine must also be able to play chess. Other applications such as weather forecasting occured to us when the Z1 still operated with a mechanical calculating unit and memory, built from metal strips stacked at right angles wih steel cylinders in between, and receiving its commands from celluloid film strips that were hand-punched, hole by hole.

23 Helmut Theodor Schreyer ( ) Zuse, Schreyer et un ami

24 Helmut Schreyer s wild idea Zuse, The computer, my life I invited Schreyer, he came, looked at my strange metal contraption and said spontaneously, you ll have to make this with vacuum tubes. Quite honestly I considered this to be one of his wild ideas. Vacuum tubes were used in radios but in computing machines? One the other hand, why not? Helmut Schreier s supposedly wild idea proved to be one of the most fruitful ideas in all the history of computers.

25 conversation téléphonique avec Pannke (1937) Zuse, The computer, my life Someone informed me, that you have invented a computing machine. Now, I don t want to discourage you from continuing to work as an inventor and from developing new ideas, but I must go ahead and tell you one thing : in the field of computing machines, practically everything has been researched and perfected to the last detail. There s hardly anything left to invent. [... ] Does your machine work according to the principle of repeated addition, or according to the principle of the multiplier?

26 Journal (6 juin 1937) Zuse, The computer, my life For about a year now I have been considering the concept of a mechanical brain. First ideas ; in connection with the computing machine. Production of computing plans according to instructions. Mathematical brain ; differentiation. Language brain. Translation, writing, etc. First productive ideas on the details : April 37. Discovery of the conditional chains. Solution of all operations using conditional chains.

27 Plankalkül (1945) Konrad Zuse ( ) Today, it is difficult to determine to what extent the ideas of the Plankalkül were adopted, and to what extent which is more likely several researchers simultaneously arrived at the same fundamental results. [... ] Programs, such as those for chess, can be formulated either not at all, or only very clumsily with these languages. Here indeed the Plankalkül would be far more suitable. I also believe that work in the areas of artificial intelligence and general problem solving should be far more successful if they used the facilities that lie in the Plankalkül.

28 the philosophers stone Zuse, The computer, my life The design of the germ cell of the artificial superbrain appears to me the highest attainable goal, almost the philosophers stone. Once brought into the world, it would improve itself continuously through learning and could be fed the accumulated knowledge of time. The solution of all other difficult problems could then be left to this instrument given that one still had it well in hand.

29 Faire-part de naissance (1961) Konrad Zuse ( )

30 références B. J. Copeland ed. (2006) Colossus ; the secrets of Bletchley Park s codebreaking computers, New York : Morton W. K. Giloi (1997) Konrad Zuse s Plankalkül : the first highlevel, non von Neumann programming language, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 19(2), N. Metropolis et al. eds. (1985) A history of computing in the twentieth century, London : Academic Press R. Rojas (1997) Konrad Zuse s legacy : the architecture of the Z1 and Z3, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 19(2), 5 16 K. Zuse (1993) The computer My life, Springer-Verlag : Berlin

History of Modern Computing Lesson 1

History of Modern Computing Lesson 1 www.soe.ucsc.edu/classes/cmpe080h/fall05 David Pease Computer Engineering Department Jack Baskin School of Engineering Lesson Outline Definition of a computer Types