History. A (brief) history of interaction. Outline. Major paradigms of interaction. Visionaries who inspired advances
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1 History A (brief) history of interaction Outline Major paradigms of interaction - Batch interfaces - Conversational interfaces - Graphical interfaces Visionaries who inspired advances - Vannevar Bush - Douglas Engelbart - Ivan Sutherland - Alan Kay History 2
2 Interface vs. Interaction Interface refers to what the system presents to the user - it s what you can manipulate and what the system uses to present feedback Interaction refers to the sequence of actions a person expresses and the corresponding system responses - it unfolds over time interaction requires an interface to occur to use an interface, there must be interaction History 3 The History of Interaction History of interaction is the history of making the input and output languages of the machine closer to the input and output language of the user and their tasks Interaction has evolved from forms that favoured the machine (when its time was more valuable) to those that favour the user (input) perceive (output) present express (output) translate (input) History 4
3 Earliest Computers (what about an abacus?) Human computers (up to 1940s) Babbage s Analytical Engine (designed mid 1800s) History 5 Dials, Knobs, and Lights (1940s) Howard Aiken, IBM ASCC / Harvard Mark I History 6
4 History 7 7 Batch Interface ( ) Interaction style - Set of instructions prepared a priori, fed to computer via punch cards, paper tape, magnetic tape - Response typically received via paper printout - No real interaction possible as system executes instructions - Responses received in hours, days Users - Only used by highly trained individuals History 8
5 Conversational Interface ( ) Interaction style - User types command, waits for response - Programs usually run to completion before response - Feedback can be given during execution - User can be prompted for information during execution - User is guided through heavily scripted / structured interaction - Examples: Bash Shell, Zork Users trained experts History 9 Zork History 10
6 Command-Line Interface Advantages - Highly flexible: Can combine commands to create sophisticated sets of operations Disadvantages - Users need to understand the computer - I/O is in system language, not task language - Requires recall rather than recognition Consequences - System in control during execution: User cannot refine execution / make modifications during program execution History 11 Recognizing User Needs Batch and command line interfaces require interaction language closer to the system than task - Onus on user to conform to system These interfaces were common at a time when the computer s time was more expensive than a person s time Some visionaries imagined a different form of interaction History 12
7 History 13 Vannevar Bush Headed Office of Scientific Research and Development - Manhattan project, other WWII science efforts 1945 article, As We May Think in The Atlantic inspires computer scientists to present day Goal was to augment human intellect History 14
8 Bush s Memex A memex is a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory. Proposes associative links between content (hyperlinks) Dual display setup Direct annotation of stored content Proposes direct connection to nervous system But hardware a long way off History 15 Douglas Engelbart Led team at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) created On-Line System (NLS) (~1968) - invented the mouse - implemented hypertext - introduced copy/paste - vision of computer-supported collaborative work History 16
9 The NLS System Mother of all Demos (intro, text editing, copy & paste) (mouse) (chorded keyboard) (hardware) (hypertext documentation) (collaboration) (mentions that Arpanet is coming) History 17 Ivan Sutherland Sketchpad (~1963) - Light pen - Direct manipulation - Early graphical interface Expands computer domain to include artists, draftsmen, Language of interface moves substantially closer to task domains History 18
10 Ivan Sutherland s Sketchpad (~1963) History 19 SAGE (light gun interaction) - History 20
11 Alan Kay Pioneering work on - object-oriented programming (Smalltalk) - Xerox Star: graphical user interface - Dynabook: conceptual basis for laptops and tablet computers Quote: The best way to predict the future is to invent it. Dynabook (~1971) History 21 Xerox Star Information System (~1981) First commercial computer with GUI - windows, icons, folders, mouse, (and Ethernet, file/print servers, ) - based on Xerox Alto research ~1974 History 22
12 Xerox Alto GUI Circuit Layout Program (~1974) dragging, copy, paste (around 3:30) - History 23 History 24
13 Graphical User Interfaces (1984 present) History 25 Graphical User Interface (GUI) Hardware interface - High resolution, high refresh graphics display - Keyboard - Pointing device (e.g., mouse) Typical instantiation: WIMP interface - Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointer History 26
14 GUI Interaction style User in control - system waits for input, then responds Recognition over recall - enables discovery of options and experimentation Metaphors - make Interaction language closer to users own language, closer to task domain - e.g. desktop, folder, drag-and-drop, - What does this mean and what are its consequences for interaction? GUI interaction opens interface up to broader audience History 27 Future Interaction Where can we go from here? What other paradigms are possible?? History 28
15 Movie Her - History 29
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