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2 In 1801 Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a loom that could base its weave on a pattern that was automatically read from punched wooden cards held together by rope.

3 A programmable machine! A program can be created on punched cards to direct the machine s actions and produce a particular pattern woven into a fabric. Computer graphics?

4 The Analytical Engine Charles Babbage, 1837, designed the first programmable mechanical computer.

5 Vannevar Bush in the 1930s created an analog computer called the "Differential Analyzer" to solve differential equations. During WWII, he oversaw the creation of a variety of different calculating devices for use in the war effort: fire control tables for anti-aircraft guns, calculations for radar data. He was head of the Office of Scientific Research and Development during the war a government office that Bush eventually helped transform into the National Science Foundation (NSF). "basic research" was a concept no one used before Bush argued that it should be the Government's responsibility to fund it.

6 Bush describes his vision of the future for scientists who will use tools like head-cameras and the MEMEX to manage information...

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8 The first "computer bug" On September 9, 1947, Grace Hopper, working on the Harvard University Mark II discovered that the problem with a program was actually a moth trapped in a relay... the program was "debugged.

9 IBM System 360 Mainframe Computer (1960s) teletype interface (text only)

10 Vectorscope graphics (1950s) Ivan Sutherland Sketchpad, MIT,1963 interactive computer graphics

11 In 1965, Ted Nelson published the article A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminant introducing the terms hypertext and hypermedia Let me introduce the word hypertext * to mean a body of written or pictorial material interconnected in such a complex way that it could not conveniently be presented or represented on paper. Hyper-media are branching or performing presentations which respond to user actions, systems of prearranged words and pictures (for example) which may be explored freely or queried in stylized ways. Like ordinary prose and pictures, they will be media; and because they are in some sense multi-dimensional, we may call them hyper-media, following mathematical use of the term hyper-.

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13 Personal Dynamic Media Alan Kay ~

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16 Xerox Star bitmapped display (frame buffer) - graphical user interface, - icons, folders, - Ethernet networking, -

17 The Web was first popularized by Mosaic, a graphical browser launched in 1993 by Marc Andreessen's team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). In December 1992, Andreessen and Eric Bina, students attending UIUC and working at the NCSA, began work on Mosaic with funding from the High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative, a US-federal research and development program. Andreessen and Bina released a Unix version of the browser in February 1993; Mac and Windows versions followed in August The browser gained popularity due to its strong support of integrated multimedia. Andreessen and James H. Clark, former CEO of Silicon Graphics, formed Mosaic Communications Corporation in 1994, to develop the Mosaic Netscape browser. The company became Netscape, and the browser was called the Netscape Navigator. Netscape Navigator's code descendant is Mozilla Firefox.