History of HCI. Key people, events and ideas in HCI. Course Project introduction

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1 History of HCI Key people, events and ideas in HCI Course Project introduction

2 Agenda ØReview HCI s history v Key people and events

3 History of HCI ØDigital computer grounded in ideas from 1700 s & 1800 s ØTechnology became available in the 1940 s and 1950 s ØThe user concept is relatively new

History of HCI Ø Mechanical Computers http://www.thocp.net Ø 1623 Schickard makes "Calculating Clock".

Ø 1674 Leibniz designs his "Stepped Reckoner Can multiply, with operands of up to 5 and 12 digits.

Does multiplication & division. It is also the most reliable calculator yet. Continue to be sold for about 90 years.

4 History of HCI Ø Mechanical Computers Ø 1623 Schickard makes "Calculating Clock". 6-digit machine can add, subtract, bell indicates overflow. Ø 1674 Leibniz designs his "Stepped Reckoner Can multiply, with operands of up to 5 and 12 digits. User turns a crank for each unit in each digit Ø 1820 de Colmar makes "Arithmometer First mass-produced calculator. Does multiplication & division. It is also the most reliable calculator yet. Continue to be sold for about 90 years. Ø 1889 Felt invents the first printing desk calculator. Ø 1935 IBM introduces "IBM 601", punch card machine capable of 1 multiplication /second are made. Ø 1945 Mauchly & Eckert "ENIAC for ballistics. 30 tons, 1000 ft 2 of floor, 140 kilowatts of electricity, 17,468 vacuum tubes Ø Enigma: German coding machine in WWII

5 Batch Processing ØComputer had one task, performed sequentially ØNo interaction between operator and computer after starting the run ØPunch cards, tapes for input ØSerial operations

Paradigm Shifter: Vannevar Bush Ø As We May Think - 1945 Atlantic Monthly publication has been extended far beyond our present ability to make real use of the record.

6 Paradigm Shifter: Vannevar Bush Ø As We May Think Atlantic Monthly publication has been extended far beyond our present ability to make real use of the record. Ø Postulated Memex device v Stores all records/articles/communications v Items retrieved by indexing, keywords, cross references (now called hyperlinks) v (Envisioned as microfilm, not computer) Ø Interactive and nonlinear components are key

7 Mid 1960 s ØTimesharing mode of computing v Computers too expensive for individuals timesharing increased accessibility v interactive systems, not jobs v text processing, editing v , shared file system Need for HCI

8 Paradigm Shifter: J.R. Licklider Ø Postulated man-computer symbiosis ØCouple human brains and computing machines tightly to revolutionize information handling

9 Video Display Units ØMore suitable medium than paper ØSutherland s Sketchpad as landmark system ØComputers used for visualizing and manipulating data

10 Paradigm Shifter: Ivan Sutherland ØSketchPad - 63 PhD thesis at MIT v Hierarchy - pictures & subpictures v Master picture with instances (ie, OOP) v Constraints v Icons v Copying v Light pen for input v Recursive operations

11 Computers as Toolkits ØMultipurpose toolkits ØAbstracting out common tasks (tools) ØReusable elements ØAt the disposal of humans

12 Paradigm Shifter: Douglas Engelbart ØLandmark system/demo: v Mouse, windows v Hypertext v Multimedia v High-res display, v Shared files, CSCW, v Electronic messaging, teleconferencing,... ØInventor of mouse

13 Paradigm Shifter: Alan Kay Ø Personal Computing ØDynabook: Notebook sized computer loaded with multimedia and can store everything ØDesktop interface metaphor

14 Paradigm Shifter: Ted Nelson ØComputers can help people, not just business ØCoined term hypertext

15 Personal Computers Ø1974 IBM 5100 Ø1981 Datamaster Ø1981 IBM XT/AT v Text and command-based v Sold lots v Performed lots of tasks the general public wanted done v A good basic toolkit Ø1978 VisiCalc

16 Personal Computing ØSystem is more powerful if it s easier to use ØSmall, powerful machines dedicated to individual ØImportance of networks and time-sharing ØKay s Dynabook, IBM PC ØTime names The Computer Man of the Year, 1982 (

17 WIMP ØWindows, Icons, Menus, Pointers ØTimesharing=multiusers; now we need multitasking ØWIMP interface allows you to do several things simultaneously ØHas become the familiar GUI interface ØXerox Alto, Star; early Apples

18 PCs with GUIs ØXerox PARC - mid 1970 s ØAlto v local processor, bitmap display, mouse v Precursor to modern GUI, windows, menus, scrollbars v LAN - ethernet

Ø First commercial PC designed for business professionals v desktop metaphor, pointing, WYSIWYG, consistency and simplicity Ø First system based on usability v Paper

19 Ø First commercial PC designed for business professionals v desktop metaphor, pointing, WYSIWYG, consistency and simplicity Ø First system based on usability v Paper prototyping and analysis v Usability testing & iterative refinement Ø Commercial flop v $15k cost v closed architecture v lacking key functionality (spreadsheet) Xerox Star - 81

20 Apple Lisa - 82 ØBased on ideas of Star ØMore personal rather than office tool v Still $$$ ØFailure (why?)

21 ØAggressive pricing - $2500 ØNot trailblazer, smart copier ØGood interface guidelines Ø3 rd party applications ØHigh quality graphics and laser printer Apple Macintosh - 84

22 Direct Manipulation Ø 82 Shneiderman describes appeal of graphically-based interaction v object visibility v incremental action and rapid feedback v reversibility encourages exploration v replace language with action v syntactic correctness of all actions ØWYSIWYG, Apple Mac

23 Metaphor ØRelating computing to real-world activity is effective learning mechanism v File management on office desktop v Financial analysis as spreadsheets ØThe dreaded dead metaphor v Examples?

24 Speech, Language? ØActions do not always speak louder than words ØInterface as mediator or agent ØLanguage paradigm ØHow good does it need to be? v Tricks, vocabulary, domains ØHow human do we want it to be? v (HAL, Bob, PaperClip, Siri, Alexa)

25 Multimodality ØMode is a human communication channel v Not just the senses e.g., speech and non-speech audio are two modes ØEmphasis on simultaneous use of multiple channels for I/O

26 Hypertext Ø Think of information not as linear flow but as interconnected nodes Ø Nelson s hypertext Ø Bush s MEMEX Ø Non-linear browsing Ø WWW 93 Ø Hypermedia

27 The Interconnected Web ØThe Network is the Computer e.g.

28 CSCW ØComputer-Supported Cooperative Work ØNo longer single user/single system ØMicro-social aspects are crucial Ø as prominent success but other groupware still not widely used

29 Ubiquity ØPerson is no longer user of virtual device but occupant of virtual, computationally-rich environment ØCan no longer neglect macro-social aspects ØLate 90s - PDAs, VEs,... Ø2000 s - mobile phones, smartphones ØNow? Social impacts: police, travel, protest, concerts, sports

30 Upcoming ØTeam Science ØFrameworks of HCI and Design ØUser Centered Design Process ØUsability Principles ØWIKI ØProject teams and ideas

History of Ubicomp. Page 1. Agenda. Why study history? Paradigms. Shwetak Patel. Review history of Ubicomp

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