Chapter 1 (Part 1) Computer Abstractions and Technology ( 计算器抽象化与科技 )

Transcription

1 Chapter 1 (Part 1) Computer Abstractions and Technology ( 计算器抽象化与科技 ) 陳瑞奇 (J.C. Chen) 亚洲大学资讯工程学系 Adapted from class notes by Prof. C.T. King, NTHU, Prof. M.J. Irwin, PSU and Prof. D. Patterson, UCB 1.1 Introduction This course is all about how computers work But what do we mean by a computer? Different types: desktop, servers, embedded devices Different uses: automobiles, graphics, finance, Different manufacturers: Intel, Apple, IBM, Sun Different underlying technologies and different costs! Best way to learn: MIPS Focus on a specific instance and learn how it works While learning general principles and historical perspectives 2

2 计算器 vs. 计算器 ( 计算机 ) Calculator vs. Computer 计算器? 3 The Computer Revolution p.4( 页 2) 1.1 Introduction Makes novel applications feasible Computers in automobiles Cell phones Human genome project World Wide Web Search Engines Computers are pervasive 工业 4.0 (IoT,Cloud,Big data) 3. 信息革命 1. 农业革命 计算器文明化的三次革命 2. 工业革命 4

3 Industry 4.0 ( 工业 4.0) 德国推进的 高科技战略 之一 拓展科学和研究范围 高端技术 繁荣和就业 气候 / 能源 健康 / 营养 交通工具 安全 交流 五个领域 利用物联网 (IoT) 和因特网服务改革生产流程是其中一个面向 M2M (T2T): Car to Car 信息技术发展趋势 Forrester 预测到 2020 年, 物物互联 的业务, 跟 人与人通信 的业务相比, 将达到 30: 物联网 ( 黄能富教授之物联网基础架构与应用简介 )2-Week-1-1 ( ) 1)

4 微软小冰 人工智能 AI 机器人 ( 硬件智商 + 情感计算 ) 7 AI 完全遮蔽的屏风 Turing Test 8

5 SoftBank Mobile 的情感陪护机器人 Pepper 10 Pepper 不断的自我学习与成长 11

6 2:00 12 Google AlphaGo 南韩棋王 1:

7 p.5( 页 3) Classes of Computers 1. Personal computers: The best-known form For a single user at low cost To execute shrink-wrap software 30,review html 15 p.5( 页 3) Classes of Computers 2. Servers: Minicomputers (workstation), mainframes, and supercomputers Via a network usually To carry large workloads Emphasis on dependability (Redundancy) hp.com/digmedialib/prodimg/lowres/c png 16

8 Calamia, J., China's homegrown supercomputers, IEEE Spectrum, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp , Jan ShenWei SW1600 Sunway BlueLight Supercomputer 17 18

9 p.5( 页 4) Classes of Computers(cont.) 3. Embedded computers: A computer inside another device Running one predetermined applications The largest class of computers The widest range of applications Stringent limitations on cost and power The least tolerance for failure Consumer-oriented: Simplicity (Large systems: Redundancy) This book focuses on general-purpose computers! 19 Capacity HD( 硬盘 ): 1TB= TB GB 市售硬盘或随身碟所标示容量与计算机不同 hardware/wd-leapfrogs-seagate-with-world-s-highest-capacity- 10tb-helium-drive-new-flash-drives.html 20

10 p.6( 页 4) 1KB=1000Bytes 1KiB=1024Bytes FIGURE 1.1 The 2 X vs. 10 Y bytes ambiguity was resolved by adding a binary notation for all the common size terms. In the last column we note how much larger the binary term is than its corresponding decimal term, which is compounded as we head down the chart. These prefixes work for bits as well as bytes, so gigabit (Gb) is 10 9 bits while gibibits (Gib) is 2 30 bits. 21 Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. p.6( 页 4) FIGURE 1.1 The 2 22 X vs. 10 Y bytes ambiguity Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

11 p.6( 页 4) FIGURE 1.1 The 2 23 X vs. 10 Y bytes ambiguity Copyright 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The PostPC Era p.7( 页 5-6) Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 24

12 The PostPC Era p.7( 页 5-6) Personal Mobile Device (PMD) Battery operated Connects to the Internet Hundreds of dollars Smart phones, tablets, electronic glasses Cloud computing Warehouse Scale Computers (WSC) Software as a Service (SaaS) Portion of software run on a PMD and a portion run in the Cloud, eg, Chrome OS Amazon and Google Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 25 WSC Warehouse-Scale Computer 26

13 p.11-12( 页 9-11) 1. 配合摩尔定律作设计 1.2 计算器架构中的八大理念 该定律指出 IC 容量于每 18 至 24 个月即加倍 2. 用抽象化来简化设计 一个硬件与软件中的主要产能技巧就是如何恰当使用抽象化 (abstraction) 来代表在不同层次中的设计 第 1 章计算器抽象化与科技 28 p.11-12( 页 9-11) 3. 使经常的情形变快 1.2 计算器架构中的八大理念 应会比对较少见的情形作优化更有助提升效能, 经常的情形往往也比较少见者为单纯且易于改良 4. 经由平行性提升效能 5. 经由管道处理 (pipelining) 提升效能 第 1 章计算器抽象化与科技 29

14 p.11-12( 页 9-11) 6. 经由预测 (prediction) 提升效能 1.2 计算器架构中的八大理念 7. 内存的阶层 (hierarchy of memories) 程序设计师希望内存要容量大 速度快且价廉 8. 经由冗余提升可靠性 第 1 章计算器抽象化与科技 p.13( 页 11-12) 应用软件 系统软件 Millions of lines of code Compiler Monitor: O.S. (operating system) Fig.1.3 硬件 Simple computer instructions 图 1.3 硬件和软件的阶层性概念, 此图以中心为硬件而最外圈为应用软件的同心圆表示 在复杂的应用程序里, 也常有多层的应用软件 例如, 数据库系统可能会在系统程序上执行, 如同应用程序会在数据库之上执行般 31

15 MIPS machine (language) code Machine: on/off Binary digit Using binary numbers to represent instructions and data 32 年世界第一台计算机, 吨 占地平方英尺 33

16 34 IBM Punch Card 35

17 p.14( 页 13) The language of hardware Computers are slaves to our commands (instructions) E.g., (Computer instruction) tell one computer to add two numbers New notations add A, B (Assembly language) Assembler: translates a symbolic version of instructions into the binary version. 36 The same routine written in MIPS assembly language (Assembler) 37

18 p.14( 页 13) High-level programming languages E.g., C, Java, and Fortran A + B Compiler add A, B Assembler Benefits: 1. Think in more natural language: words & algebraic notation 2. Conciseness: Improved programmer productivity 3. Portable: programs are independent of the computer 40 The routine written in the C programming language 41

19 Levels of Program Code 高级语言程序 (c 语言 ) p.15 ( 页 14) Compiler Fig.1.4 汇编程序 (MIPS 规格 ) 二位机械语言程序 (MIPS 规格 ) Assembler 图 1.4 C 程序编译成汇编语言在组译成二位机械语言 虽然从高级语言转译成二位元机械语言有两个步骤, 有些编译程序会将中间过程删除, 直接产生二位机械语言 这些语言和程序在第二章会有更为详细的介绍 What is a computer? p.16-17( 页 15-16) Components: Memory (DRAM, SRAM, storage devices, HDD, DVD) Input/Output (mouse, keyboard, network adapters, display, printer) The processor (Datapath and Control) Our primary focus: (ALU + CU)? the processor (datapath and control) 数据路径 ( 数据信道 ) 45

20 处理器包含 Datapath and Control 0 4 Add ALUOp Instr[31-26] Control Unit Branch ALUSrc Shift left 2 Add 1 PCSrc MemRead MemtoReg MemWrite PC Read Address Instruction Memory Instr[31-0] RegDst RegWrite Instr[25-21] Read Addr 1 Register Read Instr[20-16] Read Addr 2 Data 1 0 File Write Addr Read 1 Instr[15 Data 2 Write Data -11] 0 1 ovf zero ALU Address Data Memory Write Data Read Data 1 0 Instr[15-0] Sign 16 Extend 32 ALU control p.256 ( 页 266) fig Instr[5-0] 46 计算机是什么? 计算机 (computer) 是依据本身内存内的控制指令而运作的电子装置 收集资料 ( 输入 ) 处理 产生信息 ( 输出 ) 信息处理周期 歐亞書局 47

21 计算机是什么? 程序 & 资料 解碼 / 控制 计算 / 处理 信息 September 10, The BIG Picture ( 重要观点 ) p.17 ( 页 16) 界面 编译程序操作系统计算机输入 效能评估 处理器 内存 输出 Components of a Computer 图 1.4 构成计算机五种要素的组织结构 处理器从内存中抓取指令和数据 内存中的数据由输入设备写入, 并由输出装置读出 控制单元则送出运作讯号以决定数据流 内存 输入和输出装置的动作 49

22 Opening the Box Apple ipad 2 p.12( 页 18-19) Fig. 1.7&1.8 Capacitive multitouch LCD screen 3.8 V, 25 Watt-hour battery Computer board Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology 50 处理器 (Datapath and Control) Apple A5 处理器 (Datapath and Control) p.21 ( 页 20) Fig.1.9 FIGURE 1.9 The processor integrated circuit inside the A5 package. The size of chip is 12.1 by 10.1 mm, and it was manufactured originally in a 45-nm process (see Section 1.5). It has two identical ARM processors or cores in the middle left of the chip and a PowerVR graphical processor unit (GPU) with four datapaths in the upper left quadrant. To the left and bottom side of the ARM cores are interfaces to main memory (DRAM). (Courtesy Chipworks, 51

23 Inside the Pentium 4 Processor Chip Intel Pentium 4 Micrograph Pentium 4 microprocessor floorplan 57 Inside the Processor AMD Barcelona: 4 processor cores (Opteron X4) Core 58

24 Early electronic computers Konrad Zuse Z3 (relay logic at 5.33 Hz) Alan Turing Colossus University of Pennsylvania - ENIAC Clock Rate = The number of pulses emitted from a computer's clock in one second. It determines the rate at which logical or arithmetic gating is performed in a synchronous computer. 60 Early milestones 1948 the transistor at Bell Labs 1958 the integrated circuit 1961 RTL digital logic 1971 the microprocessor (4004) 2,300 transistors SSI MSI LSI VLSI 61

25 Early Microprocessors 4004 the first microprocessor (4-bit) 16K RAM 8008 (8-bit), 3300 transistor 8080 (8-bit) 64K RAM, 2Mhz clock 62 Early Microprocessors (cont.) 8086/8088 (16-bit) 1M RAM, 5MHz clock (16-bit) 16M RAM, 8MHz/16MHz clock IBM PC (8088XT) Apple II (6502) 63

26 32-bit Microprocessors (32bits)+MMU, 4G RAM, 33 MHz clock (+Copro.), 4G RAM, 66/100 MHz Data (memory) bus: 33 MHz, 32 bits L1; Level 1 cache: 8K /16K Bytes bit Microprocessors (cont.) Pentium III (P6), 64G RAM, 500M~1GHz, or Higher L1: 32K L2: 256K (socket 370) L2: 512K (slot 1) Front side bus: 100/133MHz Data bus: 100 MHz (8ns SDRAM), 64 bits Data bus: 66 MHz (for Celeron) SIMD 68

27 32/64-bit Microprocessors (cont.) Pentium 4, 64G RAM, 2.0G ~3.4 GHz, SSE2, (478 pins) 0.13 m = 130 nm L1: 8K L2: 256K/512K 1M: Pentium 4e 2M: Pentium 4 extreme L3: 2M Front side bus (FSB): 800MHz Memory: DDR/RAMBUS, 64 bits, 400/533/800MHz (system bus) Wire: from Aluminum (Al) to Copper (Cu) Hyper-Threading Technology bit Microprocessors (CPUs) 2 P4 cores Core i7: 4cores/8HT Core i3/i5/i7/i9 Core i9 = Core i7-980x 6cores/12HT Source: Source: 70

28 Multi-Core Processors Performance geared for the needs of nextgeneration applications: As the latest software applications offer new features and cutting-edge capabilities, processor designers need to stay ahead of those demands. But these days, increasing processor performance isn't enough. Computers need to run faster, cooler, take up less space, and use less energy. Multi-core processing helps address these challenges. Source: 71 Multi-Core Processors (cont.) Intel Desktop Processors 2nd Generation Intel Core i7 Processor Extreme (32nm, 3.33 GHz, 6 Cores/12 Threads, 12MB Cache, Triple-Channel DDR3-1066MHz) 2nd Generation Intel Core i7 Processor Extreme (45nm, 3.33 GHz, 4 Cores/8 Threads, 8MB Cache) Triple-Channel Bandwidth: 64*3*1.066/8=25.6GB/s 2nd Generation Intel Core i7 Processor (32nm, 2.8~3.4 GHz, 4 Cores/8 Threads, 8MB Cache, DDR3-1066/1333/1600MHz) 2nd Generation Intel Core i5 Processor (32nm, 2.7~3.3 GHz, 4 Cores/4 Threads, 6MB Cache, DDR3-1066/1333/1600MHz) 74

29 Multi-Core Processors (cont.) Intel Laptop Processors 2nd Generation Intel Core i7 Mobile Processor Ext. (32nm, 2.50 GHz, 4 Cores/8 Threads, 8MB Cache, DDR3-1066/1333/1600MHz) 2nd Generation Intel Core i7 Mobile Processor (32nm, 1.5~2.3 GHz, 2 Cores/4 Threads, 4/6MB Cache, DDR3-1066/1333/1600MHz) 2nd Generation Intel Core i5 Mobile Processor (32nm, 1.4~2.6 GHz, 2 Cores/4 Threads, 3MB Cache, DDR3-1066/1333MHz) 2nd Generation Intel Core i3 Mobile Processor (32nm, 2.1 GHz, 2 Cores/4 Threads, 3MB Cache, DDR3-1066/1333MHz) 75 Multi-Core Processors (cont.) (X2 Dual-Core) (X3 Triple-Core) (X4 Quad-Core) (X6 Six-Core) For PCs, 45nm, X6, 2.7~3.3GHz, $200 on April 27,

30 How do computers work? Need to understand abstractions such as: Applications software Systems software Assembly Language Machine Language 分层 ( 抽象概念 ) Architectural Issues: i.e., Caches, Virtual Memory, Pipelining Sequential logic, finite state machines Combinational logic, arithmetic circuits Boolean logic, 1s and 0s Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS) Semiconductors/Silicon used to build transistors Properties of atoms, electrons, and quantum dynamics So much to learn! 80 The BIG Picture Abstractions 分层 ( 抽象概念 ) Abstraction helps us deal with complexity Hide lower-level detail Instruction set architecture (ISA) The hardware/software interface Implementation The details underlying and interface 81

31 软件 指令集设计 (Architecture) 计算机系统设计 ( 蓝图 ) 硬体 (Organization) September 10,

32 84 Variety of Logic Gates 85

33 86 87

34 88 处理器包含 Datapath and Control 0 4 Add ALUOp Instr[31-26] Control Unit Branch ALUSrc Shift left 2 Add 1 PCSrc MemRead MemtoReg MemWrite PC Read Address Instruction Memory Instr[31-0] RegDst RegWrite Instr[25-21] Read Addr 1 Register Read Instr[20-16] Read Addr 2 Data 1 0 File Write Addr Read 1 Instr[15 Data 2 Write Data -11] 0 1 ovf zero ALU Address Data Memory Write Data Read Data 1 0 Instr[15-0] Sign 16 Extend 32 ALU control p.256 ( 页 266) fig Instr[5-0] 89

35 90 A Safe Place for Data Volatile( 挥发性 ) main memory Loses instructions and data when power off, e.g., RAM, SRAM, SDRAM Non-volatile secondary memory Magnetic disk Flash memory Optical disk (CDROM, DVD) 94

36 Hard Disk (H.D.) Speed 1/100,000 Cost 1/50 95 Networks Communication and resource sharing Local area network (LAN): Ethernet Within a building Wide area network (WAN: the Internet Wireless network: WiFi, Bluetooth 96

37 提升信息学院学生之英文能力 请本院教授专业科目老师, 将英文专有名词列入评分项目之一 ( 最好也会念出 ) 1. 每周准备 5-10 个专有名词及其中英文对照表给学生背诵 2. 第 8 16 周小考 ( 每次 20 题, 每题 5 分 ) 歐亞書局