MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM DESIGN

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM DESIGN"

Tiffany Martin
6 years ago
Views:

1 MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM DESIGN COURSE INTRODUCTION 1

2 MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM DESIGN ET011G History of Computer Micro-controllers Introduction Course Aims? Course contents? Invisible computing 2

3 History EARLY COMPUTATION DEVICES Abacus: The abacus was an early aid for mathematical computations. The period BC saw the first appearance in Sumerian civilisation It aids the memory of the human performing the calculation. Greek historian mentioned the use of Abacus in ancient Egypt Achaemenid Persian Empire, around 600 BC 3

In 1632 a slide rule was build using the Napier s Log table.

4 History EARLY COMPUTATION DEVICES John Napier invented Logarithms in 1617 that allows multiplication to be performed via additions In 1632 a slide rule was build using the Napier s Log table. It was still in use until 1960 by NASA engineers of Apollo program. 4

History HUMAN COMPUTERS The term "computer",

The approach was taken for astronomical and

Human computers have played integral roles

performing repetitive computing to compute

5 History HUMAN COMPUTERS The term "computer", in use from the mid 17th century. The approach was taken for astronomical and other complex calculations. Human computers have played integral roles in the World War II Human computers performing repetitive computing to compute navigational tables, tide charts, and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs. 5

Still the mechanical odometers use the Pascaline s mechanism to increment the next wheel after

6 History MECHANICAL COMPUTERS Blaise Pascal (19) invented Pascaline in 1642 for his tax collector father. Still the mechanical odometers use the Pascaline s mechanism to increment the next wheel after each revolution of prior wheel. Step Reckoner : It was the first calculator that could perform all four arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. 6

1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard introduced wooden punch cards to feed pattern to power looms that

7 History PUNCH CARD COMPUTERS A punched card is a piece of stiff paper that contains digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions. 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard introduced wooden punch cards to feed pattern to power looms that could weave fabric and print design on it. This punched card idea was later used in many mechanical computers 7

History MECHANICAL COMPUTERS 'I wish to God these calculations had been executed by steam' Charles Babbage embarked on an ambitious venture to design and

8 History MECHANICAL COMPUTERS 'I wish to God these calculations had been executed by steam' Charles Babbage embarked on an ambitious venture to design and build mechanical calculating engines. Middle decades of 19th century..times of unprecedented engineering ambitions. Steam engines had started powering up. 8

Difference Engine was the first idea that would compute logarithm tables but never completed.

9 History MECHANICAL COMPUTERS Charles Babbage embarked on an ambitious venture to design and build mechanical calculating engines. Difference Engine was the first idea that would compute logarithm tables but never completed. Babbage came with another idea Analytic Machine power by 6 steam engines. It was programmable with punch cards used to feed instructions and also to store data. 9

10 History MECHANICAL COMPUTERS Herman Hollerith invented a counting machine called Hollerith desk for 1890 US census. The machine was build using the Jacquard s punched cards and Pascal's gear wheel technologies. Hollerith build a company, the Tabulating Machine Company which eventually became the International Business Machines (IBM) 10

a partnership b/w Harvard and IBM in 1944 to perform military job.

11 History ELECTRO-MECHANICAL COMPUTERS WW-II, Precise calculation for shell trajectory was required Mark I was first programmable digital computer made by a partnership b/w Harvard and IBM in 1944 to perform military job. It was not purely electronic but was constructed out of relays, rotating shafts and clutches. 11

History ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS Then the microelectronic

have today. Apple I came as a home computer in 1976.

Wozniak, the Apple I was Apple's first product, and

It was the first commercially successful home computer

12 History ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS Then the microelectronic revolution allowed the things to change in the way we have today. Apple I came as a home computer in Designed and hand-built by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, the Apple I was Apple's first product, and went on sale in July It was the first commercially successful home computer to feature both a mouse-based input system, as well as an easy-to-use graphical user interface. 12

13 History COMPUTER IN ELECTRONIC AGE History of electronic computer development is divided into 5 generations. 1st Generation: Vacuum Tube Computers 2nd Generation: Transistor Computers 3rd Generation: Integrated IC 4th Generation: VLSI (processors) Major changes occur in the areas: Size, Cost, Efficiency, Reliability 13

History 1 ST GENERATION: VACUUM TUBES 1906 Lee de Forest invents the vacuum

1945, ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator was the first

Programmable with punched cards and tape Much faster than Mark I as there

14 History 1 ST GENERATION: VACUUM TUBES 1906 Lee de Forest invents the vacuum tube that could amplify and switch voltage level. 1945, ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator was the first vacuum tube computer designed by Eckert and Mauchly. Programmable with punched cards and tape Much faster than Mark I as there was no mechanical moving part. Mark I takes 6 seconds for multiplications whereas it takes only 2.8 thousandth of a second. 14

History 1 ST GENERATION: VACUUM TUBES 1940S-1956 1951, The two guys of ENIAC teamed up with John Von Neumann to design EDVAC, which pioneered the stored program computer.

15 History 1 ST GENERATION: VACUUM TUBES 1940S , The two guys of ENIAC teamed up with John Von Neumann to design EDVAC, which pioneered the stored program computer. Neumann was first to give stored program computer architecture that is still in use in most modern computers with some modifications. Vacuum Tube technology was: Much faster than mechanical computers Expensive Bulky Power Hungry Un-reliable Punched cards, paper tape, magnetic drum memories. 15

History 2 ND GENERATION: TRANSISTORS 1956-1963 1947, Transistors invented in Bell Labs. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in 2nd generation computers.

16 History 2 ND GENERATION: TRANSISTORS , Transistors invented in Bell Labs. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in 2nd generation computers. Transistors allowed 2nd generation computers to be: Smaller in size. Faster in speed. Reliable Energy efficient. Computers moved to assembly language and high level languages e.g. FORTRAN and COBOL were used for instructions. Magnetic core technology was used for memory. Instructions were stored in memory. 16

History 3 RD GENERATION: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 1964-1971 Integrated circuit technology was developed that allowed

It drastically increased the speed and efficiency of 3rd generation computers while reducing the size.

17 History 3 RD GENERATION: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Integrated circuit technology was developed that allowed integration of several transistors on a silicon chip. It drastically increased the speed and efficiency of 3rd generation computers while reducing the size. The change was revolutionary. The use of operating system allowed several applications running on same time. The reduction in size and cost due to IC technology had made it accessible to mass users. Altair

Intel 4004 processor chip, 1971 CPU, memory to I/O control on same chip.

18 History 4 TH GENERATION: VLSI 1971 TO PRESENT Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), thousands of ICs on same chip made it possible to develop entire processor on single chip. Intel 4004 processor chip, 1971 CPU, memory to I/O control on same chip. 4-bits IBM introduced home computer, 1981 Apple introduced the Macintosh, 1984 Personal computers Desktops, laptops, Netbooks, Pads and tablets 18

19 History COMPUTERS PAST PRESENT FUTURE Up to 1970s Computers up to 1970s were very large objects, called mainframes. Difficult to maintain. Expensive Require specialized cooling infrastructure. Only in Research labs 19

20 History COMPUTERS PAST PRESENT FUTURE Multi to one relations After 1971 Intel s 4004 (1971), mainframe built on to a chip. Computing became cheaper, robust, portable. Personal computers, Every one started having one s own. Many to one relation changes to One to One 20

21 History COMPUTERS PAST PRESENT FUTURE Where it would lead to in future Computing would be distributed in physical space. Invisible but everywhere around us, Mark Weiser (1990) In woodworks around us even in the clothing. Embedded, wireless, invisible Interfaces.? Gestural, voice 21

22 Future Invisible but everywhere around us Computing away from mainframe and desktop computers. In the smaller computing engines ubiquitously spread in physical space. Microcontrollers.Smaller computing engines 22

23 Future Invisible but everywhere around us New areas computers getting in Paper 4, Touch sensitive printed surface with printed speakers 23

24 Motivation MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM DESIGN? 24

25 Motivation MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM DESIGN? To be a system designer and analyst: Knowledge of programming languages for efficient software design. General knowledge of modern technologies. Sensing Computing Communicating 25

26 MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM DESIGN ET032G Labs & Lectures: S- Building 241-F

27 COURSE AIM Aims: The course aims to provide a basic understanding of how microcomputers are constructed and how they are used. A solid Foundation: In-depth knowledge of computer architecture. For design, debug and testing. 27

28 COURSE AIM Student will learn to design an electronic system into a modern microprocessor and get the skills to program a modern microprocessor. Microcomputer interaction with external devices General knowledge of modern technologies. 28

29 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After successful completion of the course students should learn Basic microcomputer architecture: how a micro-computer is built and functioning. how to design a simple electronic systems on a microcomputer Programming in C how to handle a development environment for a microcomputer how to write simpler program and functions in a microcomputer using C. be able to write and include inline assembler of short code fragments I/O handling, synchronization to read information from the outside world, process it and then influence its surrounding. to handle both analog and digital signals to / from micro-computer. use interrupt and polling to synchronize program execution to the outside world. link microcomputer with other devices through standard interface such as SPI, I2C, UART and USB. 29

30 COURSE CONTENTS The course is divided into three parts with the following content Basic microcomputer architecture Von Neumann architectures Assembly programming Overview of state-of-the-art architectures Programming in C Structured Programming in C Inline assembler I/O management Read/write data from/to outside world A/D - D/A converters Memory architectures Synchronization via interrupt and polling Interface to the SPI (e.g. memory cards), I2C, UART, USB communication 30

31 LECTURE PLAN Introduction to Course: Computer History Course Plan, Aims and Goals Course Contents. Von Neumann Architecture Von Neumann Architecture Harvard Architecture Lecture 1: Addressing Modes Data Representation. Lecture2: Microprocessor Programming Problem definition Program design goals Program development Embedded C 31

32 LECTURE PLAN Lecture 3: Microprocessor Programming II Embedded C Pointers, Array, Structures Memory Management Lecture4: Architecture of X-mega micro-controller Lecture5: IO Handling Communication with external world Communication models Overview of serial and parallel protocols 32

33 LECTURE PLAN Lecture6: IO Handling II SPI I2C USART Lecture 7: Inline Assembly Why Assembly? Basic Instructions. Mixing Assembly and C Lecture8: Memory Registers Memory Type Memory configurations 33

34 LABS AND EXERCISES Microcontroller Educational Platform: Atmel ATxmega128B1 microcontroller 4x40 transflective LCD module with backlight Transfer data over the USB full/low speed device interface Read a light sensor with the ADC Read a temperature sensor with the ADC Measure external voltage input with ADC Measure potentiometer voltage with ADC Read status of the 4 Atmel QTouch buttons from AT42QT1040 QTouch device 4 LEDs to show status information Read/write data to the 64Mbit Atmel DataFlash Program the kit via USB bootloader or an Atmel programmer Expand the board with Xplained top modules 34

35 LABS AND EXERCISES Programming Environment: AVR Studio 6 Labs Lab1: Literature reading i.e. Datasheets and getting started tutorials Getting started with AVR Studio 6 AVR simulator to visualize the data flow within registers to get deeper idea of architecture Digital IOs, LEDs and Switches Lab2: IO Handling 35

36 LABS AND EXERCISES Programming Environment: AVR Studio 6 Labs Lab3: Inline assembly Interrupts More robust applications 36

37 EXAMINATION AND GRADING SYSTEM Examination form 3.0 credits, T106: Exam Grades: A, B, C, D, E, Fx and F. A-E are passed and Fx and F are failed. 3.0 credits, L106: Laboratory Grades: Pass (P) or Fail (F) 1.5 credits, I106: Assignment, Project Grades: Pass (P) or Fail (F) A written exam will be held 22 nd March

38 obreak 38

Overview of a computer

Overview of a computer One marks 1. What is von Neumann concept also called as? Stored memory or stored program concept. 2. Who is the father of computer Charles Babbage 3. What is a computer? It is an