History of computing. Until future. Computers: Information Technology in Perspective By Long and Long

Transcription

1 History of computing Until future Computers: Information Technology in Perspective By Long and Long Copyright 2002 Prentice Hall, Inc. & 2011 J. Holvikivi

2 Evolution of Computing 1.2 First Computers 1960s PCs introduced! Very expensive computers for large companies. Computer professionals ran the show. mid- 1970s Powerful PCs on every desktop. Explosion of applications.

3 PREHISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING 1.3 Calculating devices: pebbles, cowrie shells, bamboo sticks 'chou' calculation tables (Medieval Europe) Abacus and its counterparts in China and Japan

4 PREHISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING 1.4 Computing machines were designed based on the technology of gears: Blaise Pascal, 17th century, permanent algorithm G.W. Leibniz, 17th cent., a choice of built-in algorithms Charles Babbage, 19th century: programmable "Analytical Engine"

5 PREHISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING 1.5 Jacquard's loom 1801: weaving loom was controlled by paper cards with holes in them.

6 PREHISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING 1.6 Hollerith: punched card machines for US census 1890, electromechanical, start of calculation machines and IBM addition and counting 1928 subtraction 1931 multiplication

7 HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING :1940s 1.7 ENIAC: first modern computer, vacuum tubes hexadecimal and binary systems cryptography during World War II Von Neumann architecture: both commands and numerical data were expressed and processed in the same form and in the same devices, step by step General purpose computer technologies: electro-mechanical relays, punched tape magnetic drum (max capacity 500 characters or 50 numbers)

8 HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING :1950s 1.8 magnetic tape storage ferromagnetic cores in central memory stand-alone computers 1956 first computer made of transistors magnetic disks

9 HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING :1960s SSI: small scale integrated circuit (100 transistors) 1966 MSI: medium scale integrated circuit (1,000 transistors) 1969 LSI: large scale integration (up to 10,000 components) VLSI and so on up to over 10 9 transistors in 2009

10 Increase in performance Speed Accuracy Consistency Reliability Communications Memory

11 HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING: software s Machine and Assembler language programming 1960s Multitasking operating systems, timesharing, batch-processing Mainframe computers: terminals, on-line use Statistics, calculations, accounting Cobol, Fortran, Algol programming languages

12 HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING : 1970s 1.12 minicomputers, distributed systems, networks Basic, APL, Pascal and other specialized programming languages databases division of labor: operators, systems analysts, data analysts, data entry clerks, programmers, output handlers

13 Supercomputers 1.13 Processor-bound applications Multiple processors, Used for Scientific simulations, physics and forecasting Medicine Advanced graphics CDC 6600, performance of about 1 megaflops, the world's fastest computer FLoating Point Operations Per Second Technologies: clusters Grid computing is a different approach Supercomputers

14 Supercomputers 1.14 Year Supercomputer Peak speed (Rmax) 2009 Cray Jaguar PFLOPS Location DoE-Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, USA 2010 Tianhe-1A PFLOPS National Supercomputing Center, Tianjin, China 2011 Fujitsu K computer PFLOPS RIKEN, Kobe, Japan Source: wikipedia and others Supercomputers Tianhe consists of 138 cabinets, Intel 6-core Xeon X6570 processors and 7168 Nvidia graphics processors

15 HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING : 1980s 1.15 Personal systems microcomputers IBM PC 1981 mainframes and minicomputers, workstations

16 HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING : 1980s 1.16 Office automation: text processing and spreadsheets Graphical user interfaces Robotics C programming, client /server databases, SQL and relational model Graphics, CAD (computer aided design), CAE (computer aided engineering), color printing Integration of use, end-users, from programming to applications

17 HISTORY OF DATA PROCESSING : 1990s 1.17 LANs (local area networks), electronic mail WANs (wide area networks), global integration of systems high-power workstations, GUIs (Graphical user interface) standard object-oriented model, C++ and Java integration of applications multimedia

18 Trends in Cloud Devices Content in the cloud Available for all devices Consumerization From Wintel era to Apps economy

19 Information deluge 1.19 US National Security Agency intercepts and stores 1.7 billion s, messages and phone calls a day decoding the human genome involves analysing 3 billion base pairs, which took ten years the first time it was done, in 2003, but can now be achieved in one week WalMart, a retail giant, handles more than 1m customer transactions every hour, feeding databases estimated at more than 2.5 petabytes Facebook is home to 40 billion photos. "It is not surprising that people feel overwhelmed. There is an immense risk of cognitive overload"

20 Data volumes ,6 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide (the world has 6,8 billion people) 1 billion to 2 billion people use the internet. By 2013 the amount of traffic flowing over the internet annually will reach 667 exabytes, according to Cisco, a maker of communications gear. According to a 2008 study by International Data Corp (IDC), a market research firm, around exabytes of digital data will be generated this year. Google handles around half the world s internet searches, answering around queries every second; data mining: Google translation spread of flu epidemics. Source: The Economist 2010

21 Units of data Unit Size What it means Bit b 1 or 0 short for binary digit Byte B 8 bits the basic unit of computing Kilobyte KB 1000 or 2 10 bytes from thousand in Greek Megabyte MB 1000 KB; 2 20 bytes from large in Greek a typical pop song is about 4MB Gigabyte GB 2 30 bytes from giant in Greek. Terabyte TB 2 40 bytes from monster in Greek. all the catalogued books in America s Library of Congress total 15TB Petabyte PB 2 50 bytes Google processes around 1PB every hour Exabyte (EB) 2 60 bytes Zettabyte (ZB) 2 70 bytes Yottabyte (YB) 2 80 bytes the total amount of information in existence this year is forecast to be around 1.2ZB

22 FUTURE OF DATA PROCESSING? 1.22 Embedded systems Robotics: industry & entertainment Cloud GPRS and mobile use Telemedicine, cyborgs Intelligent buildings RFID (radio frequency identification chips) Global sharing GPS and navigation Music, entertainment Life on net Intuitive user interfaces, touch control, voice Algorithms see