Uvod u računarstvo. Saržaj kolegija Uvod u računarstvo. Preddiplomski studij elektrotehnike 2009/2010. Arhitektura računala.
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1 Uvod u računarstvo Preddiplomski studij elektrotehnike 2009/2010 prof.dr.sc. Ivo Ipšić Saržaj kolegija Uvod u računarstvo Uvod i razvoj računala Zapis podataka i kodiranje informacija u računalu Graña računala Programska oprema računala Računalne mreže Uvod u programiranje i programski jezik C 1 2 Sadržaj Arhitektura računala povezanost arhitekture računalnog sustava i operacijskog sustava definicije operacijskog sustava UPRAVLJAČKI SKLOP ARITMETIČKO - LOGIČKA JEDINICA povijesni pregled razvoja operacijskih sustava funkcije i zadaće operacijskih sustava operacijski sustavi MS Windows i Unix ULAZNA JEDINICA MEMORIJA CPU IZLAZNA JEDINICA Tok podataka i instrukcija 3 4 Upravljački signali Arhitektura računala Apstrakcijski nivoji računala CPU chip register file ALU system bus memory bus bus interface I/O bridge main memory USB controller graphics adapter I/O bus disk controller Expansion slots for other devices such as network adapters. 5 mousekeyboard monitor disk 6 1
2 Programska oprema Uvod Operacijski sustav: Program koji upravlja računalnim resursima, izvoñenjem svih programa i služi kao sučelje izmeñu korisničkih programa i strojne opreme. Korisnički programi: Ureñivači teksta, web preglednici, prevodioci, Matlab,... Operacijski sustav omogućava: lakši rad korisnicima ( grafičko sučelje GUI) veću učinkovitost iskorištavanja svih fizičkih resursa računala (dodjeljivanje memorijskog prostora programima, upravljanje procesima) razvoj i izvoñenje korisničkih programa pristup U/I ureñajima dostup datotekama (datotečni sustav) 7 8 korisnici Slojevita struktura računalnog sustava programsko sucelje korisnicki programi sucelje O.S. O.S. skup instrukcija strojna oprema Uvod Jednozadaćni OS Višezadaćni operacijski sustavi (više procesa ili programa se nalazi u radnoj memoriji) Višekorisnički operacijski sustavi (time sharing procesorskog vremena)
3 Višezadaćni OS Razvoj operacijskih sustava 1. generacija upravljanje programima vrši operater ( ) 2. generacija - dijalog, monitor ( ) 3. generacija time sharing, multiprogramming ( ) 4.generacija - umreženo upravljanje, PC (1980-) generacija - prapočeci Prespajanje kablova programiranje u strojnom jeziku sa fiksno ožičenom logikom ne postoji asembler programiranje prespajanjem kablova operacijski sustavi nisu postojali generacija 2. generacija čitanje kartica i zapis na traku na 1401 traka na 7094 na kojem se izvodi program traka na 1401 koji štampa rezultate
4 Prevoñenje i izvoñenje Bach job Potpunu kontrolu ima operater Bušenje kartica Čitanje kartica Prevoñenje Javljanje grešaka Bušenje rezultata obrade na kartice Štampanje rezultata obrade generacija: mainframe era Job control IBM 701, System/360 integrirani sklopovi operator upravlja pomoću panela -terminala grupiranje programa batch computing upravljački jezik job control language Izvoñenje multiprogramiranje više programa se učita u memoriju, svaki u svoju particiju i izvodi spooling sljedeći job se učita u prazan dio memorije i čeka obradu timesharing više korisnika radi istovremeno (ima osjećaj da radi istovremeno) zapravo procesor provlači samo jedna program u jednom trenutku GENERACIJA OS
5 3. GENERACIJA OS: MULTICS MIT mali broj korisnika 80 ali važni koncepti koji su utjecali i na današnje OS danas mainframe-ovi igraju ulogu: veliki web serveri izvode servis a klijenti sam vrše prikaz velike količine podataka 3. GENERACIJA OS: miniračunala minicomputers DEC: PDP-1 do PDP -11 Ken Tompson (iz MULTICS tima) je u Bell Labs napisao novi OS za PDP-7 za samo jednog korisnika iz tog OS kasnije nastaje UNIX generacija Kratka povijest UNIX-a Razvoj prenosivog operacijskog sustava moguća instalacija na raznim računalima 1969 AT&T Bell Lab Lucent Technologies Višekorisnićki, višezadaćni operacijski sustav Slobodna distribucija, razvoj različitih verzija UNIX-a Kratka povijest UNIX-a II izvorni kod dostupan svaki prizvoñač ima svoju verziju ali zato velika popularnost u znanosti istraživanjima dvije najvažnije distribucije: AT&T System V Berkeley University BSD (Berkeley SW Distribution) 4.4. BSD Popularan još i SUNov Solaris SUN Microsystems g. kupuje Oracle Kernel Komponente Unix-a Jezgra operacijskog sustava glavni kontrolni program Shell Interpretira naredbe korisnika i proslijeñuje ih kernelu File System Datotečni sustav Organizacija datoteka i direktorija Utilities Unix komande
6 Kratka povijest UNIX-a III IEEE odlučio uvesti reda pa uvodi standard za UNIX- POSIX većina današnjih unixoida se drži tog standarda na osnovu POSIX standarda A. Tanenbaum radi MINIX namijenjen za edukacijske potrebe jako pouzdan Linus Torvalds radi LINUX koji je zasnovan na Minix Linux Slobodna distribucija Moguća instalacija na svim računalnim sustavima Ubuntu, Red Hat, Debian, Suse, generacija Kratka povijest WINdowsa I multithreading više nitni procesi proces se dijeli na niti - dretve (threads) multiprocessing SMP (symmetric multiprocessing) višeprocesorske arhitekture distribuirani sustavi računalni klasteri (clusters) zlatno doba osobnih računala Kindall piše CP/M Control Program for Microcomputers OS napisan za Intel 8080 kasnije i za Zilog Z80 cijelih 5 godina dominantan OS za mikroračunala 1980 IBM traži SW za IBM PC kupuje od Billa Gatesa BASIC interpreter i želi CP/M ali ga Kindall odbija Gates kupuje DOS (Disk Operating System) od Seattle Computer Product i prodaje ga IBM-u Kratka povijest Windowsa II Tim Paterson piše MS-DOS MicroSoft DOS koji dominira PC tržištem do pojave Windowsa još 1968 je Engelbart SRI predstavio koncept: GUI, prozori, ikone i miš koje Xerox ugrañuje u PARC to vidi Steve Jobs i počinje rad na Appleu s GUI-jem što rezultira u 1. pokušaju preskupom i propalom Lisom a u 2. pokušaju Apple Macintosh MicroSoft zbog Appleovog uspjeha s Mac-om počinje razvoj GUI OS =Windowsa Kratka povijest Windowsa III prva verzija se temeljila na MS-DOSu (sličnija ljusci nego OS-u) tek na tržište dolazi Windows 95 kojem ne treba DOS, a zatim i Win 98 oba sadrže dosta 16 bitnog assemblerskog koda za Intel Windows NT (New Technology) im je prvi 32 bitni OS dizajnirao ga je Cutler koji je pisao VMS OS za VAXa zato VAX tuži MSoft tek s NT 5 = Windows 2000 se probijaju u poslovnoj sferi globalno
7 MS Windows MS DOS 1981 Intel kB DOS 2.0 PC XT kB DOS 3.0 PC AT 1984 Intel kb DOS 3.3 PS 1987 Intel kB Windows Intel GUI Windows NT (IBM OS/2) Windows 3.1 NT Windows bitni mikrop Paralelna obrada paralelni sustav 4640 računala Supercomputer 5.generacija 5212 CPU UNIX op500.org Funkcije operacijskog sustava 1. Upravljanje prekidnim sustavom (interrupt handling) 2. Rasporeñivanje programa u memoriji (dispatching) 3. Upravljanje računalnim resursima (resource management) 4. Alokacija memorijskog prostora (program allocation) Funkcije operacijskog sustava Programi i procesi 5. Upravljanje datotečnim sustavom (file management) 6. Upravljanje procesima (job control) 7. Zaštita i pouzdanost (system reliability) Proces: skup postupaka operacijskog sustava u kojem se obrañuje, prenosi i pohranjuje informacija. Proces: skup stanja programa koji se izvodi. Kod izvoñenja programa generira se proces, koji koristi memoriju i procesorsko vrijeme
8 Programi, procesi i niti Procesi Program može generirati više procesa Više zadaća: npr. Zbrajanje operanda, pohranjivanje podataka, ispis na štampač,... Proces: niz akcija (niti) koje se izvode na računalnim resursima. Niti se mogu izvršavati paralelno 43 stablo procesa proces A je generirao procese B i C proces B je generirao procese D,E i F 44 Potpuni zastoj Potpun zastoj (Deadlock) P 0 Zahtjeva pisač; Pisač dodjeljen; Zahtjeva CD čitač; P 1 Zahtjeva CD čitač; CD čitač dodjeljen; Zahtjeva pisač; Čeka na dodjelu CD čitača Čeka na dodjelu pisača (a) Mogući zastoj. (b)potpun zastoj Stanja procesa Koraci sistemskog poziva Izvoñenje akcije Čekanje na izvoñenje Blokiran sistemski poziv funkcije za čitanje read (fd, buffer, nbytes) 8
9 Upravljanje resursima Upravljanje memorijom postupci dodjeljivanja memorijskog prostora procesima: segmentacija memorije u blokove straničenje memorije u stranice dinamičko dodjeljivanje memorije procesima logičke i fizičke adrese virtualna memorija Upravljanje memorijom MS Windows MS DOS 1981 Intel kB DOS 2.0 PC XT kB DOS 3.0 PC AT 1984 Intel kb DOS 3.3 PS 1987 Intel kB Windows Intel GUI Windows NT (IBM OS/2) Windows 3.1 NT Windows bitni mikrop MS Windows (datotečni sustav) MS Windows (datotečni sustav)
10 MS Windows (procesi) Operacijski sustavi UNIX System V Release 4 (SVR4) Solaris 2.x 4.4BSD Linux Unix Linux Glavne verzije Unix-a BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) System V (AT&T Bell Labs) Ostale verzije temelje na gornjima Solaris (Sun Microsystems) HP-UX (Hewlett-Packard Unix) System V based Verzija Unix-a Autor Linus Torvalds Osnova OS Minix Andrew Tannenbaum Slobodna distribucija Moguća instalacija na svim računalnim sustavima Red Hat, Debian, Suse, Pristup Operacijskom sustavu Korisnički račun i zaporka Višekorisnički operacijski sustav Korisničko ime, login ID, login, ID,... administrator sustava Zaporka Integritet podataka 59 Sigurnost 60 Arhitektura UNIX-a 10
11 Datotečni sustav Datotečni sustav / početni direktorij - root /usr -datoteke operacijskog sustava /etc -konfiguracijske datoteke /var -promjenljive datoteke /tmp -privremene datoteke /sbin -sistemski programi /bin -korisnički programi /usr/local -naknadno instalirani programi /home -matični direktoriji korisnika Naredbe Unix-a Literatura ls lists a directory of your files ls a lists a directory of your files including the "dot" files (such as ".vacation.msg") ls l lists a directory of your files including information about the file sizes ls ~/<directory name> lists the files in a subdirectory mkdir creates a new directory rmdir removes an empty directory cp copy rm remove (or delete) a file cd change directory lpr -P<printer name> <file name> print a file to a network printer ls lpr print a list of files in your directory 63 M. Žagar: UNIX i kako ga iskoristiti Introduction to UNIX 64 Pitanja 1. Navedi osnovne funkcije operacijskih sustava. 2. Definiraj operacijski sustav. 3. Navedi značajke modernih operacijskih sustava. 4. Koja je razlika izmeñu logičke i fizičke adrese programa. 5. Što je to virtualna memorija. 6. Definiraj proces. 7. Koje su funkcije prekidnog sustav mikroprocesora. 8. Navedi osnovne metode zaštite programa i podataka korisnika u višekorisničkim operacijskim sustavima
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