Uvod u računarstvo. Preddiplomski studij elektrotehnike 2008/2009. prof.dr.sc. Ivo Ipšić UUR 2008/2009
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1 Uvod u računarstvo Preddiplomski studij elektrotehnike 2008/2009 prof.dr.sc. Ivo Ipšić 1
2 Saržaj kolegija Uvod u Uvod i razvoj računala računarstvo Zapis podataka i kodiranje informacija u računalu Građa računala Programska oprema računala Računalne mreže Uvod u programiranje i programski jezik C 2
3 Sadržaj povezanost arhitekture računalnog sustava i operacijskog sustava definicije operacijskog sustava povijesni pregled razvoja operacijskih sustava funkcije i zadaće operacijskih sustava operacijski sustavi MS Windows i Unix 3
4 Arhitektura računala UPRAVLJAČKI SKLOP ARITMETIČKO - LOGIČKA JEDINICA CPU ULAZNA JEDINICA MEMORIJA IZLAZNA JEDINICA 4 Tok podataka i instrukcija Upravljački signali
5 Arhitektura računala memorija tipkovnica memorija disk memorija video kontroler kontroler tipkovnice kontroler diskete kontroler diska 5
6 Apstrakcijski nivoji računala 6
7 Programska oprema Operacijski sustav: Program koji upravlja računalnim resursima, izvođenjem svih programa i služi kao sučelje između korisničkih programa i strojne opreme. Korisnički programi: Uređivači teksta, web preglednici, prevodioci, Matlab,... 7
8 Uvod Operacijski sustav omogućava: lakši rad korisnicima ( grafičko sučelje GUI) veću učinkovitost iskorištavanja svih fizičkih resursa računala (dodjeljivanje memorijskog prostora programima, upravljanje procesima) razvoj i izvođenje korisničkih programa pristup U/I uređajima dostup datotekama (datotečni sustav) 8
9 korisnici programsko sucelje korisnicki programi sucelje O.S. O.S. skup instrukcija strojna oprema 9
10 Uvod Višezadaćni operacijski sustavi (više procesa ili programa se nalazi u radnoj memoriji) Višekorisnički operacijski sustavi (time sharing procesorskog vremena) 10
11 Jednozadaćni OS 11
12 Višezadaćni OS 12
13 Razvoj operacijskih sustava 1. generacija upravljanje programima vrši operater ( ) 2. generacija - dijalog, monitor ( ) 3. generacija time sharing, multiprogramming ( ) 4.generacija - umreženo upravljanje, PC (1980-) 13
14 Punch cards 14
15 1. generacija 15 čitanje kartica i zapis na traku na 1401 traka na 7094 na kojem se izvodi program traka na 1401 koji štampa rezultate
16 Prevođenje i izvođenje Potpunu kontrolu ima operater Bušenje kartica Čitanje kartica Prevođenje Javljanje grešaka Bušenje rezultata obrade na kartice Štampanje rezultata obrade 16
17 Bach job 17
18 2. generacija 18
19 Job control 19
20 3. GENERACIJA OS 20
21 Time sharing 21
22 4. generacija 22
23 Paralelna obrada paralelni sustav 4640 računala 23
24 Supercomputer 5.generacija 5212 CPU UNIX op500.org 24
25 Funkcije operacijskog sustava 1. Upravljanje prekidnim sustavom (interrupt handling) 2. Raspoređivanje programa u memoriji (dispatching) 3. Upravljanje računalnim resursima (resource management) 4. Alokacija memorijskog prostora (program allocation) 25
26 Funkcije operacijskog sustava 5. Upravljanje datotečnim sustavom (file management) 6. Upravljanje procesima (job control) 7. Zaštita i pouzdanost (system reliability) 26
27 Programi i procesi Proces: skup postupaka operacijskog sustava u kojem se obrađuje, prenosi i pohranjuje informacija. Proces: skup stanja programa koji se izvodi. Kod izvođenja programa generira se proces, koji koristi memoriju i procesorsko vrijeme. 27
28 Programi, procesi i niti Program može generirati više procesa Više zadaća: npr. Zbrajanje operanda, pohranjivanje podataka, ispis na štampač,... Proces: niz akcija (niti) koje se izvode na računalnim resursima. Niti se mogu izvršavati paralelno 28
29 Procesi stablo procesa proces A je generirao procese B i C proces B je generirao procese D,E i F 29
30 Potpuni zastoj 30 (a) Mogući zastoj. (b)potpun zastoj.
31 Potpun zastoj (Deadlock) P 0 Zahtjeva pisač; Pisač dodjeljen; Zahtjeva CD čitač; Čeka na dodjelu CD čitača P 1 Zahtjeva CD čitač; CD čitač dodjeljen; Zahtjeva pisač; Čeka na dodjelu pisača 31
32 Stanja procesa Izvođenje akcije Čekanje na izvođenje Blokiran 32
33 Koraci sistemskog poziva 33 sistemski poziv funkcije za čitanje read (fd, buffer, nbytes)
34 Upravljanje resursima 34
35 Upravljanje memorijom postupci dodjeljivanja memorijskog prostora procesima: segmentacija memorije u blokove straničenje memorije u stranice dinamičko dodjeljivanje memorije procesima logičke i fizičke adrese virtualna memorija 35
36 Upravljanje memorijom 36
37 MS Windows MS DOS 1981 Intel kB DOS 2.0 PC XT kB DOS 3.0 PC AT 1984 Intel kb DOS 3.3 PS 1987 Intel kB Windows Intel GUI Windows NT (IBM OS/2) Windows 3.1 NT Windows bitni mikrop 37
38 MS Windows (datotečni sustav) 38
39 MS Windows (datotečni sustav) 39
40 MS Windows (procesi) 40
41 Povjesni razvoj Unix-a Razvoj prenosivog operacisjkog sustava moguća instalacija na raznim računalima 1969 AT&T Bell Lab Lucent Technologies Višekorisnićki, višezadaćni operacijski sustav Slobodna distribucija, razvoj različitih verzija UNIX-a 41
42 Komponente Unix-a Kernel Jezgra operacijskog sustava glavni kontrolni program Shell Interpretira naredbe korisnika i proslijeđuje ih kernelu File System Datotečni sustav Organizacija datoteka i direktorija Utilities Unix komande 42
43 Operacijski sustavi UNIX System V Release 4 (SVR4) Solaris 2.x 4.4BSD Linux 43
44 Unix Glavne verzije Unix-a BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) System V (AT&T Bell Labs) Ostale verzije temelje na gornjima Solaris (Sun Microsystems) HP-UX (Hewlett-Packard Unix) System V based 44
45 Linux Verzija Unix-a Autor Linus Torvalds Osnova OS Minix Andrew Tannenbaum Slobodna distribucija Moguća instalacija na svim računalnim sustavima Red Hat, Debian, Suse,... 45
46 Pristup Operacijskom sustavu Korisnički račun i zaporka Višekorisnički operacijski sustav Korisničko ime, login ID, login, ID,... administrator sustava Zaporka Integritet podataka Sigurnost 46
47 47 Arhitektura UNIX-a
48 Datotečni sustav 48
49 Datotečni sustav / početni direktorij - root /usr -datoteke operacijskog sustava /etc -konfiguracijske datoteke /var -promjenljive datoteke /tmp -privremene datoteke /sbin -sistemski programi /bin -korisnički programi /usr/local -naknadno instalirani programi /home -matični direktoriji korisnika 49
50 Naredbe Unix-a ls lists a directory of your files ls a lists a directory of your files including the "dot" files (such as ".vacation.msg") ls l lists a directory of your files including information about the file sizes ls ~/<directory name> lists the files in a subdirectory mkdir creates a new directory rmdir removes an empty directory cp copy rm remove (or delete) a file cd change directory lpr -P<printer name> <file name> print a file to a network printer 50 ls lpr print a list of files in your directory
51 Literatura M. Žagar: UNIX i kako ga iskoristiti Introduction to UNIX 51
52 Pitanja 1. Navedi osnovne funkcije operacijskih sustava. 2. Definiraj operacijski sustav. 3. Navedi značajke modernih operacijskih sustava. 4. Koja je razlika između logičke i fizičke adrese programa. 5. Što je to virtualna memorija. 6. Definiraj proces. 7. Koje su funkcije prekidnog sustav mikroprocesora. 8. Navedi osnovne metode zaštite programa i podataka korisnika u višekorisničkim operacijskim sustavima. 52
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