History of Information April 13, 2010
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1 1 advent of the internet History of Information April 13, 2010
2 2 aob aob
3 looking ahead Corporate Social Responsibility 2.0: Social Media for Sustainable Business Date: Thursday, April 15 th Time: 7pm-9pm Location: Arthur Anderson Auditorium, Haas Link: With the emergence of new social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, it is easier for businesses to communicate their goals for sustainability and responsibility. Come listen to a diverse panel of four prestigious figures as they discuss the rise of social media and how it has changed the landscape in which business interacts with society. We will examine how social media is used as a tool for businesses to communicate with various stakeholders, influence consumers as citizens, and work together to create a positive impact on the world. Professional Attire is recommended, resumes accepted. Refreshments will be provided. HofI Internet 3
4 4 looking ahead
5 5 road ahead computer to internet to search
6 6 shaping the future technology government military / intelligence science / university business social activity
7 7 westward the course... finally
8 8 in theory Turing machines/tests von Neumann machines cpu - storage Weiner cybernetics aturingmachine.com
9 8 in theory Turing machines/tests von Neumann machines cpu - storage Weiner cybernetics aturingmachine.com Durkheim ( ) organic to mechanical solidarity Weber ( ) rationality & the iron cage
10 9 in practice Harvard mark 1 aka IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
11 10 Manchester Mark 1 to Ferranti Mark 1
12 back in business vertical integration John Simmons Lyons & Cambridge (1947) ENIAC EDVAC UNIVAC EDSAC 1954 LEO (Lyons electronic office) CLEO (Clear language for expressing orders) from payroll to baking pros & cons? LCL to ICL to IBM 11 HofI Internet
13 12 breaking down Cathode-ray tube memory, from the IBM 701 Defense Calculator, 1952
14 13 breaking things down 1947 transistor Bell Labs John Bardeen, William Brattain, William Shockley 1958 integrated circuit Texas Instruments Jack Kilby Fairchild Robert Noyce Intel Gordon Moore: Moore's Law
15 14 onward...
16 15 culture clash home brew, fone freaks, 'open source' Jobs Wozniak Gates Allen...
17 15 culture clash home brew, fone freaks, 'open source' Jobs Wozniak Gates Allen...
18 15 culture clash home brew, fone freaks, 'open source' Jobs Wozniak Gates Allen...
19 16 breaking down 1946 SRI 1969 Xerox PARC "the architecture of information" WYSIWYG, GUI, OOP 1973 Alto 1976 Apple IBM PC 1983 Lisa 1984 Macintosh
20 programming to programs Bravo, 1974 Charles Simonyi Xerox PARC Visicalc, 1978 Lotus 1-2-3, 1983 Excel (for Mac), 1984 Dan Briklin & Bob Frankston HBS HofI Internet 17
21 18 unix Ken Thompson Dennis Ritchie Bell Labs Thompson, Ritchie, & AT&T 1965: AT&T, MIT& GE work on multics 1969: multics to unix "What we wanted to preserve was not just a good environment in which to do programming, but a system around which a fellowship could form. We knew from experience that the essence of communal computing, as supplied by remote-access, time-shared machines, is not just to type programs into a terminal instead of a keypunch, but to encourage close communication." --Ritche, "Evolution of the Unix Time- Sharing System"
22 19 unix at ucb 1973: Thompson at Berkeley Bill Joy develops em editor Bill Joy UCB 1977: 1BSD released 1979: 3BSD (for Vax) 1981: 4.1BSD 1983: 4.2 BSD (with tcp/ip stack) ITS-UNIX
23 20 so : Networking release 2; 386 BSD 1992: AT&T sues UCB
24 21 settlement 1994 settlement: USL, UCB, Novell
25 22 meanwhile in Helsinki...
26 vertical disintegration Software IBM DEC 3d party 3d party 3d party OS IBM DEC Apple AT&T-Unix Microsoft CPU IBM DEC Apple Sun Intel & co Hardware IBM DEC Apple Sun [IBM]/OEM the business machine "no one ever lost their job for buying IBM"
27 vertical disintegration Software IBM DEC 3d party 3d party 3d party OS IBM DEC Apple AT&T-Unix Microsoft CPU IBM DEC Apple Sun Intel & co Hardware IBM DEC Apple Sun [IBM]/OEM the business machine "no one ever lost their job for buying IBM"
28 vertical disintegration Software IBM DEC 3d party 3d party 3d party OS IBM DEC Apple AT&T-Unix Microsoft CPU IBM DEC Apple Sun Intel & co Hardware IBM DEC Apple Sun [IBM]/OEM the business machine "no one ever lost their job for buying IBM"
29 vertical disintegration Software IBM DEC 3d party 3d party 3d party OS IBM DEC Apple AT&T-Unix Microsoft CPU IBM DEC Apple Sun Intel & co Hardware IBM DEC Apple Sun [IBM]/OEM the business machine "no one ever lost their job for buying IBM"
30 vertical disintegration Software IBM DEC 3d party 3d party 3d party OS IBM DEC Apple AT&T-Unix Microsoft CPU IBM DEC Apple Sun Intel & co Hardware IBM DEC Apple Sun [IBM]/OEM the business machine "no one ever lost their job for buying IBM"
31 24 brand wars
32 25 computer power
33 25 computer power computer?
34 25 computer power computer?
35 25 computer power computer? OS?
36 25 computer power computer? OS?
37 25 computer power computer? OS? processor?
38 25 computer power computer? OS? processor?
39 25 computer power computer? OS? processor? hard drive?
40 computer power computer? OS? processor? hard drive? hard drive companies HofI Internet 25
41 computer power computer? OS? processor? hard drive? hard drive companies 196 million disks HofI Internet 25
42 computer power computer? OS? processor? hard drive? hard drive companies 196 million disks 0 profit HofI Internet 25
43 computer power computer? OS? processor? hard drive? hard drive companies 196 million disks 0 profit Dell: 7% HofI Internet 25
44 computer power computer? OS? processor? hard drive? hard drive companies 196 million disks 0 profit Dell: 7% Microsoft: 31% HofI Internet 25
45 computer power computer? OS? processor? hard drive? hard drive companies 196 million disks 0 profit Dell: 7% Microsoft: 31% Intel: 13% HofI Internet 25
46 26 the story so far registering predicting calculating controlling communicating and reconnecting
47 27 communicating intra-machine time-sharing different machines computer to printer [Scheutz's differential engine] [Gold & Stock telegraph Co] [the stock ticker] arpanet (coming up) to ethernet to printer Bob Metcalfe
48 28 the internet the big question: has the internet changed the world?
49 28 the internet the big question: has the internet changed the world?
50 28 the internet the big question: has the internet changed the world? a technology?
51 28 the internet the big question: has the internet changed the world? a technology? a network?
52 28 the internet the big question: has the internet changed the world? a technology? a network? a set of applications?
53 28 the internet the big question: has the internet changed the world? a technology? a network? a set of applications? a communications channel?
54 28 the internet the big question: has the internet changed the world? a technology? a network? a set of applications? a communications channel? media?
55 28 the internet the big question: has the internet changed the world? a technology? a network? a set of applications? a communications channel? media? a place?
56 28 the internet the big question: has the internet changed the world? "one vast unintended consequence" a technology? a network? a set of applications? a communications channel? media? a place?
57 technology & network Rand, NPL 1963 Baron; Davies, packet switching 1968, Larry Roberts, Resource Sharing Computer Networks "Just as time-shared computer systems have permitted groups of hundreds of individual users to share hardware and software resources with one another, networks connecting dozens of such systems will permit resource sharing between thousands of users." 1969 ARPANET HofI Internet 29
58 technology & network Rand, NPL 1963 Baron; Davies, packet switching 1968, Larry Roberts, Resource Sharing Computer Networks "Just as time-shared computer systems have permitted groups of hundreds of individual users to share hardware and software resources with one another, networks connecting dozens of such systems will permit resource sharing between thousands of users." 1969 ARPANET HofI Internet 29
59 technology & network Rand, NPL 1963 Baron; Davies, packet switching 1968, Larry Roberts, Resource Sharing Computer Networks "Just as time-shared computer systems have permitted groups of hundreds of individual users to share hardware and software resources with one Donald Davies, 1965 another, networks connecting dozens of such systems will permit resource sharing between thousands of users." 1969 ARPANET HofI Internet 29
60 30 network of networks 1969 SRI, BBN & the Interface Message Processor (IMP) UCLA's IMP the 4 node network UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Utah Aloha Project an end-to-end network
61 31 similar infrastructure?
62 31 similar infrastructure?
63 32 technologies & "applications " 1971, FTP (file transfer protocol) 1973, TCP (transmission control protocol) Bob Kahn, Vince Cerf
64 33 communicating Ray Tomlinson (BBN) bulletin boards , Berkeley "community memory project" Leopold Records, Durant Ave , The Well 1980 usenet towards peer-to-peer architecture
65 34 new media (again)
66 35 towards the web 1945, Vannevar Bush "As We May Think" "memex" Vannevar Bush NSF 1965, Ted Nelson "Hypertext"
67 36 www towards a better phone book? 1990, HTTP Tim Berners-Lee CERN
68 37 opening the net 1990, ARPANET shuts down 1991, NSF opens internet to commercial use 1995, NSF ends support of infrastructure 1995, Apache 1998, Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) established to oversee domain names and IP addresses
69 38 commercial service gated communities Compuserve Prodigy AOL
70 38 commercial service gated communities Compuserve Prodigy AOL facebook?
71 39 the browser 1993, NCSA Mosaic Mark Andressen CERN releases W3 technology 1994, 200+ HTTP servers; traffic up x 1, , Netscape 1995, Internet Explorer 2009, Google Chrome
72 coming up: finding our way around 1988, WAIS 1990, Archie 1992, Veronica (Gopher) 1994, Lycos 1995, Alta Vista, Yahoo 1996, Inktomi 1997, Ask Jeeves HofI Internet 40
73 coming up: what changed? 1. Death of distance 2. Fate of Location 3. Improved Connections 4. Increased Mobility 5. More Customized Networks 6. Deluge of Information 7. Increased Value of Brand 8. More Minnows, more Giants 9. More Competition 10. Increased Value of Niches 11. Communities of Practices 12. Loose-Knit Corporation Culture 13. Openness 14. Manufacturers as Service Providers 15. Inversion of Home and Office 16. Proliferation of Ideas 17. Decline of National Authority 18. Loss of Privacy 19. Global Premium for Skills 20. Rebirth of Cities 21. Rise of English 22. Communities of Culture 23. A New Trust 24. People as Scarce Resource 25. Global Peace HofI Internet 41
74 42 Thursday's reading
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