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1 CE Computer Networks Mehdi Kharrazi Department of Computer Engineering Sharif University of Technology Acknowledgments: Some of the slides are fully or partially obtained from other sources. Reference is noted on the bottom of each slide, when the content is fully obtained from another source. Otherwise a full list of references is provided on the last slide.
2 What happens when you click on a URL? When you click on a URL, 17 messages are exchanged on the internet 6 message to translate the server name to IP address 3 messages to setup a TCP connection 4 messages for your browser to send the HTTP get request, and server response (assuming the page it self fits in one message) 4 messages to tear down the connection [Peterson7] 2
3 History 3
4 Early communication over Long Distance Between human beings Letter and messenger Information carried by physical objects Speed limited by transportation means: horse, bird, train, car Bandwidth? Distance? Security? Fire Early optical communication Speed of light Bandwidth? Distance? Security? [Zhang7] 4
5 Communication Using Electrons 1827 (126) Ohm s Law 1837 (1216) Workable telegraph invented by Samuel Morse 1838 (1217) demonstration over 16 kilometers at 1 w.p.m (123) Western Union founded 1868 (1247) Transatlantic cable laid 1876 (1255) Alexander Bell invented the telephone 1885 (1264) AT&T formed 1892 (1271) First automated commercial telephone switch [Zhang7] 5
6 Age of Telephones 193 (1282) 3 million phones in the U.S (1294) First transcontinental telephone line 1948 (1327) Transistor invented by Bell scientists 1963 (1342) Digital transmission introduced 1965 (1344) 1ESS central office switch introduced 1969 (1348) Arpanet was born 1985 (1364) Last telegraph circuit closed down 1999 (1378) Last 4ESS install in ATT network [Zhang7] 6
7 # of hosts (1348) ARPANET was born. 4 nodes were inter-connected: UCLA,SRI,UCSB, U. of Utah Charley Kline from UCLA sent 1 st packet. 5 Jun-7 Oct-7 Dec-7 Oct-72 Jun-74 7 Dec-79
8 ARPAnet plan Rough sketch by Larry Roberts, late 196s. [Feamster15]
9 (1349) ARPANET used NCP (Network Control Protocol), first end-to-end protocol # of hosts 1 5 Jun-7 Oct-7 Dec-7 Oct-72 Jun-74 9 Dec-79
10 (135) 15 nodes were connected. Ray Tomlinson of BBN invented program. # of hosts 1 5 Jun-7 Oct-7 Dec-7 Oct-72 Jun-74 1 Dec-79
11 # of hosts was chosen by Ray Tomlinson to separate the userid and hostname. First computer-to-computer chat program at UCLA. 5 Jun-7 Oct-7 Dec-7 Oct-72 Jun Dec-79
12 2 # of hosts (1352) Ethernet was invented by Bob Metcalfe's (Harvard PhD Thesis) 5 Jun-7 Oct-7 Dec-7 Oct-72 Jun Dec-79
13 (1353) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) was invented by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn. 15 # of hosts 1 5 Jun-7 Oct-7 Dec-7 Oct-72 Jun Dec-79
14 (1354) First mailing list was created by Steve Walker. # of hosts 1 5 Jun-7 Oct-7 Dec-7 Oct-72 Jun Dec-79
15 (1357) TCP splited into TCP and IP. # of hosts 1 5 Jun-7 Oct-7 Dec-7 Oct-72 Jun Dec-79
16 (1358) 3Com was co-founded by Bob Metcalfe. # of hosts 1 5 Jun-7 Oct-7 Dec-7 Oct-72 Jun Dec-79
17 (1361) DoD used TCP/IP to inter-connect networks. Thus, the Internet!!! # of hosts 1 5 Jun-7 Oct-7 Dec-7 Oct-72 Jun-74 Dec-79 Aug-81 May-82 Aug-83 Oct-84 Oct-85 Feb-86 Nov-86 Dec-87 Jul-88 Oct Jan-89 Jul-89 Oct-89
18 # of hosts (1362) NCP TCP/IP. ARPANET was split into ARPANET and MILNET. BSD included TCP/IP. 5 Jun-7 Oct-7 Dec-7 Oct-72 Jun-74 Dec-79 Aug-81 May-82 Aug-83 Oct-84 Oct-85 Feb-86 Nov-86 Dec-87 Jul-88 Oct Jan-89 Jul-89 Oct-89
19 (1363) DNS (Domain Name System) was introduced. # of hosts 1 > 1 hosts. 5 Jun-7 Oct-7 Dec-7 Oct-72 Jun-74 Dec-79 Aug-81 May-82 Aug-83 Oct-84 Oct-85 Feb-86 Nov-86 Dec-87 Jul-88 Oct Jan-89 Jul-89 Oct-89
20 (1366) > 1, hosts. 15 # of hosts 1 5 Jun-7 Oct-7 Dec-7 Oct-72 Jun-74 Dec-79 Aug-81 May-82 Aug-83 Oct-84 Oct-85 Feb-86 Nov-86 Dec-87 Jul-88 Oct-88 2 Jan-89 Jul-89 Oct-89
21 # of hosts (1367) First Internet Worm released by Morris. CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team) was formed as a result. IRC was created. 5 Jun-7 Oct-7 Dec-7 Oct-72 Jun-74 Dec-79 Aug-81 May-82 Aug-83 Oct-84 Oct-85 Feb-86 Nov-86 Dec-87 Jul-88 Oct Jan-89 Jul-89 Oct-89
22 (1368) > 1, hosts # of hosts 1 5 Jun-7 Oct-7 Dec-7 Oct-72 Jun-74 Dec-79 Aug-81 May-82 Aug-83 Oct-84 Oct-85 Feb-86 Nov-86 Dec-87 Jul-88 Oct Jan-89 Jul-89 Oct-89
23 (1369) ARPANET ceased. AOL, CompuServe provided dial-up service. # of hosts 1 5 Oct-7 Aug-81 Aug-83 Oct-85 Nov-86 Jul-88 Jan-89 Oct-89 Jan-91 Oct-91 Apr-92 Oct-92 Apr-93 Oct-93 Jul-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 23
24 # of hosts (137) WWW was created by Tim Berners-Lee from CERN. Linux was released by Linus Torvalds. 5 Oct-7 Aug-81 Aug-83 Oct-85 Nov-86 Jul-88 Jan-89 Oct-89 Jan-91 Oct-91 Apr-92 Oct-92 Apr-93 Oct-93 Jul-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 24
25 > 1,, hosts. # of hosts 1 5 Oct-7 Aug-81 Aug-83 Oct-85 Nov-86 Jul-88 Jan-89 Oct-89 Jan-91 Oct-91 Apr-92 Oct-92 Apr-93 Oct-93 Jul-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 25
26 2 # of hosts Network Solution, Inc was chosen to provide domain name registration. Mosaic was created. 5 Oct-7 Aug-81 Aug-83 Oct-85 Nov-86 Jul-88 Jan-89 Oct-89 Jan-91 Oct-91 Apr-92 Oct-92 Apr-93 Oct-93 Jul-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 26
27 # of hosts 15 1 Realaudio started. Win95 released. Bob Metcalfe predicted the Internet would collapse. 5 Oct-7 Aug-81 Aug-83 Oct-85 Nov-86 Jul-88 Jan-89 Oct-89 Jan-91 Oct-91 Apr-92 Oct-92 Apr-93 Oct-93 Jul-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 27
28 2 # of hosts Browser war (Netscape vs. IE) began. tv.com sold to CNET for $15,. 5 Oct-7 Aug-81 Aug-83 Oct-85 Nov-86 Jul-88 Jan-89 Oct-89 Jan-91 Oct-91 Apr-92 Oct-92 Apr-93 Oct-93 Jul-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 28
29 2 # of hosts M domain names registered. Compaq bought altavista.com for $3.3M. Google founded. 5 Oct-7 Aug-81 Aug-83 Oct-85 Nov-86 Jul-88 Jan-89 Oct-89 Jan-91 Oct-91 Apr-92 Oct-92 Apr-93 Oct-93 Jul-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 29
30 First online banking. business.com sold for $7.5B Napster released. # of hosts 1 5 Oct-7 Aug-81 Aug-83 Oct-85 Nov-86 Jul-88 Jan-89 Oct-89 Jan-91 Oct-91 Apr-92 Oct-92 Apr-93 Oct-93 Jul-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 3
31 Millennium bug. # of hosts 1 5 Oct-7 Aug-81 Aug-83 Oct-85 Nov-86 Jul-88 Jan-89 Oct-89 Jan-91 Oct-91 Apr-92 Oct-92 Apr-93 Oct-93 Jul-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 31
32 Wikipedia launched. # of hosts 1 5 Oct-7 Aug-81 Aug-83 Oct-85 Nov-86 Jul-88 Jan-89 Oct-89 Jan-91 Oct-91 Apr-92 Oct-92 Apr-93 Oct-93 Jul-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 32
33 > 439M hosts. 1 new computers joined the Internet every second. # of hosts 1 5 Oct-7 Aug-81 Aug-83 Oct-85 Nov-86 Jul-88 Jan-89 Oct-89 Jan-91 Oct-91 Apr-92 Oct-92 Apr-93 Oct-93 Jul-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 33
34 Google valued at 138 billion dollars. # of hosts 1 5 Oct-7 Aug-81 Aug-83 Oct-85 Nov-86 Jul-88 Jan-89 Oct-89 Jan-91 Oct-91 Apr-92 Oct-92 Apr-93 Oct-93 Jul-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 34
35 35
36 Colored by distance from scanning host * Source: Bill Cheswick, Mapping the Internet and Intranets. NJIT, 1 March 25 36
37 New Applications , remote terminal access (telnet) and file transfer (ftp) were the original ARPAnet applications. Audio/video ( ) Telephony, conferencing, streaming media. World Wide Web ( ) browsing a mesh of hyperlinks. Altavista search engine (Dec 1995) Peer-to-peer (2...). File sharing Video on Demand Netflix [Feamster15]
38 Problem 1: Congestion Congestion Control matches offered load to available capacity. TCP congestion control has done this since 1988 Problem: insufficient dynamic range: Slow and flaky wireless links. Very high speed intercontinental paths. Some possible solutions do exist, but: Change is hard, all solutions must interact well. How to decide what is good enough? How to get consensus on which solution to deploy? [Feamster15]
39 Problem 2: Routing (Internet map, 1999) Source: Bill Cheswick, Lumeta [Feamster15]
40 Problem 2: Routing (which path to take through the net) BGP4 is the only inter-domain routing protocol currently in use world-wide. Lack of security. Ease of misconfiguration. Policy through local filtering. Poorly understood interaction between local policies. Poor convergence. Lack of appropriate information hiding. Non-determinism. Poor overload behaviour. [Feamster15]
41 Problem 3: Security We re reasonably good at encryption and authentication. Not so good at actually turning these mechanisms on. We re rather bad at key management. Hierarchical PKIs rather unsuccessful. Keys are a single point of failure. Key revocation. We re really bad at deploying secure software in secure configurations. No good way to manage epidemics. Flash worm: infect all vulnerable servers on the Internet in 3 seconds. [Feamster15]
42 Problem 4: Availability/ Denial of Service The Internet does a great job of transmitting packets to a destination. Even if the destination doesn t want those packets. Overload servers or network links to prevent the victim doing useful work. Distributed Denial of Service becoming commonplace. Automated scanning results in armies of compromised zombie hosts being available for coordinated attacks. [Feamster15]
43 Details on the Course
44 Administrivia Website: sharif.edu/~kharrazi/courses/ / (will be up soon) You are expected to check the website regularly Textbook: Computer Networks: A Systems Approach (Fourth Edition), by Larry L. Peterson, Bruce S. Davie, March 27. Prerequisites: Probability and Statistics Corequisites: Operating Systems You must also take, with 4-443
45 Administrivia TAs Solmaz Salimi.... Grading 1% quiz 4% homework 2% midterm 3% final
46 Policies Late Homework One day late will cost you 25%, two days 5%, and three days 75%. No homework will be accepted after the third day. Cell phones Please turn them off before entering class. Cheating and Copying First time you are caught you will get a zero for the task at hand. Second time you are caught you will fail the course. Providing your assignment to someone else is considered cheating on your behalf.
47 Acknowledgments/References History of the Internet, WeeSan Lee [Zhang7] Hui Zhang, Networking, Fall 27, School of computer science, CMU. [Peterson7] Computer Networks: A Systems Approach (Fourth Edition), by Larry L. Peterson, Bruce S. Davie, March 27. [Feamster15] Computer Networks, COS 461, Princeton University Spring
CE Computer Networks
CE 443 - Computer Networks Mehdi Kharrazi Department of Computer Engineering Sharif University of Technology Acknowledgments: Some of the slides are fully or partially obtained from other sources. Reference
CE Computer Networks
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