History of communication

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1 History of communication Prehistoric era: beginnings of human language BC: beginnings of writing 15 th century: printing 19 th century: telephone, radio broadcasting, photography, cinema 20 th century: television broadcasting, computing, networking, Internet, mobile communication 19 th / 20 th century major sociological changes (spread of urbanisation & public use of technological inventions)

2 Acceleration of inventions At least 500,000 yrs between invention of language and invention of writing At least 5,000 yrs betw writing and invention of printing 400 yrs betw printing and invention of telephone (Bell, 1876), radio (Marconi, 1896), cinema (Lumière Bros, 1894) 50 yrs later, beginnings of television broadcasting (1940 s) 30 yrs later, micro-computing & Internet (1970 s) 10 yrs later, mobile communication (1980 s) Today, convergence of technology & cloud computing

3 History of CMC End 1970's Home Personal Computers (Mac, IBM PC, Intel-Microsoft) 1980's - Videotex online services (Minitel, Prestel) End 1960's - ARPANET military DoD Usenet - research centres / university network 1971 Ray Tomlinson FTP + TCP/IP (Vint Cerf & Robert Kahn) 1983 separation into MILNET

4 Apple II Minitel -1982

5 Development of Internet 1991 Hypertext - World Wide Web Tim Berners Lee (CERN) 1993 Mosaic web browser Marc Andreesen Search engines (Archie 1990, Lycos 1993, Yahoo & Altavista 1995, Google 1998) Open Source Software (1998) Forums, newsgroups, blogs, wikis, social networks 3.4 b people online (Internet World Stats Nov 2015)

6 New Forms of Media Shift of all culture to computer mediated forms of production, distribution and communication Previous new media affected only one stage of cultural communication (e.g. printing press, photography) Today's new media affects all stages: acquisition, manipulation, storage, distribution and all types of media: texts, still images, moving images, sound & spatial constructions

7 Inescapable Data Vision There is a way in which technology is inexorable, so I doubt there is a way to stop an of this. (Harvard Univ Sociologist Nicholas Christakis) Data collection & emission devices everywhere often discreet & barely detectable > ubiquitous & pervasive devices Growing demand for continuous connectivity blending of tools for business & personal lives Chris Statukis & John Webster, Inescapable Data

8 3 categories of reactions Fascination. Early adopters of gadgetry (from computers to handheld communication devices, to home electronics such as TiVo, to high-tech kitchen gizmos such as remote-control cooking thermometers). Hate or suspicion. Avoidance & frustration. Prefer full service over self-service. Concern about privacy rights & potential for intrusion that 'online' world represents. Take technology for granted. Do not seek out tec hnology & often are quizzical & skeptical. Convinced tech will make their life better or easier, but not really interested. (Majority)

9 Computing's new fundamentals & impact Data data everywhere devices (cell phones, biosensors, miniature digital video cams, GPS transceivers) generate massive amounts of new data for capture & mining for new value in real time. Communications demand for more 'asynchronous yet immediate' conversation technologies (e.g. wireless e mail, IM) will drive further conveniences & efficiencies in personal & business lives. Chris Statukis & John Webster

10 Computing's new fundamentals & impact Networking Radical new strategies for networking of anything electrified (fridge, cars) Information processing info will become more easily accessible to increasingly greater numbers. Info traditionally locked up within machines available to computer science degree holders will rapidly become more open, aided by self describing data representation styles

11 The digital revolution Continuous increase in: processing power + storage capacity + speed of data transmission + Continuous decrease in costs & size of equipment + Standardisation revolving around PC / Windows = Micro-computing at professional then domestic levels (1980 s)

12 Interconnection of computers + Development of digital networks + Generalisation of digital encoding + Improved data transmission (transmission capacity, digital compression, packet transmission) = Internet & the Web (1990 s) Convergence (2000's) Apps & Cloud computing (present)

13 Benefits Digital data can be stored and transmitted via multiple physical media (electrical cables, optic fibres, satellite airwaves, etc.) On many kinds of networks (telephone, cable, satellite, optical networks, etc.) Digital data can be transmitted and copied without information loss any number of times (easy reconstruction of data) Dynamic and automatised processing with precision and speed on a large quantitative scale

14 Framework Digital revolution inseparable from concept of deregulation & liberalisation of telecoms on a global scale resulting in: Significant decrease in costs Increasing competition New services offered in telecoms Process started in 1980 s in USA & in 1990 s in Europe Convergence of 3 key sectors (informatics + telecoms + audiovisual) on 3 levels (communication networks, individual terminals, whole industries and services)

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17 Internet The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link billions of devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and peer-topeer networks for file sharing. Wikipedia

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19 Mauritius 803,896 Internet users - 60% of the population 580,000 on Facebook (Internet World Stats, Nov 2015) 735,000 internet subscribers 58.3% of the population (549,000 mobile Internet) 1,652,000 mobile subscribers 130.9% 372,200 fixed phone lines (CSO 2014)

20 Mobile communication 1970's first tests for cellular mobile phone (Motorolla vs ATT Bell) 1980's spread of mobile networks (analogue) 1990's 2G digital networks - ( st GSM network in Finland 2000's 3G (e.g. UMTS) higher data speed 2010's 4G + LTE

21 Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola, made the first US analogue mobile phone call on a larger prototype model in Legend: 1. NEC Cellstar 500 series (Early 1990s) 2. Nokia 2110 series (1994) 3. Nokia 5120 (1998) 4. Kyocera 2135 (2002) 5. Audiovox CDM8300 (2002) 6. Samsung SCH-A650 (2004)

History of communication

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