Chapter 1. Introduction to Computers in Medicine
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1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers in Medicine
2 Types of medical data Medical data Alphanumeric Medical images Physiological signals
3 Types of medical data Medical data Alphanumeric Medical images Physiological signals Patient s name and address Identification number Results of lab tests Physicians notes
4 Types of medical data Medical data Alphanumeric Medical images Physiological signals Patient s name and address Identification number Results of lab tests Physicians notes X-ray Computer tomogram Magnetic resonance image Ultrasound image
5 Types of medical data Medical data Alphanumeric Medical images Physiological signals Patient s name and address Identification number Results of lab tests Physicians notes X-ray Computer tomogram Magnetic resonance image Ultrasound image Electrocardiogram Electroencephalogram Blood pressure tracing
6 Alphanumeric medical data storage and processing Saved on general purpose mainframe computer Real-time processing not necessary Used extensively for billing systems
7 Medical image storage and processing Traditionally archived on film Current trend toward PACS (picture archiving and communication systems) Workstations with high resolution computer displays Distributed computing Images stored on optical disks High-speed local area network (LAN) communication
8 Physiological signal storage and processing Microcomputer-based medical instrumentation Real-time signal processing often involved
9 Basic elements of a medical care system
10 Basic elements of a medical care system Patient
11 Basic elements of a medical care system Patient Collection of data
12 Basic elements of a medical care system Patient Collection of data Analysis of data
13 Basic elements of a medical care system Patient Collection of data Analysis of data Decision making
14 Basic elements of a medical care system Patient Therapy Collection of data Analysis of data Decision making
15 Basic elements of a medical instrumentation system
16 Basic elements of a medical instrumentation system Patient
17 Basic elements of a medical instrumentation system Physiological signals Patient
18 Basic elements of a medical instrumentation system Physiological signals Electrical analogs (voltages) Patient Sensors
19 Basic elements of a medical instrumentation system Physiological signals Electrical analogs (voltages) Patient Sensors Processor
20 Basic elements of a medical instrumentation system Physiological signals Electrical analogs (voltages) Patient Sensors Processor Display Recorder Network
21 Basic elements of a medical instrumentation system Physiological signals Electrical analogs (voltages) Patient Sensors Processor Controller Open or closed loop control Display Recorder Network
22 Evolution of implantable pacemaker technology Original Asynchronous fixed-rate oscillator Discrete components Epoxy with silastic coating Mechanical adjustments Sutured endocardial electrodes Mercury batteries (2-year life) Current Pacing on demand; rhythm analysis and defibrillation Hybrid integrated circuits Laser-welded titanium Bi-directional telemetry Intravenous catheter electrodes Lithium batteries (8-year life)
23 Evolution of implantable pacemaker technology Original Asynchronous fixed-rate oscillator Discrete components Epoxy with silastic coating Mechanical adjustments Sutured endocardial electrodes Mercury batteries (2-year life) Current Pacing on demand; rhythm analysis and defibrillation Hybrid integrated circuits Laser-welded titanium Bi-directional telemetry Intravenous catheter electrodes Lithium batteries (8-year life)
24 Evolution of implantable pacemaker technology Original Asynchronous fixed-rate oscillator Discrete components Epoxy with silastic coating Mechanical adjustments Sutured endocardial electrodes Mercury batteries (2-year life) Current Pacing on demand; rhythm analysis and defibrillation Hybrid integrated circuits Laser-welded titanium Bi-directional telemetry Intravenous catheter electrodes Lithium batteries (8-year life)
25 Evolution of implantable pacemaker technology Original Asynchronous fixed-rate oscillator Discrete components Epoxy with silastic coating Mechanical adjustments Sutured endocardial electrodes Mercury batteries (2-year life) Current Pacing on demand; rhythm analysis and defibrillation Hybrid integrated circuits Laser-welded titanium Bi-directional telemetry Intravenous catheter electrodes Lithium batteries (8-year life)
26 Evolution of implantable pacemaker technology Original Asynchronous fixed-rate oscillator Discrete components Epoxy with silastic coating Mechanical adjustments Sutured endocardial electrodes Mercury batteries (2-year life) Current Pacing on demand; rhythm analysis and defibrillation Hybrid integrated circuits Laser-welded titanium Bi-directional telemetry Intravenous catheter electrodes Lithium batteries (8-year life)
27 Evolution of implantable pacemaker technology Original Asynchronous fixed-rate oscillator Discrete components Epoxy with silastic coating Mechanical adjustments Sutured endocardial electrodes Mercury batteries (2-year life) Current Pacing on demand; rhythm analysis and defibrillation Hybrid integrated circuits Laser-welded titanium Bi-directional telemetry Intravenous catheter electrodes Lithium batteries (8-year life)
28 History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
29 Charles Babbageʼs mechanical computer First programmer: Augusta Ada Lovelace
30 History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
31 Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC) John Atanasoff received the Ph.D. degree from UW-Madison
32 History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
33 ENIAC University of Pennsylvania 30 tons 18,000 vacuum tubes 140 kilowatts 5000 additions/sec digit number memory
34 History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
35 Transistor Invented by John Bardeen and two others at Bell Labs, Nobel Prize UW BSEE and MSEE, Born in Madison, Wisconsin Obtained a second Nobel Prize for the theory of superconductivity
36 History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
37 Univac First transistorized computer
38 History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
39 First integrated circuit (IC) Invented by Jack Kilby UW MSEE Nobel Prize
40 History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
41 MIT LINC (Laboratory Instrument Computer) First interactive computer (Wes Clark)
42 Emeritus Prof. C. Daniel Geisler
43 History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
44 Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8 Minicomputer First commercial minicomputer
45 DEC LINC-8 (Laboratory Instrument Computer) First commercial interactive computer
46 History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
47 First microprocessor - Intel 4004 (about 2000 transistors)
48 History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
49 Worldʼs first microcomputer Based on Intel 8080 microprocessor
50 Altair 8800 computer
51 Cromemco microcomputer (Intel 8080/Zilog Z80)
52 Apple II
53 History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
54 IBM PC
55 History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
56 Apple Macintosh
57 History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
58 Evolution of the computer
59 Evolution of the computer
60 A doubling experiment
61 A doubling experiment On the first day of a month, you give your professor a penny. On each successive day, you give him twice as many pennies as the day before.
62 A doubling experiment On the first day of a month, you give your professor a penny. On each successive day, you give him twice as many pennies as the day before. How many pennies would you give him on the 11th, 21st, and 31st days of the month?
63 A doubling experiment On the first day of a month, you give your professor a penny. On each successive day, you give him twice as many pennies as the day before. How many pennies would you give him on the 11th, 21st, and 31st days of the month? 2 10 = 1,024 pennies = $10.24
64 A doubling experiment On the first day of a month, you give your professor a penny. On each successive day, you give him twice as many pennies as the day before. How many pennies would you give him on the 11th, 21st, and 31st days of the month? 2 10 = 1,024 pennies = $ = 1,048,576 pennies = $10,485.76
65 A doubling experiment On the first day of a month, you give your professor a penny. On each successive day, you give him twice as many pennies as the day before. How many pennies would you give him on the 11th, 21st, and 31st days of the month? 2 10 = 1,024 pennies = $ = 1,048,576 pennies = $10, pennies = 1,073,741,824 pennies (more than $10 million)
66 Computing power versus cost 100, MIPS (8088) Cost per MIPS (in Dollars) 10,000 1, MIPS (80486) 1 1 MIPS (80286) Year
67 Number of components in a PC 1000 Number of Integrated Circuits KB 512 KB 2 MB 4 MB Year
68 Image/signal analysis
69 Image/signal analysis
70 Image/signal analysis
71 Image/signal analysis
72 Image/signal analysis
73 Signal representation
74 Signal representation
75 Comparison of PC and brain
76 Exponential growth of computing From Kurzweil, 2001
77 Recommended reading Jeff Hawkins, On Intelligence, 2004.
78 Recommended reading Jeff Hawkins, On Intelligence, 2004.
79 Human-human communication
80 Human-computer communication
81 The future of computers in medical instrumentation
82 The future of computers in medical instrumentation ipod/iphone portable applications
83 The future of computers in medical instrumentation ipod/iphone portable applications Portable personal computers for physiological monitoring (e.g., Star Trek Tricorders)
84 The future of computers in medical instrumentation ipod/iphone portable applications Portable personal computers for physiological monitoring (e.g., Star Trek Tricorders) Desktop supercomputers
85 The future of computers in medical instrumentation ipod/iphone portable applications Portable personal computers for physiological monitoring (e.g., Star Trek Tricorders) Desktop supercomputers Artificial neural network (ANN) on a chip
86 Medical instrumentation - then and now
87 Medical instrumentation - then and now
88 The End
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