DESY Computing Newsletter No. 4

Transcription

1 '$ x rdesy DESY Compting Newsletter No. 4 Febrary 1993 A Pblication of the DESY User Spport Grop Contents Editorial : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 1 DESY Unix Activities : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 2 How to se X-Terminals : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 3 UNIX shells : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 7 TEX on the Apollo-, HP-, and SGI-clsters : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 11 Using the Emacs Editor : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 12 Crrent Sitation of Backp on the Apollo-, HP-, and SGI-clsters : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 16 Compter Accessible Information: What is Located Where and How to Find it : : : : : : : : : : : 17 Phasing ot the QMS laser printers : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 20 A Last-Minte Notice from or Users : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 21 Acconting on the IBM : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 21 Qestions and Answers from the UCO : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 23 0

2 '$ x rdesy Editorial by Michael Behrens This newsletter mainly covers topics related to Unix and distribted compting at DESY. These topics - even if not too closely related in principle - trn ot in practice to be closely tied together. Many qestions on how to register on the central Unix services and how to se them for reglar work are asked at the User Conslting Oce, and there is a real need for docmentation and instrction. While one can access a Unix host from almost any type of terminal, X{terminals are becoming the most common way of accessing Unix (and other systems) at DESY. One article in the Newsletter covers the basics of X-terminal sage at DESY. The articles on editing, sing TEX, and backp on Unix shold help yo with yor rst steps in this new world of Unix. The article on compter accessible information goes beyond Unix and tries to cover all platforms available at DESY. The article on the QMS printers is mainly of interest to sers of the DESY IBM, and nally the article on acconting is for IBM sers only. For this isse we have fond a fair nmber of people besides the editors, who contribted articles for the newsletter. We greatly appreciate this development and we want to thank all athors for their work. We hope that this trend will contine in the ftre. docmentation. This docmentation is crrently being prepared, bt it wold exceed the scope of this newsletter if we inclded it here. The fll description of printing services will therefore become a docment of its own when it is completed. Many people at DESY are concerned abot the amont of natral resorces consmed by the large volme of printing at DESY. To minimize the negative impact, both the sers and the compter centre sta have to work together. Doble sided printing will be available wherever possible to redce the consmption of paper. We also try too to se paper that is prodced with the smallest possible impact on natre while still allowing reliable operation of the varios printers. In the end it is p to yo to restrict the nmber of pages printed and to accept less glossy paper for every day sage. It is good practice to only se high cost and high qality printot when they are really needed. Color plots shold only be sed after a sccessfl test with a normal black-and-white paper copy. A few Words on Printing Printing is an area that has already been ndergoing signicant changes for some time. Instead of a small nmber of large printers locally attached to a certain host, DESY has moved to a large nmber of smaller printers with graphic capabilities distribted all over the DESY site and accessible over the network from (almost) any host. The nmber of network printers crrently exceeds 100, and managing this large nmber in a coherent way is a demanding task. The Compter Centre is working on streamlining the printing service and on providing sitable Editors of the DCN are: Katherine Wipf R;1WIP ext Michael Behrens R;1BEH ext Jan Hendrik Peters R;1NET ext Editorial

3 '$ x rdesy DESY Unix Activities by Wolfgang Friebel At DESY there are a wide variety of compters rnning nder a UNIX operating system. The main avors of UNIX fond at DESY are the operating systems HP{UX (HP), Domain OS (Apollo), AIX (IBM), ULTRIX (DEC), IRIX (Silicon Graphics), Sn OS (Sn) and Convex OS (Convex). To coordinate the varios activities arond these operating systems, a DESY UNIX committee (DUX) was formed in Agst Presently it consists of abot 15 people both from the system management grops and from the physics grops at DESY. The chairman is W.Friebel, Zethen. One of the main tasks of the committee is to provide a niform ser environment for UNIX, independent of the nderlying hardware. Varios topics have been discssed in the meetings to achieve this goal. As of December 92 the following proposals were made by the DUX: The mintes of the DUX meetings as well as other docments are accessible by anonymos ftp from ftp.ifh.de in the directory pb/dx The members of the DUX can be addressed by the mailing list dx@ifh.de or individally by mailing to friebel@ifh.de. People interested in DUX activities shold look at the above mentioned mintes and also follow the discssions in the Netnews grop hepnet.hepix. Spport for a csh-like login shell (tcsh) and a borne/korn shell-like login shell (zsh) by the compting centre grop Usage of a set of environment variables common to all systems Creation of login procedres which rn on all spported platforms Uniform X11 environment based on tools developed by T.Finnern Keyboard mappings for some freqently sed tools (emacs, less, 3270-emlation) Mch more is planned in this eld, inclding coordination with HEPIX activities on the same sbject. The most important elds to be discssed in the near ftre are a centralized ser registration, Network Information Services (NIS, Yellow pages) for DESY wide global logins, and spport for system installation and software distribtion. DESY Unix Activities 2

4 '$ x rdesy How to se X-Terminals by Jan Hendrik Peters With the delivery of a large nmber of X- terminals late last year, everybody now has access to these new terminals. Bt at this point the problems already start. How can yo login? How can yo se yor old services? What kind of new services are opened p by this new technology? Step 1: Get an Accont The rst problem yo enconter is that yo need a new accont in order to make se of the X- terminal (nlike with the Falco terminals which yo jst needed to plg in and go). The X-terminals are crrently directly connected to either the Apollo- Clster, HP-Clster, or the new SGI-Clster called x4 (X-for-yo), which in ftre will be the hb for most new X-terminals. If yo are one of the lcky people who has an X-terminal in his/her oce, yo jst need an accont on the clster this X-terminal is attached to. The name of the clster a specic X-terminal is attached to can be read o the login screen of the X-terminal. Everybody else shold at least get an accont on the HP-Clster and the APOLLO-Clster. In ftre yo might have to get an accont on the x4-clster as well (nless we get a common registry for all machines earlier). Accont registration forms can be obtained either from yor grop administrator or from the UCO. Yo have to ll ot yor name, grop, location, yor reqested login id (serid, accont name), an initial password and yo have to select a defalt shell yo want to work with (more on shells below). With yor signatre yo agree to se yor accont only for work related to DESY activities and to follow some basic rles on password secrity, software copyrights, etc. Yor grop administrator certies with his signatre that yo are a member of his grop and have the right to work on the varios platforms yo have chosen. The completed form shold be retrned to the UCO. The system administrators of the UNIX systems are: Ernst-Ldwig Bohnen Thomas Finnern Bernd Hellwig HP-Clster Apollo-Clster x4-clster When they have registered yo on their clster, yo are ready to go. A few words abot the selection of a login id: With the rather complex sitation regarding operating systems and machine types on the DESY site, there is some need for a convention for login ids. On the IBM we have the well established scheme of choosing a login id consisting of 6 characters with 3 characters for the grop and 3 for the person (ggg type of serid, e.g. f14jhp). On the VAX people everwhere in the world register nder their name, e.g. their last name, rst name, or combinations thereof p to a length of 12 characters. On some UNIX machines the maximm length for login ids is 8 characters. From the point of view of networking services (ftp, rlogin, rsh, rcp, etc.) it is neccessary to have the same login id on as many systems as possible to flly tilize the power of these commands. Therefore we encorage every ser to select his/her login id according to the following scheme: Yor login id on the VAX and on the UNIX systems at DESY shold be identical with a maximm length of 8 characters. Yo shold select yor last name with initials from yor rst name (e.g. petersjh, mbehrens), or if yor name is niqe on the site jst yor last name. The sage of yor IBM login id on all platforms is permitted bt not encoraged. Step 2: How to log in If yo have never worked with a mose or a window management system, the following terminology might prove sefl for yo: Motif Btton A small display box within the borders of a window. Mose Pointer An arrow or cross on the screen indicating the crrent position for selecting or clicking. Mose Btton The three bttons on the top of the mose. The left btton is normally sed for 3 How to se X-Terminals

5 '$ x rdesy clicking or selecting, the middle btton for positioning text yo have selected (ct and paste operation), and the fnction of the right btton always depends on the application. Clicking Qickly pressing and releasing the mose btton withot moving the mose pointer. Dragging Pressing and holding the mose btton while moving the mose pointer on the screen. If yo sit in front of the screen yo will see a login window created with the Motif Window Manager (mwm). Motif windows normally consist of inpt and otpt elds and bttons. On the login panel on the APOLLO and HP clsters yo will nd two inpt elds for yor login id and yor password and for bttons labeled OK, Clear, Options, Help. The bttons are activated by clicking with the left mose btton while pointing to the Motif btton. To log in yo jst type yor login id in the pper eld, press Retrn, type yor password in the second eld, and press Retrn. If yo receive an "invalid password" message and yo are sre that yo sed the correct password, rst click the OK btton on the message window then the Clear btton on the login window, make sre the CapsLock key was not pressed and restart the procedre. This shold help in almost all cases. The Motif inpt elds are very sensitive to extra blanks and control characters. The login panel shold now disappear and after a while (depending on the clster load) new windows will appear. In the right hand corner yo will see the Session panel with information abot yor login id, login machine, X-server machine, and the name or IP-address of yor X-terminal. The two bttons below allow yo to totally logot from the clster or to temporarily lock the screen. The latter option shold only be sed if yo are leaving the X-terminal for a very short time. If yo stay away for a longer time yo shold logot to allow other people to se the X-terminal. The maximm locking time is crrently restricted to 20 mintes and might be redced in ftre. On the left hand bottom of the screen little icons will show p which can be activated by doble clicking them with the left mose btton or by a single click on the icon and on the Restore btton in the pop-p men. (Remark: doble clicking only works, if the the clicks occr within a very short time interval!) In the middle of the screen the login window on yor server machine will appear (see pictre below). Here yo can enter any UNIX command. Depending on the machine the prompt may vary, sally displaying the machine yo are on and the directory yo are in. This window (as any other xterm window) has varios parts that can be activated with the left mose btton. With the mose pointer on the frame, the size of the window can be modied by dragging one of the frame parts. By holding the left mose btton with the mose pointer on the title bar, the window can be moved arond on the screen. By clicking on the mins sign btton on the left pper corner a little men will be displayed, the dot btton in the right pper corner will iconize the window and the btton with the sqare on it will maximize the window to screen size. If yo have more than one window, only one of them is active for inpt from the keyboard (the frame of the active window ssally has a dierent color). To activate another window jst click on it with the left mose btton. The big grey area behind all windows is called root window. If yo press any mose btton on the root window, dierent root mens will show p. By dragging the mose to one of the elds the corresponding action can be triggered. The most important aspects cover the creation of new windows on the clster, on the IBM or VAX. How to se X-Terminals 4

6 '$ x rdesy Step 3: Getting some Work done While at the beginning yo might be tempted to only se yor X-terminal for logging into yor well known old machines, the UNIX platforms oer yo an astonding variety of very nice tools (like grep, awk, pipes jst to name a few which I nd very sefl { not to mention the easy way to prodce LaT E Xdocmentation and the powerfl previewer xdvi (for TEX) and ghostview (for PostScript)). If yo are not familiar with UNIX, yo rst need to get to know some of the basic commands, get sed to the shell, and learn a new editor. The DUX committee (see article by Wolfgang Friebel) encorages yo to learn the editor called emacs. This is the most widely sed editor in the HEP commnity on UNIX platforms and yo can also se it nder VMS. A common emacs environment for all UNIX machines at DESY (both in Hambrg and in Zethen) is nder preparation. In this newsletter yo will nd a short introdction to emacs. The UCO oers a short reference card for emacs and for the basic UNIX editor vi. A simple to se editor called pico is available on most centrally spported machines at DESY. A word on shells: The shell is yor working environment. It interprets yor commands and rns yor shell scripts (i.e. clists, procedres, etc). There are two basic families: the C-like shells (csh, tcsh) and Borne-like shells (sh, ksh, zsh). As with all ser environments it is a matter of taste which family of shells yo prefer. The DUX sggests that yo se a high level shell for yor interactive work (e.g. zsh, tcsh) and write shell scripts in a lower level shell (sh). On yor ser registration form yo are asked to name a shell yo want to work with interactively. If yo don't know any of them, jst mark defalt and yo will be spplied with the crrent defalt shell (One of Borne shell family for central UNIX compters). The crrent top of the list shells are zsh and tcsh (see article by Karsten Knne). Both of them spport command history recall (sing the crsor keys), inline command editing (crsor and delete keys), and command and le name completion (sing the tab key), which are more or less essential for a decent work environment. What are the most basic commands yo will need at the beginning? (Warning: UNIX commands and le names are case sensitive!) : pwd print (=show) crrent working directory cd name change to directory name mkdir name make directory name vi le edit le with vi-editor emacs le edit le with emacs cp copy les mv rename (=move) les rm delete (=remove) les ls -al list all les in directory cat list contents of le more list le page by page less list le page by page lp print le on printer chmod change le access rights grep nd strings (reglar expressions) echo $NAME show vale of variable NAME export NAME=vale set variable in Borne shells setenv name vale set variable in c shells f77 invoke the fortran compiler cc invoke the c compiler who list all ser logged in man get help for UNIX commands news display system news and DESY specic helps There are a few more concepts which help yo get along with UNIX. One of them is redirection. Any command or program needs inpt and otpt les. The standard les are stdin and stdot (keyboard and terminal if yo are working interactively). To se other les yo have to redirect them in the following manner: cmd <inle >otle or cmd <inle >>otle 5 How to se X-Terminals

7 '$ x rdesy where the arrows denote the in (<) or ot (>) direction and the doble arrow appends to the end of the le. All UNIX commands normally se stdin and stdot. The otpt of one command can be sed as an inpt for the next command. This is called piping, the symbol for it is the vertical bar j, e.g.: who j grep petersjh (nd ser entry for petersjh) Another concept is the foregrond and backgrond exection of commands. If a command is exected in foregrond, frther inpt from yor keyboard might be blocked. To execte a command or program in foregrond jst give its name, e.g. : prompt> cmd To execte in backgrond yo have to type an ampersand (&) behind the command name: prompt> cmd & The system will then give yo a response with the crrent job nmber and the id of the process (pid) yo jst created: [1] Here are some commands to control processes: jobs list all yor backgrond processes ps list all yor processes kill %n cancel (=kill) job nmber n fg %n move job n to foregrond nice redce priority of command exection Qite often yo wold like to connect to other compter systems and rn X-applications from there. To do so the crrent X environment variables have to be exported to the remote node. The most important ones in this game are TERM and DISPLAY and the MIT-Magic-Cookie athorization to allow remote access to yor X-terminal. If these are incorrectly set, yo might not be able to call an editor or to display anything on yor X-terminal. R2 has developed some commands to properly transport these variables. Some of these are xrsh, xrlogin, etc (see news x11 j less). These commands are or will be installed on all UNIX machines at DESY Hambrg and at Zethen to allow easy work on all UNIX platforms. There is a big class of commands that allow access and command exection on other systems. These remote service commands all start with the letter r like: rlogin (login to remote system), remsh (APOLLO and HP { execte command on remote node), rsh (SGI { execte command on remote node), rcp (copy le from/to remote system ). However, if yo are working with an X-terminal, yo shold not se rlogin and the remote-shell commands bt rather the corresponding X-command. Step 4: Connections to other systems How to se X-Terminals 6

8 '$ x rdesy UNIX shells by Karsten Knne The rst environment yo interact with when yo log in to a UNIX system is the shell. The shell is the interface between yo and the system which accepts yor inpt and exectes the appropriate commands. One of the big advantages of UNIX is that yo can choose between several dierent shells, yo cold even write yor very own private shell and se it. In order to choose an appropriate working environment for myself, I compared varios widely available shells. The candidates were: sh csh ksh tcsh bash zsh (Borne Shell) The Grand-daddy of all shells, the rst UNIX shell, written by Steve Borne. The shell from the BSD UNIX Distribtion, written at the University of California, Berkeley. (Korn Shell) A sccessor of the Borne Shell from AT&T, written by David Korn. A very poplar \free" shell. (Borne Again Shell) The shell from the GNU Project UNIX, also a free shell. Another very good free shell, written by Pal Falstad. rc The shell for the Plan 9 Project, a possible sccessor of UNIX, written by Tom D at AT&T. From the syntax point of view most shells fall into one of two main grops: shells with sh-like syntax and shells with csh-like syntax. sh-like syntax and csh-like syntax are not compatible. The rst grop contains sh, ksh, bash and zsh whereas the second grop contains csh and tcsh. The rc shell has a dierent syntax which does not t into either of the grops. What a shell shold do What can one expect from a shell? What are the main reqirements an interactive shell has to meet?: 1. Exection of commands: The shell shold execte commands. 2. Pipes: The ability to concatenate commands sch that the otpt of one command is sed as inpt for the next. 3. Redirection: This means redirecting command inpt/otpt from/to les instead of standard inpt (keyboard) and otpt (screen). 4. Congrable Environment: The ability to dene a personal working environment sing variables. 5. History: A history of exected commands and the possibility to re-execte commands. 6. Globbing: The expansion of wild-cards in lenames. 7. Aliases: The ability to se aliases for commands. 8. Fnctions: The ability to se shell fnctions. 9. Command Line Editing The ability to edit a command line before exection sing the arrow keys. 10. Job Control: Report of stats changes for backgrond jobs and track-keeping of backgrond jobs. 11. Completion: The completion of a partially typed command or le name. 12. Spelling Correction: The correction of spelling errors in commands and le names. Additional demands exist especially for the noninteractive se of a shell (i.e. for shell scripts): 13. Exection Control: Loops and conditional expressions are reqired. 14. Signal Handling: The ability to establish handlers to catch signals and perform specic actions. 15. Arithmetic: The ability to do arithmetic comptations. 7 UNIX shells

9 '$ x rdesy Free Shells The vendor spplied shells sh, csh and ksh shold be well known to most UNIX sers, bt how do the free shells compare to these standard shells? tcsh The tcsh is basically a csh with a lot of enhancements. It behaves exactly like the csh, except for the added tilities. The most important of these tilities are : Command line editing sing Emacs-style commands. Visal step p/down and searching throgh the command history list. Programmable command, le name, variable name, and ser name completion. One can give a command to prodce a le/directory/ser list in the middle of a typed command. Spelling correction of command, le, and ser names. Enhanced history mechanism. An addition to the syntax of lenames to access entries in the directory stack. In le expressions one can specify negation of a set of characters or a globbing pattern. There are more enhancements bilt into tcsh bt these are the most important ones. bash The bash is basically a sh with a lot of enhancements and featres from (t)csh and ksh and some bash specic featres. The bash specic featres are : Command line editing with arrow keys, congrable. Commands set and help available. Additional startp les and shell variables. Apart from this bash is comparable to ksh. zsh The zsh is a very powerfl shell. The grammar of zsh is very close to ksh/sh, with csh additions. Zsh contains most featres of ksh, bash, and tcsh. Some of the important zsh featres are : A shorthand for loops. Example: for i (*.c) echo $i A directory stack exists that is accessible with the dirs command and =nmber. Process sbstittion. Example: vi =(cmd) starts vi on the otpt of cmd Generalized pipes. Example: ls foo >>(cmd1) 2>>(cmd2) pipes stdot to cmd1 and stderr to cmd2. Advanced globbing. Examples: ls **/file searches recrsively for \le" in sbdirectories. ls file<20-> matches le20, le30, le100 etc. ls *.(c pro) matches *.c and *.pro. ls *(R) matches only world readable les. ls *.clex.c matches all.c les except lex.c. Nll command short-hands. Examples: < file is the same as more < file > file is the same as cat > file >> file is the same as cat >> file UNIX shells 8

10 '$ x rdesy rc Atomatic le stream teeing (redirect to two different otpt les). Example: ls >foo >bar pts otpt in two places. Incremental history search. With the atocd option, typing a directory name by itself is the same as typing cd dirname. Men completion. Pressing TAB repeatedly cycles throgh the possible matches. Incremental path hashing. With histverify option, performing csh-style history expansions cases the inpt line to be broght p for editing instead of being exected. Ato-loaded fnctions (loaded from a le when they are rst referenced). Generalized argment completion inclding command name completion, lename and path completion, hostname completion, key binding completion, option completion, variable name completion, and ser-specied keyword completion. Varios nested startp les. \which {a cmd" lists all occrrences of \cmd" in path. The rc shell is a bit exotic compared to the other shells. The syntax is similar to sh, bt more based on awk and C. The most important new featres compared to sh are: Semantic simplications. Parser is based on yacc. This leads to an exact grammar. One pass scanning of inpt stream. Signal handling throgh fnctions with the signal name. Advanced redirection. Examples: cmd >[2]... redirect le descriptor 2. cmd >[2=1]... replace le descriptor 2 by a copy of descriptor 1 cmd [2]... pipe le descriptor 2 into another command. Simpler command sbstittion Example: echo 'fcmdg sbstittes otpt of cmd as parameter for echo. Array variables. Concatenation operator. Example: echo (a b c) ^ (1 2 3) is the same as echo a1 b2 c3 Comparison For a short comparison of the dierent shells the following matrix gives a good overview. The nmbers on the left side are the nmbers of the reqirements at the beginning of this article. sh csh ksh tcsh bash zsh rc { + { { { { { { { 8 + { { + { { { { { { { { { { 11 { { { { { { 12 { { { { { { + { { + { { { + { { { means \very good spport" 9 UNIX shells

11 '$ x rdesy + means \good spport" { means \limited spport" { { means \no spport" Conclsion As one can see from the comparison above, some excellent \free" shells exist besides the vendor spplied ones which compete very well. In general these \free" shells have a lot of enhancements which can really improve the daily work with a UNIX system and cold increase the general acceptance level of UNIX. For me the absolte winner in the comparison is zsh. It's really the most powerfl shell I have ever sed. I had tried tcsh and bash before, bt now I wold recommend zsh. I have now been sing zsh for several months and have no problems at all. Some of the zsh featres are really nice and made my life with UNIX easier. TEX on the Apollo-, HP-, and SGI-clsters 10

12 '$ x rdesy TEX on the Apollo-, HP-, and SGI-clsters by Peter K. Schilling Release Information of varios TEX prodcts as of April 14, 1993 Program Apollo-Clster HP-Clster SGI (x4) tex format=plain bi-lingal amstex format=amstex Version 1.1c bi-lingal latex format=lplain LaT E X 2.09 h13 Jn 89i bi-lingal latex9 format=lplain LaT E X 2.09 h14 Jan 92i NFSS, tri-lingal, (news latex9) slitex format=splain SliT E X 2.09 h10 Nov 86i bi-lingal cpzphysc format=cpzphysc tri-lingal, (news zphysc) format=plain bi-lingal format=amstex Version 1.1c bi-lingal format=lplain LaT E X 2.09 h14 Jan 92i bi-lingal format=splain SliT E X 2.09 h14 Jan 92i bi-lingal format=cpzphysc tri-lingal, (news zphysc) format=plain tri-lingal format=aplain Version 2.0 tri-lingal format=lplain LaT E X 2.09 h14 Jan 92i NFSS, tri-lingal format=splain SliT E X 2.09 h14 Jan 92i tri-lingal format=cpzphysc tri-lingal, (news zphysc) ppzphysc format=ppzphysc tri-lingal, (news zphysc) format=ppzphysc tri-lingal, (news zphysc) format=ppzphysc tri-lingal, (news zphysc) bibtex Version 0.99c Version 0.99c Version 0.99c makeindex Version 2.11 Version 2.11 Version 2.11 xdvi Patchlevel 11 Patchlevel 11 Patchlevel 11 dvips Version Version Version TEX (\big" Version 3.14) and its friends are available on the Apollo-, HP-, and SGI-clsters together with programs for viewing docments on X- stations (xdvi) and PostScript-printers (dvips). The command news tex shows information abot the sage and certain featres of the installation. It contains pointers to the relevant manal pages: man tex, man latex, man slitex, man xdvi, man dvips (there is no manal page for amstex). See also man bibtex and man makeindex. A typical seqence of actions looks like this: 1. Edit yor inpt-le \paper.tex" sing yor favorite editor. (Some editors allow yo to execte step 2 from inside the editor.) 2. \latex paper" to rn LaTeX 3. \xdvi paper&" to look at the otpt on the display (conveniently rn as a backgrond task) [if changes are needed, goto 1. -else-] 4. \dvips [options] paper" to create the PostScript le paper.ps (yo may se the \-o"-option to pipe the otpt directly 11 TEX on the Apollo-, HP-, and SGI-clsters

13 '$ x rdesy to the printer, ths avoiding step 5.) 5. \lp[r] [options] paper.ps" to send otpt to the printer The standard TEX inpt les can be fond in /sr/local/lib/tex/inpts. An overview of the crrently installed prodcts is given in the table above. \bi-lingal" denotes versions with US-English (\langage0) and German (\langage1) hyphenation; \tri-lingal" versions have French (\langage3) hyphenation in addition. It is intended to adjst all prodcts to the same level soon. Using the Emacs Editor by Makoto Ikeda Many UNIX machines provide a screen editor, vi, as part of the installed operating system. There are a nmber of advantages in learning this UNIXdefalt editor, the most obvios being that one can move from one UNIX machine to another and have the condence of immediately being able to edit and modify text les. However, a more powerfl editor, emacs, is available from the Free Software Fondation, and can be installed on almost all UNIX systems. It is crrently set as the defalt editor for the DESY HPs and Apollos. The main advantage of emacs is that it can be tailored to sit yor taste or a particlar environment. The DESY UNIX committee has created standard defalt settings for emacs so that one will see the same editor on all DESY UNIX machines. Throgh the HEPIX organisation, emacs shold become a standard installation for UNIX throghot the HEP commnity. Getting started The rst step is to get the GNU Emacs Reference Card from the ser area in front of the compting centre or from the UCO. From the reference card one sees that all commands are accessed throgh a combination of Control (denoted by \C-"), Escape or Meta (denoted by \M-"), and reglar characters. At rst the nmber of available commands seems bewildering, bt actally only a small sbset of commands is necessary to get started and for simple editing. Mappings for the varios keyboards will also be available soon. To start emacs, one types emacs lename where the lename is sally of the form xxx:yyy and yyy denes the letype. If yo are on a workstation or an X-terminal, this will open an emacs window, while on a reglar terminal or emlator, an emacs session will start on yor screen. An editing ber is created with the same name as the lename; Using the Emacs Editor 12

14 '$ x rdesy this name is displayed in reverse video at the bottom of the screen. The editor is sensitive to the letype sed in the command. For example if yo want to edit a TEXle, then normally the letype, :tex, is sed. A predened mode is then atomatically applied to the editing ber. This changes aspects of entering text that is specic to TEX. There are also modes for programming langages sch as C and Fortran, which provide the proper tabbing and indentations. If no letype is specied or if emacs cannot determine any special characteristics from the letype, then the defalt mode with no special behavior is sed. Unlike the vi editor, emacs is always \active", that is to say, text will immediately be entered withot any need of pressing a control character rst. The arrow keys have been preset for crsor movement and the delete key is sed for character rbot. Ths one can create a simple le immediately and the only control characters that one needs to know are C-x C-c to exit. Emacs will prompt yo on whether yo want to keep all changes yo have made dring yor session or not. The command to sspend emacs, C-z, will interrpt the process and psh it into the backgrond. In this way, one wold only have to start one emacs process per login session. Yo can then enter and leave the editor withot having to reload emacs each time yo want to edit a le. The process can be restarted or placed back into the foregrond in the sal way throgh the shell job control commands. The following example illstrates how this is done. prompt> jobs (nds job nmber) [1] + Stopped emacs prompt> fg %1. (restarts job 1) Note that on X-terminals, a child process for the emacs window is started atomatically, hence the C-z command is not necessary and is crrently disabled. [W arning: Apollo sers who login via standard terminals or emlators shold not se C-z! Crrently there is a rather nasty featre in which the emacs session crashes when the process is pshed back into the foregrond. HP sers shold not experience this problem]. Please note that if yo entered emacs withot specifying a lename, then yo mst save yor work rst before exiting. Otherwise when yo exit, since no lename was originally specied to emacs, all yor editing will be lost. Type C-x C-w to write to a le. Once a le is written, yo may make additional changes in the editing session and any ftre exit will prodce the proper prompt and warning. A list of important commands is given at the end of this article. The next step To help in learning more abot basic emacs, there is a ttorial that can be accessed by M-x and typing help-with-ttorial. On the emacs version installed on the Apollo, yo can access the ttorial by the shorthand command C-h t. The rst problem yo come across in the ttorial is when yo rst have to se the control and escape keys. The control key is easily fond on standard keyboards, bt often the escape key is not in an obvios location. Unfortnately this is one key that is terminal-dependent. The key mapping for yor particlar keyboard will show where it is. If yo are sing a non-standard keyboard, then try typing C-[ or C-; which will send the proper ASCII code that an escape key wold send. To exit ot of the ttorial, type C-x k. Yo will be prompted to kill the ttorial ber, in which case yo jst type a carriage retrn. In addition to the ttorial there is an online help facility accessed by M-x help-for-help or C-h for the shorthand command on the Apollo. Since this facility makes se of emacs tools like bers and windows, it wold be helpfl to know some important control commands beforehand. If yo type an nwanted control character, simply type C-g to reset. If the screen gets garbled becase of a message broadcast, simply type C-l to refresh the screen. Sometimes the help facility may create another window or split the screen. To remove the additional window, type C-x 1. The help facility also makes se of an additional ber to display a help le. Yo can kill this ber by typing C-x k. This was the same command that was sed to kill the ber sed 13 Using the Emacs Editor

15 '$ x rdesy by the ttorial. All these commands are inclded in the command smmary at the end of this article. Finally for the advanced sers who are interested in learning more abot emacs, there is an online docmentation reader called info. This is accessed by M-x info or on the Apollo C-h i. This reader allows yo to browse throgh the complete emacs manal (pls other docmentation). Note, however, that the reader has its own additional set of commands that are accessed by single reglar characters. These commands are smmarised in the GNU Emacs Reference Card nder the heading Info. First time sers of info shold go throgh the primer by typing h after they have entered the reader. To leave the reader simply type q. Possible problems with dierent terminals All emacs commands are accessible throgh the se of control and escape characters. Assming yo know how to access these characters, then emacs can be rn independent of the terminal congration. However, to simplify the task of accessing commands, emacs has been congred on each system so that the keypad keys and the spplemental fnction keys will implement some of the heavily sed commands. Therefore it is particlarly helpfl to obtain a key mapping for yor terminal. The dierent keyboard congrations rely on the correct setting of the TERM variable. Yo can check yor TERM variable by the command echo $TERM Settings have been created for xterm and the vt terminals. However, it is impossible to cover all terminals and emlators. Usally most terminals can be reset to a vt100. If yo are rnning the Borne or Korn shell this can be accomplished by export TERM=vt100 For the C shell and its variants, se setenv TERM vt100 Yo shold now be able to start an emacs session. A well-known terminal dependent problem is the ow control protocol (scrolling) incorporated into the C-s and C-q characters on some terminals, terminal servers, and modems. On these devices, these keys are bond to ow control and ths emacs never sees these characters. There are no simple soltions for these devices. Trning o ow control at a terminal will case other problems sch as the loss of characters. Fortnately in the DESY standard congration, the emacs commands that se these control characters have been bond to spplemental keys. Please see yor key mapping to access these commands. Another related problem is that control settings on some terminal servers, sch as Emlex, will also override emacs commands. It is important that yo se rarely sed control characters (like C-\, for example) for yor port settings on these terminal servers. Otherwise the control characters that yo select will implement the terminal server command rather than the emacs command. If emacs is not properly congred on yor machine, yo may get an error message abot yor DIS- PLAY variable not being set. Yor terminal is not recognized as a non-windowing terminal and ths emacs is attempting to open a X-window. To get arond this problem temporarily, type emacs -nw & where the nw (no window) option mst be the rst option. Please conslt yor system manager on correcting the emacs congration. A qick list of the basic commands Since the reference card is rather \dense", a listing of the basic commands reqired to get yo editing easily and immediately is given below. Note that the characters sed in many of the commands have the rst letter of the task yo actally want implemented. Using the Emacs Editor 14

16 '$ x rdesy Basic crsor and screen movement Arrow keys forward/backward and p/down C-v view or scroll forward one page M-v view or scroll backward one page M-< go to top of ber M-> go to bottom of ber Incremental search: searches as yo type text C-s search forward C-r reverse search or search backward Type C-s or C-r again to repeat search M escape key alone to exit search Ctting and pasting Del-key kill or delete previos character C-k kill or delete to the end of crrent line C-@ set mark in preparation to kill a region C-w wipe/kill the region from mark to here C-y yank/paste previos kill here Mlti-ber editing C-x C-f read a le into an editing ber C-x C-s save yor work by pdating yor le C-x C-w write ot ber to a particlar le C-x i insert a le into crrent ber C-x b move to another ber C-x C-b list all bers created so far C-x k kill this ber Ct-and-paste from ber to ber is possible On yor own In addition to the standard fnctions, other special tilities are available in emacs, inclding its own mail program, spelling checker, shell command exection, keyboard macros (programming of keys), cstomization, and even atomated psychotherapy (the wellknown Doctor program). For more information on these and other tilities, please conslt the emacs manal which is available in the UCO. Information abot the Free Software Fondation and its philosophy is inclded in the manal. Many who are experienced with UNIX and are already familiar with the vi editor, will most likely contine to se the vi editor. However, those who are new to UNIX will nd emacs to be a mch more powerfl editor, easier to se, and they can be assred that it is also widely available on UNIX machines. Versions of emacs are freely available for other operating systems as well inclding VMS, MS- DOS, OS/2, Atari, and Amiga throgh anonymos ftp at varios internet sites. Emacs commands by explicit calls M-x help-with-ttorial access ttorial M-x help-f or-help help les M-x inf o docmentation reader Error recovery C-g abort partially typed command C-x ndo last command C-l refresh screen Qitting C-z C-x C-c sspend emacs (standard terminals) qit emacs 15 Using the Emacs Editor

17 '$ x rdesy Crrent Sitation of Backp on the Apollo-, HP-, and SGIclsters Apollo-Clster by Peter K. Schilling Fll backp (once a week) and incremental backp (once a day) to disk for system and ser les is done atomatically by se of a script (sing cpio and compress) written by the system administrator. (Note: de to lack of disk space, ser data backp is not done on the H1 machines). Recovery of ser les is only possible with the help of the system administrator (please contact Thomas Finnern) within one day after writing (de to disk space shortage). Users may backp their data by writing it to streamer or DAT tapes sing the standard tar command (man tar) on certain machines of the Apollo- Clster (see news tar). gration mechanism and may be written individally pon ser reqest. Data can be recovered by sers selectively. Crrently fll backp is done once a week, incremental backp once a day. Since NetWorker spports clients on a nmber of dierent systems, this prodct may be a good candidate for a general backp facility. General backp facility Work is in progress to nd a general soltion for the backp task. HP-Clster Fll backp to DAT for selected system data les on the root machine is done atomatically once a week by se of the standard software fbackp. Recovery on le level may be done by se of the standard software frecover. Backp is controlled by management software written by the system administrator. Users may backp their data by writing it to DAT sing the standard tar command (man tar). Note: This mst be done nder personal control of the device on the root machine (Please contact the system administrator Ray Kolvek). User data recovery from DAT is done with tar, too. SGI-Clsters A commercial prodct (NetWorker) is being tested in the reconstrction clster and on the new machine x4. (For details contact Karsten Knne.) Backp les are atomatically written to an EXABYTE-stacker nder control of a exible con- Crrent Sitation of Backp on the Apollo-, HP-, and SGI-clsters 16

18 '$ x rdesy Compter Accessible Information: What is Located Where and How to Find it by Katherine Wipf and Michael Behrens Does this sond familiar? Yo have nally lled in all the confsing forms and collected all the necessary signatres from those very, very bsy people and now yo actally have a USERID and a PASS- WORD! Yo even managed to nd a colleage who cold spare 5 mintes to show yo how to connect to the correct machine and log on. Bt now yor colleage has left and yo don't know what to do. Yo remember hearing that HELP is often a sefl command, so yo type it in. Yo are somewhat annoyed to nd the following incomprehensible qestion thrown at yo: What is the messages nmber or SCCS command name? instead of receiving helpfl sggestions and answers to yor own qestions. When yo try INFO yo get a list which claims that a certain LI1 printer is "down" and informs that HELP SOCIAL will bring yo p to date with social events at DESY. That's a big help! Didn't someone once say that a "?" sometimes helps? When yo try it the compter screen displays: %DCL-W-NOCOMD, no command on line - reenter with alphabetic first character If this scene is similar to the experiences yo have made when trying to get information from a compter, this article may prove sefl. In it we have tried to compile a list of what information yo can obtain on which DESY compters. Basic Help for the Available Commands IBM Mainframe If yo jst type in the word HELP, yo will get a whole screen fll of information consisting of ppercase topics on the left and brief descriptions on the right. If yo press <ENTER> the list contines and yo can get fll details on any displayed topic by typing an `H' at the beginning of the corresponding line. There is actally qite a bit of sefl information here (especially nder INDEX, OVERVIEW, COMMANDS, and FULL SCREEN) if yo take the time to look throgh it. Once yo have selected a topic, yo can always retrn to the original HELP screen by sing the `\' command. Unfortnately the list of topics contains qite a few terms which are meaningless (even after reading the brief descriptions) to the beginner or the casal ser of the IBM. In addition, any nmber of topics which cold be of great interest to a ser in need of help (sch as \Editing Commands," \Using Tapes," or \Programming") do not appear in the list at all. For this reason it is always a good idea to add a topic yo need help with to yor HELP command. If there is a help text for the topic yo chose, yo will see a nmber of lines toward the top of the screen which start with Select HELP for. By placing a `*' at the beginning of sch a line yo can read the corresponding help text. The last Select line begins with Select Keyword and leads yo to a list of all the help texts which contain yor topic as a keyword. If there is no help text for yor topic yo will be shown the keyword list immediately. Sometimes these lists can be very long (HELP File prodces a list of 69 dierent helps) and it is diclt to nd the information yo want. The list can be redced by specifying several words in yor HELP command (if yo want information abot copying les yo can enter HELP File Copy and get a list with 7 helps). Central VAX Clster On the VAX, typing HELP will lead yo to a screen which briey explains the VAX/VMS help facility. If yo press <RETURN> yo will see a list of all the help topics available. Choose a topic by typing at least the rst for letters after the Topic? prompt, or if yo are not qite sre of the name of yor command try the topic HINTS. Whenever yo are reading a help text yo can redisplay it (from the top) by entering a `?'. The VAX/VMS help facility is (nfortnately) 17 Compter Accessible Information: What is Located Where and How to Find it

19 '$ x rdesy arranged in a tree strctre. Most help texts have a nmber of sbhelps (sally describing command qaliers and parameters) which branch ot from them and are not accessible withot mentioning the parent help. This makes it rather diclt to nd certain items of information (for example, if yo want to nd ot how to change yor password yo mst say $ HELP set password becase $ HELP password only tells yo how to specify a password for a batch job). Despite this disadvantage, however, most information abot VAX/VMS commands can be fond withot too mch troble in the help facility. UNIX Machines UNIX doesn't have a help facility (at least not one that is called help). Giving the command HELP on a UNIX machine prodces a variety of very nhelpfl statements depending on which shell yo are sing. Information on UNIX commands is available via the man command (short for manal). man name will prodce a fll description of the command name, provided it happens to be a command and provided a description is available. Unfortnately there is little help available if yo simply do not know what the name of a command for performing a certain fnction nder UNIX is (and UNIX command names are in general not what yo expect them to be). Yo will not, for example, nd man entries for names delete, copy or logot on either the Apollo or the HP clster. A good book on UNIX is probably a better choice for a real beginner. Finding ot Who is Logged on IBM Mainframe The command TSO displays the nmber of active sers and where they are logged on. Yo can se the FIND or POINT commands in this screen to locate specic sers (i.e. POINT serid). If yo only wish to check if a particlar ser is logged on yo can se the command USER serid. In many cases it is possible to nd ot if a particlar ser is logged on to a remote EARN/BITNET node by sending a command from the IBM. This information can be very sefl if yo wish to exchange interactive messages with the ser (which can be done with the same IBM command). The syntax of the command is remote command where the format of the remote command depends on the operating system of the node yo are inqiring abot. Note that the remote command mst be typed in pper case letters for IBM machines! If yo want to ask if a specic ser is logged on to a remote IBM VM/RSCS system, the TELL command wold look like this: CPQ USER serid To get the same information from a VAX VMS system yo wold se this command: show ser serid If yo try this command ot sing the node DESY- VAX, yo will probably be srprised when TELL claims that a particlar ser isn't logged on when yo know that he is. The reason for this apparently false information is that only the clster node VAX58B is actally a BITnet node. More examples of remote commands and an explanation of how to send interactive messages can be fond nder HELP TELL. Central VAX Clster To see who is logged on to VXDESY yo need the $ SHOW USERS command. This command has a nmber of qaliers and yo can give a character string as a parameter if yo only want information abot serids starting with this string. Among the more sefl qaliers are /BATCH, which prodces a list of the sers crrently rnning batch jobs, and /NODE=nodename, which restricts the list to a specied node within a VAX clster. $ HELP SHOW USERS Examples gives a nmber of examples for this command. The VAX/VMS facility PHONE allows yo to check who is logged on to a remote DECNET node, althogh this is not the primary prpose of the facility. The command $ PHONE DIRECTORY node:: will give yo a list of all the sers logged on to the specied node, provided this node has the PHONE fa- Compter Accessible Information: What is Located Where and How to Find it 18