Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/ Web Technologies. major concepts & vision
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1 Web Technologies major concepts & vision
2 From a certain point onward, there is no longer any turning back. That is the point that must be reached. Franz Kafka
3 What the Web means? Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
4 world wide web an Internet service WWW Internet
5 world wide web Idea (Sir Tim CERN 1989) integrating distinct information systems in an unitary manner, without differences between data sources
6 world wide web Idea (Sir Tim CERN 1989) integrating distinct information systems in an unitary manner, without differences between data sources
7 world wide web Idea (Sir Tim CERN 1989) integrating distinct information systems in an unitary manner, without differences between data sources
8 world wide web Idea (Sir Tim CERN 1989) integrating distinct information systems in an unitary manner, without differences between data sources anything can link to anything
9 world wide web a common information space in which we communicate by sharing information Sir Tim Berners-Lee (2013) also, study S. Buraga, 25 de ani de Web (2014) [RO]
10 world wide web based on client/server approach Web client (browser) request response Web server
11 and on hypertext (hypermedia) Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
12 world wide web Main intents: device independence software independence scalability ubiquity
13 world wide web Main intents: device independence software independence scalability ubiquity open standards
14 world wide web Operates according to the recommendations of World Wide Web Consortium W3C MIT, ERCIM, Keio University etc. Apple, BBC, CERN, HP, IBM, Intel, OpenCar, Microsoft, Mozilla Foundation, Samsung, Syncro Soft, Wiley,
15 Web architecture Resources are identified by their address URI Uniform Resource Identifier
16 Web architecture Access to the Web resources content resource representation is achieved by using a protocol HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol
17 Web architecture Web addresses URI = URL + URN Web protocols HTTP, HTTPS data encoding Unicode Internet domain names DNS Internet protocols TCP/IP
18 resources documents include <markups /> Web pages
19 markups themselves include URIs hypertext (hypermedia) owns samecomposer Anca knows owns hasname follows twitter.com/pinkfloyd tag album Bogdan photo
20 Relations between a Web resource, its address (URI) and a structured representation of the resource Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/ addressability via URI representation identifies weather forecasting about Iași Web resource represents <section id="meteo"> <div class="weather"> <p lang="ro">iași</p> <span>city</span> <p lang="en">temp. <span id="today"> is <strong> </strong> C</span> </p> </div> </section> HTML5 format (typically, human users)
21 Relations between a Web resource, its address (URI) and a structured representation of the resource Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/ addressability via URI representation identifies weather forecasting about Iași Web resource represents <weather> <point lat="..." long=" "> <name lang="ro"> Iași </name> <type>city</type> </point> <temperature when=" "> <value> </value> </temperature> </weather> XML format (software processable)
22 Relations between a Web resource, its address (URI) and a structured representation of the resource Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/ addressability via URI representation identifies weather forecasting about Iași Web resource represents { "point" : { "geo" : { "lat" : " ", "long" : " " }, "name" : "Iași", "type" : "city" }, "temperature" : { "when" : " ", "value" : " " } } JSON format (software processable)
23 Relations between a Web resource, its address (URI) and a structured representation of the resource Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/ addressability via URI representation identifies weather forecasting about Iași Web resource represents <section id="meteo"> <div class="weather"> <p lang="ro">iași</p> <span>(city)</span> <p lang="en">temp. { <span "temperature" class="today"> : { is <strong> </strong> "when" : " ", C</span> "value" : " " </p> } </div> } </section> representation representation denoted by an open format (e.g., HTML, XML, JSON, RDF, ) includes data itself + meta-data
24 What hypertext means? Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
25 hypertext: definition Written or graphical data, interconnected in a complex manner, which conventionally can not be represented on paper Ted Nelson, 1965
26 hypertext: definition Non-linear text
27 hypertext: definition Non-linear text versus
28 hypertext: definition A form of an electronic document
29 hypertext: definition A form of an electronic document open formats for content representation: DocBook HTML (HyperText Markup Language) ODF (Open Document Format) PDF (Portable Document Format)
30 hypertext: history Vannevar Bush As We May Think, 1945 MEMEX (MEMory EXtended)
31 Consider a future device for individual use, which is a sort of mechanized private file and library. [ ] It affords an immediate step, however, to associative indexing, the basic idea of which is a provision whereby any item may be caused at will to select immediately and automatically another. [ ] The process of tying two items together is the important thing. Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
32 hypertext: history Douglas Engelbart Augment (1968) mouse, graphical user-interface, text processing, , scripting, windows on a screen, etc. The Mother of All Demos (1968)
33 hypertext: history Ted Nelson Xanadu prototype, 1991 coined the hypertext term
34 hypertext: history Hypermedia = hypertext + multimedia Multimedia = medium
35 hypertext: history Hypermedia = hypertext + multimedia Multimedia = medium communication media: continuous (audio, video) and/or discrete (text)
36 hypertext: ingredients Hypertextul as a (di)graph nodes = concepts edges = relations
37 hypertext: ingredients Nodes interconnected by links (edges) source node = reference (anchor) destination node = referent (anchor)
38 referential (non-hierarchical) organizational (hierarchical, structural) Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/ hypertext: links
39 hypertext: links static (indicated by the author of a document) versus dynamic generated by software
40 hypertext: documents Content media type: text, image, audio, video, Organization nodes + structural (hyper-)links Presentation (non-)interactive textual, graphical, multimedia, 3D, mixed
41 (instead of) break Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
42 How the Web resources are identified (addressed)?
43 URI Each Web resource is denoted by a standard identifier Uniform Resource Identifier RFC 2396,
44 URI: definitions Resource thing having an identity
45 URI: definitions Resource thing having an identity note, CV, photo, presentation, melody, program, person, database, arbitrary concept, etc.
46 URI: definitions Identifier object that can denote a resource
47 URI: definitions Identifier object that can denote a resource a character sequence (string) conforming to a given syntax
48 URI: definitions Uniformity heterogeneous resources can be denoted by using the same syntactic conventions and semantically interpreted in an uniform manner
49 URI = URL + URN Uniform Resource Locator identifies resources by using a location on a computer network + a retrieval convention: network address, symbolic Internet domain RFC 2717, 2718
50 URI = URL + URN Uniform Resource Locator mailto:tux@penguin.info ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/readme.txt data:image/png;base64,ivborw0kggoaa YII= tel: geo: ,
51 URI = URL + URN Uniform Resource Name identifies resources by name, in a persistent way, even if the resource is an abstract one RFC 2141
52 URI = URL + URN urn:mimetypes urn:isbn: urn:ietf:rfc:7700 urn:mozilla:install-manifest
53 URI = URL + URN book uniquely identified by ISBN software component urn:mimetypes urn:isbn: urn:ietf:rfc:7700 urn:mozilla:install-manifest MIME data types specification (standard)
54 schema://authority/path?query
55 Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/ schema://authority/path?query schema represents a standardized addressing schema (recognized by the client e.g., Web browser) about file ftp geo http https im imap ipp ldap mailto news nfs sip sms stun tel turn tv urn ws xmpp etc.
56 schema://authority/path?query authority can include user authentication information (name:password specified in plain text!) + data about the Internet domain/address, optionally the port number
57 schema://authority/path?query path refers a (virtual) path towards a resource name considered as a file name, optionally having an extension
58 schema://authority/path?query query specifies input data usually, pairs key=value delimited by &
59 URI Reserved characters ; /? & = + $, encoded in base 16, prefixed by % URL encoding
60 URI Reserved characters ; /? & = + $, encoded in base 16, prefixed by % example: space will become %20 why?
61 URI Absolute URIs schema and authority components are mandatory specified
62 URI Relative URIs../../web.css only the constructs regarding the path and, optionally, query are indicated
63 URI Fragments of a given content can be referred by URIref (references, fragment identifiers) URI#URIref
64 URI Fragments of a given content can be referred by URIref (references, fragment identifiers) URI#URIref web-biblio.html#web
65 advanced Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/ URI URIs must be considered opaque don t guess the content type by inspecting the URI indicating a resource
66 advanced Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/ URI URIs must be considered opaque don t guess the content type by inspecting the URI indicating a resource resource type is not given by the extension e.g.,.html, but the MIME type indicated by the server
67 advanced Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/ URI URIs must be considered opaque don t guess the content type by inspecting the URI indicating a resource the resource state/content can change in time, but not its URI Cool URIs don t change
68 IRI Internationalized Resource Identifier permits the use of Unicode characters see also IDN (Internationalized Domain Name) examples: 以食為天.tw/
69 What kind of Web applications can we develop? Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
70 Web site a system running a Web server, hosting a set of related pages (resources) regarding an organization, company or person(s)
71 Web application a collection of interconnected Web pages having the content dynamically generated, in order to offer a specific functionally to its users
72 Web application the interaction between application and users is facilitated by a Web interface
73 Web application the interaction between application and users is facilitated by a Web interface usually, Web site Web application
74 Web application examples: Amazon, DevDocs, emag, Flickr, fiddles.io, GitHub, InfoQ, info.uaic.ro, Last.fm, Koding, Medium, OverLeaf, Reddit, Quora, SlideShare, Vimeo, UXPin, webmin, WordPress and many, many, many others
75 categories of web applications Document-centric Interactive Transactional Collaborative Portal-oriented Ubiquitous Social Web Semantic Web evolution of complexity
76 Document-centric static content/page(s): Web sites regarding organizations, companies, persons
77
78 Interactive virtual expositions news Web sites e-travel systems info kiosks online participation
79
80 Transactional online banking B2B (business-to-business) solutions B2C (business-to-consumer) applications C2C (consumer-to-consumer) systems Web workflows
81
82 Collaborative Web tele-conferences wiki applications e-learning services peer-to-peer Web applications
83
84 Portal-oriented providing specific technical, business, governmental information of interest species: citizenship Web
85
86 Ubiquitous user location-based mobile services, available on multiple platforms: desktop, mobile device, tablet, game console, mobile Web
87
88 Social Web content syndication collaborative filtering via tagging virtual workplaces digital entertainment social (game) computing
89 object of interest multiple mental associations (concepts) tagging t t t t tagging represents a specific technique of digital content annotation concerning Web resources
90 object of interest multiple mental associations (concepts) tagging t t t t tag = simple (meta-)data an arbitrary term externally associated to an object (a resource) in order to identify, classify, aggregate, etc. that resource
91
92 advanced Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/ Semantic Web (Web of Data the Web of linked data) knowledge modelling to be understood by computers data information knowledge
93 advanced Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
94 How about the generic architecture of a Web application? Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
95 front-end back-end Web client HTTP Web server JavaScript async app servers, frameworks static content dynamic content static content dynamic content local data remote data (Web service) via a Web interface, the user interacts with the front-end and launch actions e.g., (a)synchronous HTTP requests to be performed by various components implemented by the back-end, in order to obtain desired data
96 Web app. = Interface + Content (Data) + Program Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
97 Web app. = Interface + Content (Data) + Program myth 1: the most important thing is the interface myth 2: the most important thing is the program myth 3: the most important thing is the data open standards: HTML, CSS, Ajax, SVG, WebGL,
98 Web app. = Interface + Content (Data) + Program myth 1: the most important thing is the interface myth 2: the most important thing is the program myth 3: the most important thing is the data server: C#, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Ruby, ; client: JavaScript
99 Web app. = Interface + Content (Data) + Program myth 1: the most important thing is the interface myth 2: the most important thing is the program myth 3: the most important thing is the data relational model (SQL), graph (NoSQL), JSON, XML, RDF
100 Web app. = Interface + Content (Data) + Program myth 1: the most important thing is the interface myth 2: the most important thing is the program myth 3: the most important thing is the data fact: all of them are important!
101 conclusion terminology, client/server model, hypertext, URI, Web site vs. application, Web apps. categories
102 next episode: Web programming from HTTP to cookies and Web sessions Dr. Sabin Buraga profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
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