Contents. List of Figures. List of Tables. Acknowledgements

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Leslie Smith
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1 Contents List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgements xiii xv xvii 1 Introduction Linguistic Data Analysis What's data? Forms of data Collecting and analysing data Outline of the Book Conventions Used in this Book A Note for Teachers Online Resources 11 2 What's Out There? What's a Corpus? Corpus Formats Synchronic vs. Diachronie Corpora 'Early'synchronic corpora Mixed corpora Examples of diachronic corpora General vs. Specific Corpora Examples of specific corpora Static Versus Dynamic Corpora Other Sources for Corpora 26 Weisser, Martin Practical corpus linguistics digitalisiert durch: IDS Basel Bern

2 viii CONTENT Solutions to/comments on the Exercises 26 Note 28 Sources and Further Reading 28 3 Understanding Corpus Design Food for Thought - General Issues in Corpus Design Sampling Size Balance and representativeness Legal issues What's in a Text? - Understanding Document Structure Headers,'footers'and meta-data The structure of the (text) body What's (in) an electronic text? - understanding file formats and their properties Understanding Encoding: Character Sets, File Size, etc ASCII and legacy encodings Unicode File sizes 40 Solutions to/comments on the Exercises 41 Sources and Further Reading 42 4 Finding and Preparing Your Data Finding Suitable Materials for Analysis Retrieving data from text archives Obtaining materials from Project Gutenberg Obtaining materials from the Oxford Text Archive Collecting Written Materials Yourself ('Web as Corpus') A brief note on plain-text editors Browser text export Browser HTML export Getting web data using ICEweb Downloading other types of files Collecting Spoken Data Preparing Written Data for Analysis 'Cleaning up'your data Extracting text from proprietary document formats Removing unnecessary header and 'footer' information Documenting what you've collected Preparing your data for distribution or archiving 60 Solutions to/comments on the Exercises 62 Sources and Further Reading 66 5 Concordancing What's Concordancing? 67

3 CONTENT ix 5.2 Concordancing with AntConc Sorting results Saving, pruning and reusing your results 75 Solutions to/comments on the Exercises 78 Sources and Further Reading 81 6 Regulär Expressions Character Classes Negative Character Classes Quantification Anchoring, Grouping and Alternation Anchoring Grouping and alternation Quoting and using special characters Constraining the context further Further Exercises 92 Solutions to/comments on the Exercises 93 Sources and Further Reading Understanding Part-of-Speech Tagging and Its Uses A Brief Introduction to (Morpho-Syntactic) Tagsets Tagging Your Own Data 109 Solutions to/comments on the Exercises 113 Sources and Further Reading Using Online Interfaces to Query Mega Corpora Searching the BNC with BNCweb What is BNCweb? Basic Standard queries Navigating through and exploring search results More advanced Standard query options Wildcards Word and phrase alternation Restricting searches through PoS tags Headword and lemma queries Exploring COCA through the BYU Web-Interface The basic syntax Comparing corpora in the BYU interface 135 Solutions to/comments on the Exercises 137 Sources and Further Reading Basic Frequency Analysis - or What Can (Single) Words Teil Us About Texts? Understanding Basic Units in Texts What'saword? Types and tokens 149

4 x CONTENT 9.2 Word (Frequency) Lists in AntConc Stop words - good or bad? Defining and using stop words in AntConc Word Lists in BNCweb Standard options Investigating subcorpora Keyword lists Keyword Lists in AntConc and BNCweb Keyword lists in AntConc Keyword lists in BNCweb Comparing and Reporting Frequency Counts Investigating Genre-Specific Distributions in COCA 178 Solutions to/comments on the Exercises 179 Sources and Further Reading Exploring Words in Context Understanding Extended Units of Text Text Segmentation N-Grams, Word Clusters and Lexical Bundles Exploring (Relatively) Fixed Sequences in BNCweb Simple, Sequential Collocations and Colligations 'Simple' collocations Colligations Contextually constrained and proximity searches Exploring Colligations in COCA N-grams and Clusters in AntConc Investigating Collocations Based on Statistical Measures in AntConc, BNCweb and COCA Calculating collocations Computing collocations in AntConc Computing collocations in BNCweb Computing collocations in COCA 211 Solutions to/comments on the Exercises 212 Sources and Further Reading Understanding Markup and Annotation From SGML to XML - A Brief Timeline XML for Linguistics Why bother? What does markup/annotation look like? The 'history' and development of (linguistic) markup XML and style sheets 'Simple XML' for Linguistic Annotation Colour Coding and Visualisation More Complex Forms of Annotation 246

5 CONTENT xi Solutions to/comments on the Exercises 248 Sources and Further Reading Conclusion and Further Perspectives 254 Appendix A: The CLAWS C5 Tagset 259 Appendix B: The Annotated Dialogue File 261 Appendix C: The CSS Style Sheet 269 Glossary 271 References 277 Index 283

Parallel Concordancing and Translation. Michael Barlow

[Translating and the Computer 26, November 2004 [London: Aslib, 2004] Parallel Concordancing and Translation Michael Barlow Dept. of Applied Language Studies and Linguistics University of Auckland Auckland,