Ceng 111 Fall 2015 Week 8a
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1 Ceng 111 Fall 2015 Week 8a Container data and Actions Credit: Some slides are from the Invitation to Computer Science book by G. M. Schneider, J. L. Gersting and some from the Digital Design book by M. M. Mano and M. D. Ciletti.
2 Design of a solution 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng 111 2
3 Structured Data If you have lots and lots of one type of data (for example, the ages of all the people in Turkey): You can store them into memory consecutively (supported by most PLs) This is called arrays. Easy to access an element. Nth element: <Starting-address>+ (N-1)*<Word Width> Ex: 2nd element is at (2-1) * 4 = 132 Address Width = 4 bytes S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng 111 3
4 Structured Data What if you have to make a lot of deletions and insertions in the middle of an array? Then, you have to store your data in blocks/units such that each unit has the starting address of the next unit/block Blocks of Data S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng 111 4
5 Containers Containers of basic data: Strings Tuples Lists 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng 111 5
6 Strings Sequence of characters: Ex: Book, Programming, Python How can they be represented? 1. Put a set of characters one after the other and end them with a non-character value. 2. At the beginning of the characters, specify how many characters follow. Both have advantages and disadvantages S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng 111 6
7 Strings in Python Simplest operation with a string: 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng 111 7
8 Strings in Python Accessing elements of a string Hello? [0] 1 st character (i.e., H ) Hello? [4] 5 th character Indexing starts at 0!!! What is the last element then? Hello? [len( Hello? ) - 1] Negative indexing possible: Last element: Hello? [-1]? In general: String[start:end:step] Ex: Hello? [0:4:2] Hl Ex: Hello? [2:4] ll 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng 111 8
9 Creating Strings in Python 1. Enclosing a set of characters between quotes: ali, veli, deli, 2. Using the str() function: str(4.5) Using the raw_input() function: 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng 111 9
10 Tuples Tuple: ordered set of data: (1, 2, 3) ( a, b, c ) May be heterogeneous: ( Salary, 2000, Age, 25, Birth, Ankara ) 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
11 Tuples in Python Tuples in Python: collection of data enclosed in parentheses, separated by comma. Accessing elements of a tuple (like strings): 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
12 Creating Tuples in Python 1. Enclosing data within parentheses: Ex: (1, a, cde, 23) 2. Using the tuple() function: Ex: tuple( ABC ) ( A, B, C ) 3. Using the input() function: 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
13 Lists Similar to tuples. Difference: Tuples are immutable (i.e., not changeable) whereas lists are mutable S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
14 Lists in Python Lists in Python: collection of data enclosed in brackets, separated by comma. Accessing elements of a list (like strings & tuples): 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
![Creating Lists in Python 1. Enclosing data within brackets: Ex: [1, a, cde, 23] 2. Using the list() function: Ex: list( ABC ) [ A, B, C ] 3.](/docs-images/94/119822535/images/15-2.jpg "Using the range() function: Ex: range(1, 10, 2) [1, 3, 5, 7, 9] 4. Using the input() function: 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A.")
15 Creating Lists in Python 1. Enclosing data within brackets: Ex: [1, a, cde, 23] 2. Using the list() function: Ex: list( ABC ) [ A, B, C ] 3. Using the range() function: Ex: range(1, 10, 2) [1, 3, 5, 7, 9] 4. Using the input() function: 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
![Modifying a List in Python List[range] = Data Ex: Using the append() function: List.](/docs-images/94/119822535/images/16-2.jpg "append(item) Ex: [1, 2, 3].append(5) [1, 2, 3, 5] 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A.")
16 Modifying a List in Python List[range] = Data Ex: Using the append() function: List.append(item) Ex: [1, 2, 3].append(5) [1, 2, 3, 5] 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
![Modifying a List in Python Using the extend() function: List.extend(Another_list) Ex: [1, 2, 3].](/docs-images/94/119822535/images/17-2.jpg "extend([ a, b ]) [1, 2, 3, a, b ] Using the insert() function: List.insert(index, item) 2015 S. Kalkan & G.")
17 Modifying a List in Python Using the extend() function: List.extend(Another_list) Ex: [1, 2, 3].extend([ a, b ]) [1, 2, 3, a, b ] Using the insert() function: List.insert(index, item) 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
18 Removing Elements from a List in Python 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
19 Accessing Data/Containers by Names: Variables Naming: Usually: A combination of letters and numbers Ex: a123, 123a, Scope & Extent: Scope: Where a variable can be accessed. Extent: The lifetime of a variable. Typing: Statically typed: The type of a variable is fixed. Dynamically typed: The type of a variable is variable 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
20 Today Container/structured data Variables Aliasing problem Actions Reminder: Tentative midterm date: 9 December at 17: S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
21 Variables in Python We don t need to define a variable before using it. We don t need to specify the type of a variable. = means Change the content of the variable with the value at the right-hand side. Assignment! The left-side of the assignment should be a valid variable name: Ex: a+2 = 5 NOT VALID! 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
22 Variable Naming in Python Variable names cannot be one of the keywords in Python: 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
23 More on Variables in Python Typing of variables: Python is dynamically typed: Using variables: 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
24 Variables, Values and Aliasing in Every data (whether constant or not) has an identifier (an integer) in Python: Python If the type of the data is mutable, there is a problem!!! This is called Aliasing S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
25 Now We start another ingredient of a program: Actions! 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
26 What are actions? Actions in a PL are the things that we can do with the data. What could they be? Create data or modify data Interact with the external environment 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
27 Actions for creating/modifying data Evaluating a mathematical expression But there are differences to the expressions in Mathematics Working with structured data Storing results of computations (in another data) Making a decision about how to proceed with the computation 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
28 Interaction-type actions Interaction means Input/Output. Why interact with the environment? Why do we have Input/Output actions? To react on a change in the external environment To produce an effect in the external environment 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
29 Action Types in High-Level Languages Expression evaluation * 5 / 2 Statement execution del L[2:4] 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
30 Expressions An expression is a calculation which has a set of operations. Operations have operators and operands. Example: operator 3, 4 operands 2015 S. Kalkan & G. Ucoluk & A. Cosar - CEng
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