The Art of Assembly Language

Transcription

1 Hello, World of Assembly Language The Art of Assembly Language (Full Contents) The Art of Assembly Language Programming is going hard. In early 2003 this text will be available in published form from No Starch Press ( Please check out their website for more details. 1.1 Foreword to the HLA Version of The Art of Assembly Intended Audience Teaching From This Text Copyright Notice How to Get a Hard Copy of This Text Obtaining Program Source Listings and Other Materials in This Text Where to Get Help Other Materials You Will Need (Windows Version) Other Materials You Will Need (Linux Version) Chapter Overview Installing the HLA Distribution Package Installation Under Windows Installation Under Linux Installing Art of Assembly Related Files The Anatomy of an HLA Program Some Basic HLA Data Declarations Boolean Values Character Values An Introduction to the Intel 80x86 CPU Family Some Basic Machine Instructions Some Basic HLA Control Structures Boolean Expressions in HLA Statements The HLA IF..THEN..ELSEIF..ELSE..ENDIF Statement The WHILE..ENDWHILE Statement The FOR..ENDFOR Statement The REPEAT..UNTIL Statement The BREAK and BREAKIF Statements The FOREVER..ENDFOR Statement The TRY..EXCEPTION..ENDTRY Statement Introduction to the HLA Standard Library Predefined Constants in the STDIO Module Standard In and Standard Out The stdout.newln Routine Beta Draft - Do not distribute 2001, By Randall Hyde Page 1

2 AoATOC.fm The stdout.putix Routines The stdout.putixsize Routines The stdout.put Routine The stdin.getc Routine The stdin.getix Routines The stdin.readln and stdin.flushinput Routines The stdin.get Macro Putting It All Together Sample Programs Powers of Two Table Generation Checkerboard Program Fibonacci Number Generation Chapter Overview Numbering Systems A Review of the Decimal System The Binary Numbering System Binary Formats Data Organization Bits Nibbles Bytes Words Double Words The Hexadecimal Numbering System Arithmetic Operations on Binary and Hexadecimal Numbers A Note About Numbers vs. Representation Logical Operations on Bits Logical Operations on Binary Numbers and Bit Strings Signed and Unsigned Numbers Sign Extension, Zero Extension, Contraction, and Saturation Shifts and Rotates Bit Fields and Packed Data Putting It All Together Chapter Overview An Introduction to Floating Point Arithmetic IEEE Floating Point Formats HLA Support for Floating Point Values Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) Representation Characters The ASCII Character Encoding HLA Support for ASCII Characters The ASCII Character Set The UNICODE Character Set Other Data Representations Page , By Randall Hyde Beta Draft - Do not distribute

3 4.6.1 Representing Colors on a Video Display Representing Audio Information Representing Musical Information Representing Video Information Where to Get More Information About Data Types Putting It All Together Questions Programming Projects for Chapter Two Programming Projects for Chapter Three Programming Projects for Chapter Four Laboratory Exercises for Chapter Two A Short Note on Laboratory Exercises and Lab Reports Compiling Your First Program Compiling Other Programs Appearing in this Chapter Creating and Modifying HLA Programs Writing a New Program Correcting Errors in an HLA Program Write Your Own Sample Program Laboratory Exercises for Chapter Three and Chapter Four Data Conversion Exercises Logical Operations Exercises Sign and Zero Extension Exercises Packed Data Exercises Running this Chapter s Sample Programs Write Your Own Sample Program Chapter Overview The Basic System Components The System Bus The Data Bus The Address Bus The Control Bus The Memory Subsystem The I/O Subsystem HLA Support for Data Alignment System Timing The System Clock Memory Access and the System Clock Wait States Cache Memory Putting It All Together Chapter Overview The 80x86 Addressing Modes x86 Register Addressing Modes x86 32-bit Memory Addressing Modes The Displacement Only Addressing Mode The Register Indirect Addressing Modes Indexed Addressing Modes Hello, World of Assembly Language Beta Draft - Do not distribute 2001, By Randall Hyde Page 3

4 AoATOC.fm Variations on the Indexed Addressing Mode Scaled Indexed Addressing Modes Addressing Mode Wrap-up Run-Time Memory Organization The Code Section The Static Sections The Read-Only Data Section The Storage Section Attribute The Var Section Organization of Declaration Sections Within Your Programs Address Expressions Type Coercion Register Type Coercion The Stack Segment and the Push and Pop Instructions The Basic PUSH Instruction The Basic POP Instruction Preserving Registers With the PUSH and POP Instructions The Stack is a LIFO Data Structure Other PUSH and POP Instructions Removing Data From the Stack Without Popping It Accessing Data You ve Pushed on the Stack Without Popping It Dynamic Memory Allocation and the Heap Segment The INC and DEC Instructions Obtaining the Address of a Memory Object Bonus Section: The HLA Standard Library CONSOLE Module Clearing the Screen Positioning the Cursor Locating the Cursor Text Attributes Filling a Rectangular Section of the Screen Console Direct String Output Other Console Module Routines Putting It All Together Boolean Algebra Boolean Functions and Truth Tables Algebraic Manipulation of Boolean Expressions Canonical Forms Simplification of Boolean Functions What Does This Have To Do With Computers, Anyway? Correspondence Between Electronic Circuits and Boolean Functions Combinatorial Circuits Sequential and Clocked Logic Okay, What Does It Have To Do With Programming, Then? Putting It All Together Page , By Randall Hyde Beta Draft - Do not distribute

5 4.1 Chapter Overview The History of the 80x86 CPU Family A History of Software Development for the x Basic CPU Design Decoding and Executing Instructions: Random Logic Versus Microcode RISC vs. CISC vs. VLIW Instruction Execution, Step-By-Step Parallelism the Key to Faster Processors The Prefetch Queue Using Unused Bus Cycles Pipelining Overlapping the Execution of Multiple Instructions A Typical Pipeline Stalls in a Pipeline Instruction Caches Providing Multiple Paths to Memory Hazards Superscalar Operation Executing Instructions in Parallel Out of Order Execution Register Renaming Very Long Instruction Word Architecture (VLIW) Parallel Processing Multiprocessing Putting It All Together Chapter Overview The Importance of the Design of the Instruction Set Basic Instruction Design Goals Addressing Modes on the Y Encoding Y86 Instructions Hand Encoding Instructions Using an Assembler to Encode Instructions Extending the Y86 Instruction Set Encoding 80x86 Instructions Encoding Instruction Operands Encoding the ADD Instruction: Some Examples Encoding Immediate Operands Encoding Eight, Sixteen, and Thirty-Two Bit Operands Alternate Encodings for Instructions Putting It All Together Chapter Overview The Memory Hierarchy How the Memory Hierarchy Operates Relative Performance of Memory Subsystems Cache Architecture Virtual Memory, Protection, and Paging Thrashing NUMA and Peripheral Devices Hello, World of Assembly Language Beta Draft - Do not distribute 2001, By Randall Hyde Page 5

6 AoATOC.fm 6.9 Segmentation Segments and HLA Renaming Segments Under Windows User Defined Segments in HLA (Windows Only) Controlling the Placement and Attributes of Segments in Memory (Windows Only) Putting it All Together Chapter Overview Connecting a CPU to the Outside World Read-Only, Write-Only, Read/Write, and Dual I/O Ports I/O (Input/Output) Mechanisms Memory Mapped Input/Output I/O Mapped Input/Output Direct Memory Access I/O Speed Hierarchy System Busses and Data Transfer Rates The AGP Bus Handshaking Time-outs on an I/O Port Interrupts and Polled I/O Using a Circular Queue to Buffer Input Data from an ISR Using a Circular Queue to Buffer Output Data for an ISR I/O and the Cache Protected Mode Operation Device Drivers Putting It All Together Questions Programming Projects Chapters One and Two Laboratory Exercises Memory Organization Exercises Data Alignment Exercises Readonly Segment Exercises Type Coercion Exercises Dynamic Memory Allocation Exercises Chapter Three Laboratory Exercises Truth Tables and Logic Equations Exercises Canonical Logic Equations Exercises Optimization Exercises Logic Evaluation Exercises Laboratory Exercises for Chapters Four, Five, Six, and Seven The SIMY86 Program Some Simple Y86 Programs Simple I/O-Mapped Input/Output Operations Memory Mapped I/O DMA Exercises Page , By Randall Hyde Beta Draft - Do not distribute

7 8.5.5 Interrupt Driven I/O Exercises Machine Language Programming & Instruction Encoding Exercises Self Modifying Code Exercises Virtual Memory Exercise Chapter Overview Some Additional Instructions: INTMUL, BOUND, INTO The QWORD and TBYTE Data Types HLA Constant and Value Declarations Constant Types String and Character Literal Constants String and Text Constants in the CONST Section Constant Expressions Multiple CONST Sections and Their Order in an HLA Program The HLA VAL Section Modifying VAL Objects at Arbitrary Points in Your Programs The HLA TYPE Section ENUM and HLA Enumerated Data Types Pointer Data Types Using Pointers in Assembly Language Declaring Pointers in HLA Pointer Constants and Pointer Constant Expressions Pointer Variables and Dynamic Memory Allocation Common Pointer Problems Putting It All Together Chapter Overview Composite Data Types Character Strings HLA Strings Accessing the Characters Within a String The HLA String Module and Other String-Related Routines In-Memory Conversions Putting It All Together Chapter Overview The HLA Standard Library CHARS.HHF Module Character Sets Character Set Implementation in HLA HLA Character Set Constants and Character Set Expressions The IN Operator in HLA HLL Boolean Expressions Character Set Support in the HLA Standard Library Using Character Sets in Your HLA Programs Low-level Implementation of Set Operations Character Set Functions That Build Sets Traditional Set Operations Hello, World of Assembly Language Beta Draft - Do not distribute 2001, By Randall Hyde Page 7

8 AoATOC.fm Testing Character Sets Putting It All Together Chapter Overview Arrays Declaring Arrays in Your HLA Programs HLA Array Constants Accessing Elements of a Single Dimension Array Sorting an Array of Values Multidimensional Arrays Row Major Ordering Column Major Ordering Allocating Storage for Multidimensional Arrays Accessing Multidimensional Array Elements in Assembly Language Large Arrays and MASM Dynamic Arrays in Assembly Language HLA Standard Library Array Support Putting It All Together Chapter Overview Records Record Constants Arrays of Records Arrays/Records as Record Fields Controlling Field Offsets Within a Record Aligning Fields Within a Record Pointers to Records Unions Anonymous Unions Variant Types Namespaces Putting It All Together Chapter Overview Dates A Brief History of the Calendar HLA Date Functions date.isvalid and date.validate Checking for Leap Years Obtaining the System Date Date to String Conversions and Date Output date.unpack and data.pack date.julian, date.fromjulian date.dateplusdays, date.dateplusmonths, and date.daysbetween date.daynumber, date.daysleft, and date.dayofweek Page , By Randall Hyde Beta Draft - Do not distribute

9 6.5 Times time.curtime time.hmstosecs and time.secstohms Time Input/Output Putting It All Together Chapter Overview File Organization Files as Lists of Records Binary vs. Text Files Sequential Files Random Access Files ISAM (Indexed Sequential Access Method) Files Truncating a File File Utility Routines Copying, Moving, and Renaming Files Computing the File Size Deleting Files Directory Operations Putting It All Together Chapter Overview Procedures Saving the State of the Machine Prematurely Returning from a Procedure Local Variables Other Local and Global Symbol Types Parameters Pass by Value Pass by Reference Functions and Function Results Returning Function Results Instruction Composition in HLA The HLA RETURNS Option in Procedures Side Effects Recursion Forward Procedures Putting It All Together Chapter Overview Managing Large Programs The #INCLUDE Directive Ignoring Duplicate Include Operations UNITs and the EXTERNAL Directive Behavior of the EXTERNAL Directive Hello, World of Assembly Language Beta Draft - Do not distribute 2001, By Randall Hyde Page 9

10 AoATOC.fm Header Files in HLA Make Files Code Reuse Creating and Managing Libraries Name Space Pollution Putting It All Together Chapter Overview x86 Integer Arithmetic Instructions The MUL and IMUL Instructions The DIV and IDIV Instructions The CMP Instruction The SETcc Instructions The TEST Instruction Arithmetic Expressions Simple Assignments Simple Expressions Complex Expressions Commutative Operators Logical (Boolean) Expressions Machine and Arithmetic Idioms Multiplying without MUL, IMUL, or INTMUL Division Without DIV or IDIV Implementing Modulo-N Counters with AND Careless Use of Machine Idioms The HLA (Pseudo) Random Number Unit Putting It All Together Chapter Overview Floating Point Arithmetic FPU Registers FPU Data Registers The FPU Control Register The FPU Status Register FPU Data Types The FPU Instruction Set FPU Data Movement Instructions The FLD Instruction The FST and FSTP Instructions The FXCH Instruction Conversions The FILD Instruction The FIST and FISTP Instructions The FBLD and FBSTP Instructions Arithmetic Instructions The FADD and FADDP Instructions The FSUB, FSUBP, FSUBR, and FSUBRP Instructions The FMUL and FMULP Instructions The FDIV, FDIVP, FDIVR, and FDIVRP Instructions Page , By Randall Hyde Beta Draft - Do not distribute

11 The FSQRT Instruction The FPREM and FPREM1 Instructions The FRNDINT Instruction The FABS Instruction The FCHS Instruction Comparison Instructions The FCOM, FCOMP, and FCOMPP Instructions The FTST Instruction Constant Instructions Transcendental Instructions The F2XM1 Instruction The FSIN, FCOS, and FSINCOS Instructions The FPTAN Instruction The FPATAN Instruction The FYL2X Instruction The FYL2XP1 Instruction Miscellaneous instructions The FINIT and FNINIT Instructions The FLDCW and FSTCW Instructions The FCLEX and FNCLEX Instructions The FSTSW and FNSTSW Instructions Integer Operations Converting Floating Point Expressions to Assembly Language Converting Arithmetic Expressions to Postfix Notation Converting Postfix Notation to Assembly Language Mixed Integer and Floating Point Arithmetic HLA Standard Library Support for Floating Point Arithmetic The stdin.getf and fileio.getf Functions Trigonometric Functions in the HLA Math Library Exponential and Logarithmic Functions in the HLA Math Library Sample Program Putting It All Together Chapter Overview Tables Function Computation via Table Look-up Domain Conditioning Generating Tables High Performance Implementation of cs.rangechar Questions Programming Projects Laboratory Exercises Using the BOUND Instruction to Check Array Indices Using TEXT Constants in Your Programs Constant Expressions Lab Exercise Pointers and Pointer Constants Exercises String Exercises String and Character Set Exercises Console Array Exercise Hello, World of Assembly Language Beta Draft - Do not distribute 2001, By Randall Hyde Page 11

12 AoATOC.fm Multidimensional Array Exercises Console Attributes Laboratory Exercise Records, Arrays, and Pointers Laboratory Exercise Separate Compilation Exercises The HLA (Pseudo) Random Number Unit File I/O in HLA Timing Various Arithmetic Instructions Using the RDTSC Instruction to Time a Code Sequence Timing Floating Point Instructions Table Lookup Exercise Chapter Overview Conjunction, Disjunction, and Negation in Boolean Expressions TRY..ENDTRY Nesting TRY..ENDTRY Statements The UNPROTECTED Clause in a TRY..ENDTRY Statement The ANYEXCEPTION Clause in a TRY..ENDTRY Statement Raising User-Defined Exceptions Reraising Exceptions in a TRY..ENDTRY Statement A List of the Predefined HLA Exceptions How to Handle Exceptions in Your Programs Registers and the TRY..ENDTRY Statement BEGIN..EXIT..EXITIF..END CONTINUE..CONTINUEIF SWITCH..CASE..DEFAULT..ENDSWITCH Putting It All Together Chapter Overview Low Level Control Structures Statement Labels Unconditional Transfer of Control (JMP) The Conditional Jump Instructions Medium-Level Control Structures: JT and JF Implementing Common Control Structures in Assembly Language Introduction to Decisions IF..THEN..ELSE Sequences Translating HLA IF Statements into Pure Assembly Language Implementing Complex IF Statements Using Complete Boolean Evaluation Short Circuit Boolean Evaluation Short Circuit vs. Complete Boolean Evaluation Efficient Implementation of IF Statements in Assembly Language SWITCH/CASE Statements State Machines and Indirect Jumps Spaghetti Code Loops While Loops Repeat..Until Loops FOREVER..ENDFOR Loops Page , By Randall Hyde Beta Draft - Do not distribute

13 FOR Loops The BREAK and CONTINUE Statements Register Usage and Loops Performance Improvements Moving the Termination Condition to the End of a Loop Executing the Loop Backwards Loop Invariant Computations Unraveling Loops Induction Variables Hybrid Control Structures in HLA Putting It All Together Chapter Overview Procedures and the CALL Instruction Procedures and the Stack Activation Records The Standard Entry Sequence The Standard Exit Sequence HLA Local Variables Parameters Pass by Value Pass by Reference Passing Parameters in Registers Passing Parameters in the Code Stream Passing Parameters on the Stack Accessing Value Parameters on the Stack Passing Value Parameters on the Stack Accessing Reference Parameters on the Stack Passing Reference Parameters on the Stack Passing Formal Parameters as Actual Parameters HLA Hybrid Parameter Passing Facilities Mixing Register and Stack Based Parameters Procedure Pointers Procedural Parameters Untyped Reference Parameters Iterators and the FOREACH Loop Sample Programs Generating the Fibonacci Sequence Using an Iterator Outer Product Computation with Procedural Parameters Putting It All Together Chapter Overview Multiprecision Operations Multiprecision Addition Operations Multiprecision Subtraction Operations Extended Precision Comparisons Extended Precision Multiplication Hello, World of Assembly Language Beta Draft - Do not distribute 2001, By Randall Hyde Page 13

14 AoATOC.fm Extended Precision Division Extended Precision NEG Operations Extended Precision AND Operations Extended Precision OR Operations Extended Precision XOR Operations Extended Precision NOT Operations Extended Precision Shift Operations Extended Precision Rotate Operations Extended Precision I/O Extended Precision Hexadecimal Output Extended Precision Unsigned Decimal Output Extended Precision Signed Decimal Output Extended Precision Formatted I/O Extended Precision Input Routines Extended Precision Hexadecimal Input Extended Precision Unsigned Decimal Input Extended Precision Signed Decimal Input Operating on Different Sized Operands Decimal Arithmetic Literal BCD Constants The 80x86 DAA and DAS Instructions The 80x86 AAA, AAS, AAM, and AAD Instructions Packed Decimal Arithmetic Using the FPU Sample Program Putting It All Together Chapter Overview What is Bit Data, Anyway? Instructions That Manipulate Bits The Carry Flag as a Bit Accumulator Packing and Unpacking Bit Strings Coalescing Bit Sets and Distributing Bit Strings Packed Arrays of Bit Strings Searching for a Bit Counting Bits Reversing a Bit String Merging Bit Strings Extracting Bit Strings Searching for a Bit Pattern The HLA Standard Library Bits Module Putting It All Together Chapter Overview The 80x86 String Instructions How the String Instructions Operate The REP/REPE/REPZ and REPNZ/REPNE Prefixes The Direction Flag Page , By Randall Hyde Beta Draft - Do not distribute

15 6.2.4 The MOVS Instruction The CMPS Instruction The SCAS Instruction The STOS Instruction The LODS Instruction Building Complex String Functions from LODS and STOS Putting It All Together Chapter Overview Introduction to the Compile-Time Language (CTL) The #PRINT and #ERROR Statements Compile-Time Constants and Variables Compile-Time Expressions and Operators Compile-Time Functions Type Conversion Compile-time Functions Numeric Compile-Time Functions Character Classification Compile-Time Functions Compile-Time String Functions Compile-Time Pattern Matching Functions Compile-Time Symbol Information Compile-Time Expression Classification Functions Miscellaneous Compile-Time Functions Predefined Compile-Time Variables Compile-Time Type Conversions of TEXT Objects Conditional Compilation (Compile-Time Decisions) Repetitive Compilation (Compile-Time Loops) Putting It All Together Chapter Overview Macros (Compile-Time Procedures) Standard Macros Macro Parameters Standard Macro Parameter Expansion Macros with a Variable Number of Parameters Required Versus Optional Macro Parameters The "#(" and ")#" Macro Parameter Brackets Eager vs. Deferred Macro Parameter Evaluation Local Symbols in a Macro Macros as Compile-Time Procedures Multi-part (Context-Free) Macros Simulating Function Overloading with Macros Writing Compile-Time "Programs" Constructing Data Tables at Compile Time Unrolling Loops Using Macros in Different Source Files Putting It All Together Chapter Overview Introduction to DSELs in HLA Hello, World of Assembly Language Beta Draft - Do not distribute 2001, By Randall Hyde Page 15

16 AoATOC.fm Implementing the Standard HLA Control Structures The FOREVER Loop The WHILE Loop The IF Statement The HLA SWITCH/CASE Statement A Modified WHILE Loop A Modified IF..ELSE..ENDIF Statement Sample Program: A Simple Expression Compiler Putting It All Together Chapter Overview General Principles Classes in HLA Objects Inheritance Overriding Virtual Methods vs. Static Procedures Writing Class Methods, Iterators, and Procedures Object Implementation Virtual Method Tables Object Representation with Inheritance Constructors and Object Initialization Dynamic Object Allocation Within the Constructor Constructors and Inheritance Constructor Parameters and Procedure Overloading Destructors HLA s _initialize_ and _finalize_ Strings Abstract Methods Run-time Type Information (RTTI) Calling Base Class Methods Sample Program Putting It All Together Chapter Overview Determining if a CPU Supports the MMX Instruction Set The MMX Programming Environment The MMX Registers The MMX Data Types The Purpose of the MMX Instruction Set Saturation Arithmetic and Wraparound Mode MMX Instruction Operands MMX Technology Instructions MMX Data Transfer Instructions MMX Conversion Instructions MMX Packed Arithmetic Instructions Page , By Randall Hyde Beta Draft - Do not distribute

17 MMX Logic Instructions MMX Comparison Instructions MMX Shift Instructions The EMMS Instruction The MMX Programming Paradigm Putting It All Together Chapter Overview Mixing HLA and MASM/Gas Code in the Same Program In-Line (MASM/Gas) Assembly Code in Your HLA Programs Linking MASM/Gas-Assembled Modules with HLA Modules Hello, World of Assembly Language 12.3 Programming in Delphi/Kylix and HLA Linking HLA Modules With Delphi Programs Register Preservation Function Results Calling Conventions Pass by Value, Reference, CONST, and OUT in Delphi Scalar Data Type Correspondence Between Delphi and HLA Passing String Data Between Delphi and HLA Code Passing Record Data Between HLA and Delphi Passing Set Data Between Delphi and HLA Passing Array Data Between HLA and Delphi Delphi Limitations When Linking with (Non-TASM) Assembly Code Referencing Delphi Objects from HLA Code Programming in C/C++ and HLA Linking HLA Modules With C/C++ Programs Register Preservation Function Results Calling Conventions Pass by Value and Reference in C/C Scalar Data Type Correspondence Between C/C++ and HLA Passing String Data Between C/C++ and HLA Code Passing Record/Structure Data Between HLA and C/C Passing Array Data Between HLA and C/C Putting It All Together Questions Programming Problems Laboratory Exercises Dynamically Nested TRY..ENDTRY Statements The TRY..ENDTRY Unprotected Section Performance of SWITCH Statement Complete Versus Short Circuit Boolean Evaluation Conversion of High Level Language Statements to Pure Assembly Activation Record Exercises Automatic Activation Record Generation and Access The _vars_ and _parms_ Constants Manually Constructing an Activation Record Reference Parameter Exercise Procedural Parameter Exercise Beta Draft - Do not distribute 2001, By Randall Hyde Page 17

18 AoATOC.fm Iterator Exercises Performance of Multiprecision Multiplication and Division Operations Performance of the Extended Precision NEG Operation Testing the Extended Precision Input Routines Illegal Decimal Operations MOVS Performance Exercise # MOVS Performance Exercise # Memory Performance Exercise The Performance of Length-Prefixed vs. Zero-Terminated Strings Introduction to Compile-Time Programs Conditional Compilation and Debug Code The Assert Macro Demonstration of Compile-Time Loops (#while) Writing a Trace Macro Overloading Multi-part Macros and RatASM (Rational Assembly) Virtual Methods vs. Static Procedures in a Class Using the _initialize_ and _finalize_ Strings in a Program Using RTTI in a Program Chapter Overview First Class Objects Thunks Initializing Thunks Manipulating Thunks Assigning Thunks Comparing Thunks Passing Thunks as Parameters Returning Thunks as Function Results Activation Record Lifetimes and Thunks Comparing Thunks and Objects An Example of a Thunk Using the Fibonacci Function Thunks and Artificial Intelligence Code Thunks as Triggers Jumping Out of a Thunk Handling Exceptions with Thunks Using Thunks in an Appropriate Manner Putting It All Together Chapter Overview Review of Iterators Implementing Iterators Using In-Line Expansion Implementing Iterators with Resume Frames Other Possible Iterator Implementations Breaking Out of a FOREACH Loop An Iterator Implementation of the Fibonacci Number Generator Iterators and Recursion Page , By Randall Hyde Beta Draft - Do not distribute

19 2.7 Calling Other Procedures Within an Iterator Iterators Within Classes Putting It Altogether Chapter Overview Coroutines Parameters and Register Values in Coroutine Calls Recursion, Reentrancy, and Variables Generators Exceptions and Coroutines Putting It All Together Chapter Overview Parameters Where You Can Pass Parameters Passing Parameters in (Integer) Registers Passing Parameters in FPU and MMX Registers Passing Parameters in Global Variables Passing Parameters on the Stack Passing Parameters in the Code Stream Passing Parameters via a Parameter Block How You Can Pass Parameters Pass by Value-Result Pass by Result Pass by Name Pass by Lazy-Evaluation Passing Parameters as Parameters to Another Procedure Passing Reference Parameters to Other Procedures Passing Value-Result and Result Parameters as Parameters Passing Name Parameters to Other Procedures Passing Lazy Evaluation Parameters as Parameters Parameter Passing Summary Variable Parameter Lists Function Results Returning Function Results in a Register Returning Function Results on the Stack Returning Function Results in Memory Locations Returning Large Function Results Putting It All Together Chapter Overview Lexical Nesting, Static Links, and Displays Scope Unit Activation, Address Binding, and Variable Lifetime Static Links Accessing Non-Local Variables Using Static Links Nesting Procedures in HLA The Display Hello, World of Assembly Language Beta Draft - Do not distribute 2001, By Randall Hyde Page 19

20 AoATOC.fm The 80x86 ENTER and LEAVE Instructions Passing Variables at Different Lex Levels as Parameters Passing Parameters by Value Passing Parameters by Reference, Result, and Value-Result Passing Parameters by Name and Lazy-Evaluation in a Block Structured Language Passing Procedures as Parameters Faking Intermediate Variable Access Putting It All Together Questions Programming Problems C.1 Introduction C.1.1 Intended Audience C.1.2 Readability Metrics C.1.3 How to Achieve Readability C.1.4 How This Document is Organized C.1.5 Guidelines, Rules, Enforced Rules, and Exceptions C.1.6 Source Language Concerns C.2 Program Organization C.2.1 Library Functions C.2.2 Common Object Modules C.2.3 Local Modules C.2.4 Program Make Files C.3 Module Organization C.3.1 Module Attributes C Module Cohesion C Module Coupling C Physical Organization of Modules C Module Interface C.4 Program Unit Organization C.4.1 Routine Cohesion C.4.2 Routine Coupling C.4.3 Routine Size C.5 Statement Organization C.5.1 Writing Pure Assembly Code C.5.2 Using HLA s High Level Control Statements C.6 Comments C.6.1 What is a Bad Comment? C.6.2 What is a Good Comment? C.6.3 Endline vs. Standalone Comments C.6.4 Unfinished Code C.6.5 Cross References in Code to Other Documents C.7 Names, Instructions, Operators, and Operands C.7.1 Names C Naming Conventions C Alphabetic Case Considerations Page , By Randall Hyde Beta Draft - Do not distribute

21 C Abbreviations C The Position of Components Within an Identifier C Names to Avoid C Special Identifers C.7.2 Instructions, Directives, and Pseudo-Opcodes C Choosing the Best Instruction Sequence C Control Structures C Instruction Synonyms C.8 Data Types C.8.1 Declaring Structures in Assembly Language H.1 Conversion Functions H.2 Numeric Functions H.3 Date/Time Functions H.4 Classification Functions H.5 String and Character Set Functions H.6 Pattern Matching Functions H.6.1 String/Cset Pattern Matching Functions H.6.2 String/Character Pattern Matching Functions H.6.3 String/Case Insenstive Character Pattern Matching Functions H.6.4 String/String Pattern Matching Functions H.6.5 String/Misc Pattern Matching Functions H.7 HLA Information and Symbol Table Functions H.8 Compile-Time Variables H.9 Miscellaneous Compile-Time Functions J.1 Pseudo-Variable J.2 The Assert Macro L.1 The HLA Standard Library L.2 Compiling to MASM Code -- The Final Word L.3 The HLA if..then..endif Statement, Part I L.4 Boolean Expressions in HLA Control Structures L.5 The JT/JF Pseudo-Instructions L.6 The HLA if..then..elseif..else..endif Statement, Part II L.7 The While Statement L.8 repeat..until L.9 for..endfor L.10 forever..endfor L.11 break, breakif L.12 continue, continueif L.13 begin..end, exit, exitif L.14 foreach..endfor L.15 try..unprotect..exception..anyexception..endtry, raise Hello, World of Assembly Language Beta Draft - Do not distribute 2001, By Randall Hyde Page 21

22 AoATOC.fm Page , By Randall Hyde Beta Draft - Do not distribute