A SURVEY ON ENERGY AWARE ROUTING ISSUES AND CROSS LAYERING IN MANETs

Transcription

1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJECET) Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Management (ICETEM14) ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Volume 5, Issue 12, December (2014), pp IAEME: Journal Impact Factor (2014): (Calculated by GISI) IJECET I A E M E A SURVEY ON ENERGY AWARE ROUTING ISSUES AND CROSS LAYERING IN MANETs Remya K 1, Sangeetha C P 2, C D Suriyakala 3 1, 2 Dept of ECE, TIST, Cochin, India 3 Dept of ECE, SNGCE, Cochin, India ABSTRACT In the next generation of wireless communication systems, there will be a great need for the rapid deployment of independent mobile users. Such network scenarios cannot depend on centralized and organized connectivity. In such applications Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) play an important role. MANETs is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that communicate with one another without any fixed networking infrastructure. Since the nodes in this network are highly dynamic, energy conservation become very critical in mobile adhoc network. The nodes in this network are battery powered and hence have limited computational power. So these nodes must conserve energy during routing to prolong their usefulness and increase network lifetime. To account for this problem, many energy efficient protocols have been proposed. But these energy efficient protocols do not consider the QoS parameters of the network such as throughput, end to end delay, packet delivery ratio etc. Cross layer architecture will help to improve these performance metrics of the network by allowing coordination and interaction among the layers. This paper surveys a comprehensive review of energy aware routing using cross layer approach which can improve the energy efficiency of the network without the degradation of the QoS parameters of the network. Keywords: Cross Layer, Energy Aware Routing, Manets, Network Lifetime, Qos Parameters. 1. INTRODUCTION A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring infrastructure less network of mobile devices connected by wireless links. The nodes themselves act as router and forward the information from one node to the other. One of the main challenges with the ad hoc networks is to develop a routing protocol that can efficiently find routes between the communicating nodes. Traditional routing protocols cannot be applied to ad hoc networks directly because ad hoc networks inherently have some special characteristics such as dynamic topologies, bandwidth-constrained, variable capacity links, and energy-constrained operations compared with traditional networks. The routing protocol must be able to keep up with the high degree of node mobility even if the network topology changes unpredictably. Since the nodes of an ad hoc network are usually small and battery powered, energy management is a critical issue during the deployment of these networks. Hence 47

2 applying power control techniques to these routing protocols have become one of the major research area in wireless networking. This is because, by using the power control methods we can reduce the energy consumption of the nodes and thereby the lifetime of the wireless networks can also be increased. Popular existing routing protocols for MANETs are Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Ad hoc On- Demand Distance Vector (AODV). These protocols mainly use the shortest path method to forward the packet from source to the destination. But the problem with these routing protocols is that they do not consider the energy consumption of the network. So to account for this problem, many energy efficient routing protocols have been proposed. The problem of energy efficiency in MANETs can be addressed at different layers and can be reduced by different methods. Some of the solutions tried to adjust the transmission power of wireless nodes; other proposals tend to efficiently manage the sleep state for the nodes. There are many proposals which try to define an energy efficient routing protocol, capable of routing data over the network and of saving the battery power of mobile nodes. However, there is a tradeoff between energy conservation and perceived Quality of Service (QoS). The conventional method uses the layered architecture. But this approach is not flexible enough to cope up with the dynamic nature of ad hoc networks. So we use the cross layer approach to improve the performance characteristics of the network. Traditional wired network uses protocol architectures that follow the principle of stack layering, implemented by ISO/OSI model. ISO/OSI model was developed to support all the standardization of the network architecture using layered model. Initially wireless network also adopts the traditional stack layered architecture from the wired networks. This Layered architectures is not efficient to cope up with the dynamically changing environment in the wireless-dominated nextgeneration communications, with a wide range of Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. To overcome such limitations, cross layer design has been proposed. Its core idea is to maintain the functionalities associated to the original layers but to allow coordination, interaction and joint optimization of protocols crossing different layers [1]. To minimize the energy consumption of ad hoc networks and to improve the network performance, there are many factors that have to be considered. This survey paper mainly considers the methods used in the mac and the network layer. Section II describes about the routing mechanism and the cross layer architecture. Energy related issues in MAC and network layer is mentioned in section III and the possible solutions to this problem are described in section IV. Section V concludes the paper. 2. BACKGROUND INFORMATION In ad hoc networks, there are different types of routing protocols available. MANET routing protocols could be generally classified into two main categories based on the routing information update method- proactive and reactive routing protocols. Proactive protocols constantly study the topology of the network by exchanging topological information among the network nodes. Therefore, when there is requirement for a path to a destination, such route information is available instantly. But as the network topology changes too regularly, the cost of maintaining the network might be very high.eg: DSDV. Reactive protocols continue for establishing route to the destination only when the need arises. They do not require cyclic transmission of topological information of the network e.g. DSR, AODV. Many of the existing energy aware protocols have been developed by modifying AODV protocol [7]. The AODV routing protocol provides a dynamic and multi-hop routing topology among the mobile nodes. Whenever a node needs to send data to another node for which it has no routing information, AODV is used for route discovery process of that particular destination node. AODV uses three types of messages to discover and maintain route: Route Requests (RREQs) and Route Replies (RREPs) messages are used for route discovery. Route Errors (RERRs) messages are used for route maintenance. When a source node needs to communicate with a destination node for which it does not have a route, it broadcasts an RREQ packet across the network. When an intermediate node receives this packet which it does not have seen before, it creates a reverse route to the source. Then, it checks the destination address, if the intermediate node does not have a fresher route to the destination, it increments the hop-count and re-broadcasts the RREQ packet. Otherwise, it generates a RREP packet and sends it to the source node. When the source receives the RREP packet, it saves the route and begins data transmission (Fig. 1). When a node detects a link break in an active route, it sends a RERR packet to notify the other nodes about this problem. An active route is used to forward data packets[3]. 48

3 Figure 1: AODV RREQ/RREP Process [3] In the conventional AODV routing mechanism, a node broadcasts or floods RREQ message to its neighbors when it needs to communicate with a destination node [4]. If intermediate nodes does not have sufficient battery life, that node expires after some time. Therefore, it could not be able to forward the RREP message on the reverse path. Hence, the source node would have to rebroadcast the Route Request (RREQ) message in order to find an optimal path for communicating to the destination node. This may possibly cause congestion in the network, reduce the packet delivery ratio; raise the end to end delay and needless rebroadcasting of RREQ packets. Hence to provide a solution to this problem, many energy aware routings were proposed. Another important factor that is to be considered in ad hoc networks is to improve the QoS parameters of the network. Even though there are many routing protocols proposed, care should be given so that these network parameters are not degraded. One of the effective ways to improve these parameters is by using the cross layer approach. A full cross layer design, introduces stack wide layer interdependencies to optimize overall network performance. In cross layering, protocols use the state information flowing throughout the stack to adapt their behavior accordingly [2]. Information can be shared between layers which are nonadjacent unlike in traditional layered architecture. This leads to faster performance gains and QoS improvements. There are different ways in which cross layering can be done [5]. One of the most common architecture used is the Mobile Man architecture [2]. This reference architecture exploits the advantages of a full cross-layer design while still satisfying the layer-separation principle. Fig. 2 shows that some network functions such as energy management, security, and cooperation, are cross-layer by nature. The architecture presents the core component, Network Status, which functions as a repository for information that network protocols throughout the stack collect. Each protocol can access the Network Status to share its data with other protocols. This avoids duplicating efforts to collect internal state information and leads to a more efficient system design. Hence the QoS parameters can be improved using cross layer approach. Hence we can conclude that cross-layer design has been proposed to maintain the functionalities associated to the original layers but to allow coordination, interaction and joint optimization of protocols crossing different layers. Also the limitations in ISO/OSI, TCP/IP layered protocols are eliminated and the performance is improved by adopting cross layer design in wireless mobile adhoc networks [1]. Figure 2: Mobile Man architecture [2] 49

4 3. ENERGY RELATED ISSUES IN NETWORK AND MAC LAYERS Energy management in wireless networks is of paramount importance due to the limited energy availability in the wireless devices. Since wireless communication consumes a significant amount of energy, it is important to minimize the energy costs for communication as much as possible by practicing energy aware routing strategies. Such routing strategies can increase the network lifetime. The problem of energy efficiency in MANETs can be addressed at different layers and can be reduced by different methods. There are many proposals which try to define an energy efficient routing protocol, capable of routing data over the network and of saving the battery power of mobile nodes. This paper mainly focuses the issues in the network layer and the mac layers. 3.1 Issues in network layer Network layer is mainly involved in packet forwarding which includes routing of information from one node to the other. There are many existing protocols for ad hoc networks. But the problem with these routing protocols is that they do not consider the energy of the nodes while routing the packet from source to destination. In the conventional AODV routing mechanism, a node broadcasts or floods RREQ message to its neighbors when it needs to communicate with a destination node. If intermediate node does not have sufficient energy, then the node will expire after some time. Therefore, it could not be able to forward the RREP message on the reverse path. Hence, the source node would have to rebroadcast the Route Request (RREQ) message in order to find an optimal path for communicating to the destination node. This may possibly cause congestion in the network which is the major issue we have to consider in the network layer. To address the above problems, different energy aware routing mechanisms can be used by considering the residual energy of each node. 3.2 Issues in MAC layer Medium access control (MAC) layer is mainly responsible for scheduling and allocating the wireless channel. MAC protocols provide a means for the nodes to access the wireless medium efficiently and collision free to the best of their ability. Major issues in the MAC layer regarding the energy wastage are collision, idle-listening, over-hearing and control packet overhead. Collision occurs when the transmission packets are corrupted partially or fully. Collision causes retransmission thus increases the latency and power consumption [9]. Listening to an idle channel for possible traffic is called idle-listening. In order to conserve energy, most of the energy efficient protocols put their network interface in sleep state rather than in idle state. Receiving packets which are meant for other nodes is called over-hearing[10-12]. Control packet overhead occurs when more number of control packets are used. Use of more numbers of control packets not only increase, the energy consumption but also decrease, the utilization of limited bandwidth. Carrier sensing[13] is another major cause of energy wastage. 4. SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY RELATED ISSUES In order to mitigate the problems regarding the energy awareness of ad hoc networks number of solutions has been proposed in the literature survey. It has been shown that by the proper selection of nodes by considering the residual energy of the nodes this problem can be minimized. Survey report of [9-13] gives different methods used in the MAC layer. References [14-18] consider the different energy efficient routing and [19-22] considers the cross layer approach to improve the energy efficiency and the QoS parameters of the ad hoc networks. 4.1 MAC layer solutions The major causes of energy wastage at MAC layer are collision, idle-listening, over-hearing and control packet overhead. Channel efficiency and channel throughput in any network are affected by packet collisions. Reduction of packet collisions plays a greater role in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs).These collision issues introduce a key problem in MANET networks where researches proposed back-off mechanism to overcome packet collisions. Back-off algorithm is proposed to reduce collisions that happen when more than one node tries sending data on the channel simultaneously. Paper [9] has presented different back off algorithms that are used to avoid collisions. The Binary Exponential Back-off (BEB), the first Back-off algorithm that is deployed in Medium Access Control layer, is used by IEEE to avoid collision in MANETs. BEB algorithm uses a uniform random distribution Back-off values to solve the collision problem. In this paper authors have proposed Fibonacci Liner Increment Back-Off (FLB) algorithm to achieve an effective value for the Back-off timer of the nodes before accessing the channel to avoid collision. When a node wants to send a data, it first senses the medium. If it is busy, the node will wait for a certain period of time (back off time). In this algorithm, Fibonacci selection of back off value is done. In this paper the author have compared the different existing back off algorithms like 50

5 Binary Exponential Back-off (BEB), Pessimistic Linear-Exponential Back-off (PLEB) in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR), average End-End delay and normalized routing load. Another major energy wastage in MAC protocols is due to overhearing. Sunho Lim et al. in their paper [10] have presented an algorithm called Random Cast to minimize the problems caused due to over hearing by the nodes. They have proposed a new communication mechanism, in which a sender can specify the desired level of overhearing, making a balance between energy and routing performance. The transmitter is able to specify the desired level of overhearing in its ATIM (Adhoc Traffic Indication Message) frame and is available to its neighboring nodes during the ATIM window. But in [11] more detailed explanation to this method was given. In their protocol, the sender may choose no or unconditional or probability overhearing which was specified in ATIM frame control. Each node maintains overhearing probability (Po) and rebroadcast probability (Pr). ATIM frame consists of frame control, destination address, source address, sequence control etc. They have added the subtype field in frame control which helps to set the overhearing level. Subtype: 1001 for unconditional overhearing; 1101 for probability based overhearing; 1110 for no overhearing. This algorithm enabled the sender to select no overhearing, unconditional overhearing or probability based overhearing for its neighbors and is specified in the ATIM frame s sub type field. In paper [12] they have addressed the problem of unnecessary overhearing and rebroadcast, and have proposed a protocol named residual energy based rebroadcast and overhearing reduction (RE-ROR). They avoided the transmission of control packets and data packets over low energy availability links and have selected the forwarding nodes based on the energy availability of the link. The indication whether to overhear or not has been specified in the subtype field of ad-hoc traffic indication message (ATIM) frame. Probability of overhearing and rebroadcast based on residual energy (RE) has been determined for setting this field. They have focused to reduce the amount of overhearing and rebroadcast for achieving energy consumption in route discovery. One of the most common methods to save the energy of nodes is to put them into sleep state when there is no activity taking place in the network. But most of the protocols rely on periodically switching the wireless interfaces off to save power. However, there is a tradeofff between energy conservation and perceived Quality of Service (QoS). So to account for this problem, an algorithm called Slow-sTart Exponential and Linear Algorithm (STELA) was introduced in paper [13]. This is a novel battery saving mechanism which can saves up to 70% energy compared with the algorithms employed by IEEE This algorithm consists of three sleeping window adaptation phases, each phase employing a different duty cycle management function. It consistss of three phases: slow start, exponential and linear increase of sleeping window (Fig. 3). In each phase, the beacon window is adjusted which eliminates the periodic switching between sleep/wake cycles. During the first stage, the sleeping window was kept at one beacon period. The next phase is exponential increase of listening window, which doubled the sleeping window every time the wireless interface wakes up unless the wireless node receives packets and goes back to slow start phase. During this phase of the algorithm, sleeping window grows fast until it reaches a predetermined threshold value. Finally the linear mode was introduced after the threshold value is surpassed. Hence, by linearly and exponentially increasing the sleeping window, the energy consumption of the nodes was reduced Figure 3: Illustration of STELAs principle [13] 4.2 Network layer solutions To account for energy efficiency of the ad hoc networks, many energy efficient protocols have been proposed. Paper [14] describes a protocol named Signal strength and Energy Aware routing protocol (SEA-DSR), which considered the signal strength and residual battery capacity of nodes into route selection through cross layer approach. This protocol tried to improve the reliability of route discovery in MANET by using signal strength and energy metrics through cross layer information sharing. They considered the residual energy level of the intermediate routes which helped to protect against 51

6 link breakages due to weak link and energy depletion at the intermediate nodes. In this protocol an extra field called reliability count (RELCOUNT) was added to the RREQ packet. This field contains reliability count of the path it comes across. Destination node selects the most reliable route among all the routes based on this value and the hop count value. In paper [15] a routing algorithm (MEL-AODV) based on remaining energy in each node to increase the network lifetime and to achieve efficient utilization of node energy was proposed. They designed a new energy cost model to calculate the cost of the paths. The algorithm selects the path which has minimum cost and maximum energy. The protocol combines the overall node energy on the link for route selection. Finally they showed that the lower energy nodes on the path are saved and their lifetimes are also extended. Recently, Reena Singh etal. Have proposed an Energy Efficient AODV (EEAODV) routing [3], which is an enhancement of the existing AODV protocol. This algorithm used enhanced RREQ and RREP to handle the process to save the energy in mobile devices.. When the source node sends the RREQ to neighbor nodes, they sends its energy level REPEL(Reply Energy Level) in response to that RREQ, if path to destination node is available. If this value is less than the predefined threshold level, then that node may be eliminated from forwarding the packets. Hence the energy efficiency of the network can be improved. Maher Heni et al. have proposed a method to reduce the problem of energy consumption by reducing the number of HELLO messages exchanged [16]. In this protocol they have decreased the number of HELLO messages by increasing the time between two messages. This solution can provide knowledge about the levels of stored energy of the nodes constituting the network without affecting the operation of the protocol. After saving this new information, a node chooses the shortest path that contained enough energy for the correct routing of data packets. In this way the energy consumption of the network was minimized and also the packet delivery ratio was improved. In [17] Pratik M Zala et al. presented different approaches of routing protocol that provide the stable path from source to destination which consumed less energy and maximize the network life time. In this protocol, when sender send the route request to its neighboring nodes, the neighboring nodes sends route reply which included the RSSI value, battery capacity and SINR value. After that, they compared this value with the threshold value. If the value (RSSI, SINR, BATTERY CAPACITY) is greater than the threshold, then route discovery was done on that route. Hence the network life time was improved by this method. In paper [18], a new protocol called Route Stability and Energy Aware Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (RSEA- AODV) was introduced. RSEA model considered signal strengths and mobility for computing the probability of link failures. It computes link stability (LS) using signal strength values received from the MAC layer. They have added three new fields to the RREQ packets namely, Accumulated Path Stability (APS), Accumulated Energy Metric (AEM) and required energy (REQe). The node checks whether its residual energy will meet the required energy REQe specified in the RREQ packet. If these conditions are satisfied, then node makes a reverse route entry in the Routing Table (RT). Then it calculates LS. So by this method, the authors have shown that this algorithm helps to perform better in frequently changing networks. All these are some of the approaches that is used to improve the energy efficiency of the ad hoc network. 4.3 Cross Layer Solutions From the above survey we can see that there are many protocols that are used to improve the energy efficiency of the network. But one problem with these methods is that, they do not give more importance to the QoS parameters of the network such as throughput, packet delivery ratio, and end to end delay. Cross layer architecture will help to improve these performance metrics of the network by allowing coordination and interaction among the layers. Muhammed Kamrul Islam et al. has donecross layering between physical and the network layer in [19]. The physical layer is responsible for transmission of bits aiming to achieve minimum bit error rate. In this protocol they assumed that, during the route discovery process, each node has the channel side information available in terms of received SNR in that packet transmission. During the route request, the node stores the information of SNR in the buffer. They used this value to check the SNR values so that we could understand when these values will degrade and hence the network parameters can be improved. Rekha Patil et al. have proposed a cost based power aware cross layer design to AODV in [20] which utilized the battery capacity of the node as the performance metrics. It is based on sharing the MAC & physical layer information - Transmit power, full charge battery capacity and remaining battery capacity of node at time t. All nodes except the source & destination calculated their link cost (Ci) using the information about transmit power of node, full charge battery capacity and the remaining battery capacity of the node. After computing, a node adds it to the path cost. Nodes before forwarding the RREQ packet learns about its remaining battery capacity & drops the packets when it has a lower battery level than its threshold value. Hence the network parameters are improved by this method. In paper [21] cross layering between network and mac layers were done. They have developed this cross layered energy based AODV (ECL-AODV) as a modification the conventional AODV routing protocol. In this protocol when the RREQ packet is send, they first check the residual energy (Eres) of the node. If this value is less than a predefined threshold (Eth) value, then that node is no taken into consideration during the route selection. When Eres is higher than Eth, it appends its identifier and residual energy in the message and forwards it toward the destination. In this protocol, RTS/CTS 52

7 transmission occurred after the route discovery and route reply to reserve the selected path so that the energy of the ad hoc node can be saved. RTS/CTS transmission consumes low energy since this transmission occurs only in the selected path. They have implemented this protocol for achieving quality of service (QoS) in terms of average energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and throughput. Paper [22] focused on the cross layer interaction between mac and routing protocols in manets and is named as LEss remaining hop More Opportunity (LEMO) algorithm. The routing information about the total hops and the remaining hops required by a packet to reach its destination is exploited by the MAC layer in order to give priority to the packets that are closer to their destination. LEMO algorithm required the information of total hop numbers between the source and the destination of the whole path and the remaining hop numbers at the forwarding node. This information can only be known by the routing in network layer. So the cross layer interaction between mac and network layer helped to improve the performance of the network. 5. CONCLUSION In this paper we have done a detailed survey on various techniques which are used to improve the energy efficiency of the ad hoc networks. These works have pointed out that energy aware routing is one of the important factors that has to be considered to maximize the lifetime of the networks. Energy aware issues can be related with different layers of the network. We have explained the energy aware issues in the MAC and network layers. Subsequently we have listed various methods that are used to minimize these issues in the network. From our side, we propose a new method which is energy efficient one using parameters of MAC and network layers based on cross layer approach. This cross layering approach will help to improve the energy efficiency of the network without degrading the QoS parameters of the ad hoc network. 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude and deep regard to Mr. George M. Jacob, Lab Instructor, Toc H Institute of Science and Technology, for the exemplary guidance and support throughout the survey. REFERENCES [1] P.A. Abdul Saleem and Dr. Naveen Kumar, Cross Layer Design Approach in Wireless Mobile ADHOC Network Architecture, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication EngineeringVol. 2, Issue 3, March [2] Marco Conti, Gaia Maselli, and Giovanni Turi, Cross Layering in Mobile Ad Hoc Network Design, IEEE Computer Society, February [3] Reena Singh, andshilpa Gupta, EE-AODV: Energy Efficient AODV routing protocol by Optimizing route selection process, International Journal of Research in Computer and Communication Technology, Vol 3, Issue 1, January [4] BhabaniSankar Gouda, Pinaki Prasad Panigrahi, and AlokChoudhury, A New Optimal Approach for Improving Energy Efficiency in Wireless Ad-hoc Networks, Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Information and Communication Technologies [5] VineetSrivastava, Cross-Layer Design: A Survey and the Road Ahead, IEEE Communications Magazine Vol. 43, Issue 12, December [6] Tai Hieng Tie, Chong Eng Tan, and Sei Ping Lau, Maximum Energy Level Ad Hoc Distance Vector Scheme for Energy Efficient Ad Hoc Networks Routing, IEEE Malaysia International Conference on Communications [7] Charles E. Perkins, Elizabeth M. Royer, Samir R. Das and Mahesh K, Performance Comparison of Two On-Demand Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE Personal Communications Vol.8, Issue 1, February [8] Niranjan Kumar Ray and Ashok Kumar Turuk, A Review on Energy Efficient MAC Protocols for Wireless LANs, IEEE International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, December [9] Mohammad M. Shurman, Mamoun F. Al-Mistarihi, and Zaid A. Alomari, MAC Layer Back-off Algorithm for Ad hoc Networks, International Convention on Information & Communication Technology Electronics & Microelectronics (MIPRO), May [10] Sunho Lim, Chansu Yu, and Chita R. Das, RandomCast: An Energy-Efficient Communication Scheme for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE Transactions On Mobile Computing, Vol. 8, No. 8, August

8 [11] N.Sumathi, and Dr. Antony SelvadossThanamani, Evaluation of Energy Efficient Reactive Routing Protocols in QoS Enabled Routing for MANETS, International Journal of Computer Applications Volume 14 No.2, January [12] V. Bhanumathi, and R. Dhanasekaran, Residual Energy Based Rebroadcast and Overhearing Reduction for Energy Efficient Communication in Mobile Ad-hoc Network, Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol 4, Issue 1, Jan- Jun [13] Yang Song, BogdanCiubotaru, and Gabriel-MiroMuntean, A Slow-sTart Exponential and Linear Algorithm for Energy Saving in Wireless Networks, IEEE Conference on BMSB [14] P.Srinivasan, and K.Kamalakkannan, Signal Strength And Energy Aware Reliable Route Discovery In Manet, International Journal of Communication Network Security Volume-1, Issue-4, [15] Tai Hieng Tie, Chong Eng Tan, and Sei Ping Lau, Maximum Energy Level Ad Hoc Distance Vector Scheme for Energy Efficient Ad Hoc Networks Routing, IEEE MICC [16] Maher Heni, and RidhaBouallegue, Power Control In Reactive Routing Protocol For Mobile Ad Hoc Network, International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks(IJWMN) Vol. 4, No. 2, April [17] Pratik M Zala, IndrJeet Rajput, and Vinit Gupta, Cross Layer Optimization Based On Energy Aware Routing Protocol For Manet, International Journal For Technological Research In Engineering, Volume 1, Issue 10, June [18] P. Srinivasan, and P. Kamalakkannan, RSEA-AODV: Route Stability and Energy Aware Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, International Journal of Computers, Communications & Control, Vol. 8, Issue 6, December [19] MuhammedKamrul Islam, androngke Liu, Cross-Layer Optimization of AODV Routing Protocol For Mobile Ad- Hoc Network (MANET), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Electronics Engineering [20] RekhaPatil, and DrA.Damodaram, Cost Based Power Aware Cross Layer Routing Protocol For Manet, International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, Vol.8 No.12, December [21] K.Muthumayil, V.Rajamani, and S.Manikandan, A Novel Cross Layered Energy based Ad Hoc On-Demand Routing Protocol for MANETs, IEEE International Conference on Advanced Computing [22] ManjulWalia and Rama Krishna Challa, Performance Analysis of Cross-Layer MAC and Routing Protocols in MANETs, IEEE Second International Conference on Computer and Network Technology [23] L.Malathi and Dr.R.K.Gnanamurthy, A Novel Cluster Based Routing Protocol with Lifetime Maximizing Clustering Algorithm, International journal of Computer Engineering & Technology (IJCET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp , ISSN Print: , ISSN Online: [24] Shiva Prakash, J. P. Saini, S.C. Gupta and Sandip Vijay, Design and Implementation of Variable Range Energy Aware Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, International Journal of Computer Engineering & Technology (IJCET), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp , ISSN Print: , ISSN Online: