Port Performance Analysis Using Extent Fuzzy AHP Approach

Transcription

1 Journal of the ersan Gulf (arne Scence)/Vol. 5/No. 7/September 04/8/57-64 ort erformance Analyss Usng xtent Fuzzy AH Approach Kan oghadam, ansoor * habahar artme Unversty, habahar, Ir Iran Receved: January 04 Accepted: July Journal of the ersan Gulf. All rghts reserved. Abstract any methods have been adopted by shppng operators to evaluate, analyze and select ports of calls. ajorty of these methods are generally based on evaluatng dfferent port performance crtera nvolved. The ports performance crtera are nterrelated and are of a complex nature. omparson of ports by dfferent evaluaton methods provdes a bass for mplementng operatng strateges for port and shppng operators. However, the analyses of qualtatve parameters together wth quanttatve attrbutes have been under-valued or even neglected n many of the prevous studes. An xtent Fuzzy Analytcal Herarchy rocess (-Fuzzy AH) proposed by ths study allows multple ntegrated crtera to be analyzed and evaluated. The study also provdes a decson support tool based on the prncples of -Fuzzy AH to rank and ntroduce the most determnng operatonal attrbutes for port selecton through ncorporatng the quanttatve and the qualtatve ntegrated attrbutes nto three man crtera ncludng port ownershp, port connectons and relevant data factors for analyss. The concrete bass provded n -Fuzzy AH envronment has shown that amongst three alternatves nomnated, notably, fnancal, customer, and operaton perspectves, the operaton perspectves has obtaned the hghest prorty wth a rato of 4%. Keywords:.Decson support, valuaton crtera, xtent fuzzy AH, ort performance. Introducton Due to the global recesson, the demand for the carrage of martme cargo does not show a sgnfcant growth for the last decade. Ths makes the shppng market to face an ntense and compettve envronment. any ports are lookng for grounds to promote ther ndustres by ncreasng ther nvestment n port nfrastructure, mprove ther equpment effcency, operatng processes and customer servces n order to succeed and / or survve. To accomplsh ths goal, a set of well-defned operatng performance measures s * -mal: m.kan@cmu.ac.r requred to lead the ports to succeed (Su et al., 003). It s worthwhle nvestgatng the most determnng and affectve attrbutes n port performance evaluaton usng an xtent Fuzzy Analytcal Herarchy rocess (- Fuzzy AH) that embraces nterrelated (even scanty) qualtatve and quanttatve crtera,. The attrbutes and weghts assgned to these attrbutes may vary from dfferent ports based on ther natures and regons they serve. Although, consderng that the selecton prortes of ports n dfferent regons wth dfferent condtons reman unchanged, t may not a guaranty that the system produces smlar performance measures for smlar ports. 57

2 Kan oghadam / ort erformance Analyss Usng xtent Fuzzy AH Approach The lterature demonstrates enormous number of research studes conducted on the ast Asan, uropean and Amercan ports, resulted n the rankng of 50 world top ports n terms of annual throughput. The objectve of the majorty of these studes has been based on assgnng the most compettve performance evaluaton technque for port selecton decsons. The compettve envronment of ports has made many researchers to consder the vablty of the most effectve attrbutes n ther performance evaluatons. ajorty of these studes based ther analyss on the crtera recommended by the experts. Numerous studes have been conducted on the selecton of freght transport modes and carrers selecton rather than addressng the more specfc crtera, such as port competton factors. Studes conducted by Ha (003), Lrn et al. (004), Ng (006) and hou (00) contan attrbutes leadng to ports performance evaluaton, such as transt tme, relablty, transport costs, port charges, route and servce attrbutes, port sze, and accessblty. Su et al. (003) have attempted to establsh a comprehensve performance measurng system by ntroducng a new management tool, so called the, Balanced Scorecard (BSc). onsderng the nature of commercal port actvtes, they have developed 3 qualtatve performance crtera, notably, attrbutes such as fnance, customer servces, nternal busness process, tranng, and growth perspectves. Ther study fnally ranked the most determnng crtera through the BSc concept. Song and Yeo (004) appled an Analytcal Herarchy rocess (AH) technque to compare dfferent crtera of the contaner termnal operatons for ports located at hna and USA, respectvely. They selected the most determnng crtera based on the expert's judgments n the regon and n the exstng lterature. hou (005), Ta and Hwang (005) compared the ftness of several models for port selecton, wth emphass on the possbltes of reducng transportaton costs, as a determnng ssue n the present nternatonal contaner trade and transportaton market. ajorty of research studes have manly analyzed the mpacts of hnterland on port selecton and ther performance, however, -Fuzzy AH model n ths research, attempts to rank three man groups, ncludng operaton and equpment, customer satsfacton and fnancal aspects, of attrbutes by defnng the role of man and assocated sub-attrbutes and by neglectng the ports ranks and regons. The generc Decson-makng model ntroduced n ths study may be used to rank the performance of ports based on specfc evaluaton attrbutes wth respect to a set of pre-defned attrbutes recommended by the lterature and the experts. The man groups were selected based on prevous studes conducted on ports.. aterals and ethods.. -Fuzzy AH odelng The Fuzzy set theory resembles human reasonng snce t expresses approxmaton of nformaton and uncertantes to generate decsons. It s specfcally desgned to mathematcally represent uncertantes and vagueness and provdes a set of formalzed tools for dealng wth the mprecson ntrnsc to many problems (Kahraman et al., 004). The beneft of extendng crsp theory and the strong analyss abltes to Fuzzy technques s the strengths of ths method n solvng real-world problems. The -Fuzzy AH technque entals lttle degree of mprecson and nose n the varables and parameters measured and processed for the applcaton (Kahraman et al., 009)... The xtent Fuzzy AH ethodology The Analytcal Herarchy rocess (AH) has been wdely accepted to solve ultple Attrbute Decson- akng (AD) problems. However, due to the exstence of vagueness and uncertantes n judgments, a crsp, par-wse comparson and a conventonal AH may be unable to accurately capture the decson- 58

3 Journal of the ersan Gulf (arne Scence)/Vol. 5/No. 7/ September 04/ 8/ makers' deas (Kahraman et al., 004). Therefore, the Fuzzy logc s ntroduced nto the par-wse comparson to deal wth the defcency n the tradtonal AH whch s referred to as Fuzzy AH (Zadeh, 965). The Fuzzy AH can effectvely embrace both qualtatve and quanttatve data leadng towards a mult-attrbute decson-makng scenaro. hang (996) has mastermnded the -Fuzzy AH as a new approach for handlng the Fuzzy AH problems wth the use of Trangular Fuzzy Numbers (TFN) for parwse comparson together wth the use of extent analyss method for the synthetc extent values of par-wse comparson scale. The use of extent analyss method to fnd the synthetc extent values of par-wse comparsons s dscussed n the study conducted by Kahraman et al. (004). arkash (003) compared three approaches ncludng AH, Ideal Vector Approach (IVA) and - FUZZY AH leadng to land sutablty analyss. arkash (003) has found that FUZZY AH method provdes more accurate and reasonable outputs than other methods. han and Kumar (007) have proposed a research model whch helps to provde a framework for an organzaton to select ts global suppler by consderng rsk factors nvolved. The study has appled -FUZZY AH for selectng a global suppler n the current busness scenaro. Naghadeh et al. (009) have developed a research model by ntegratng a FUZZY AH method nto an advanced type of conventonal AH to select the optmum mnng method through the most effectve crtera. At the same tme, they have taken subjectve judgments of decson makers nto consderaton. elk et al. (009) have structured a practcal decson-support mechansm to ensure creatng concrete grounds for multple crtera analyss of the shppng regstry. The FUZZY AH methodology based on hang s extent analyss was determned to be fully utlzed n order to model the selecton of shppng regstry. After structurng the fundamental herarchy, the model was performed wth a case applcaton on the Turksh martme ndustry to enable obtanng llustratve results (Kahraman et al., 009). In ths study, the TFNs are used to dentfy the prorty of one attrbute over another. Further, extent analyss method s used to calculate the synthetc extent value of the par-wse comparson. The weght vectors wll be selected and the fnal normalzed weght vectors wll be calculated. Based on dfferent weghts assgned to the attrbutes, the fnal prorty of alternatves wll be obtaned n whch the frst prorty wll be assocated wth the hghest weght obtaned. 3. Results 3.. -FUZZY AH Algorthms The extent of -FUZZY AH wll be utlzed as (hang, 996): Let X x, x, x3,..., x n as an object set, and G g, g, g3,..., g m as a goal set. Accordng to the hang s extent analyss, each object s taken and extent analyss for each goal g, s then performed respectvely. Therefore; m extent values for each object can be obtaned usng the followng sgns: m g, g,..., g,,,..., n here, all of the j g (j =,,, m) are TFNs. Followngs represent the steps of hang s extent analyss: Step : The value of Fuzzy synthetc extent wth respect to the th object s defned as: m n m j j S g () g j j ompute the nverse of the vector above, such that: n m j j g n u, n m, n l () 59

4 ~ ~ Step : As ( l, m, u) and ( l, m, u) are two TFNs, the degree of possblty of l, m, u ) ( l, m, ) s defned as: V ( u ~ ~ ~ ~ hgt( ) ( ) (3) d, f m m 0, f l u l u ( m u ) ( m l, otherwse ) Kan oghadam / ort erformance Analyss Usng xtent Fuzzy AH Approach (4) Step 3: The possblty degree for a convex Fuzzy number to be greater than k convex Fuzzy (=,, k) numbers can be defned by: V(, V,... k ) and( ) and... and ( mn V ( ),,,3,..., k (5) Assumng that da mnv ( S S ) for k,,..., n; k, then, the weght vector wll be gven by: T ( d( A ), d ( A ),..., d( A n )) (6) heren; A (,,... n) are n elements. Fgure llustrates equaton (4), where d s the ordnate of the hghest ntersecton pont between and. To compare and, we need both the values of V and V. k k ) 4. Dscusson ult-attrbute omparson among ort erformance valuaton Attrbutes A profound lterature revew of studes deals wth port evaluaton crtera enabled to categorze the attrbutes nto three man groups ncludng operaton and equpment, customer satsfacton, and fnancal aspects. ajorty of the defned attrbutes n the lterature can be categorzed drectly or ndrectly under the above three groups. A group of experts ncludng academcs, port managers, ports techncal personnel, shppng experts, and shppng lne mangers have been ntervewed based on drect and communcatve ntervews to obtan ther preferences on the man and sub-attrbutes at dfferent stages of herarchy. The herarchy of -FUZZY AH for rankng the named groups s shown n decson tree n Fgure. R ort erformance valuaton Factors Selecton U S Fg. : Decomposton of the roblem nto Herarchy I AN AV l m l d u m u Fg. : The ntersecton between and (Kahraman et al., 004) Step 4: Va normalzaton, the normalzed weght vectors are: T ( d ( A ), d ( A ),..., d ( A n )) (7) here, s a non-fuzzy number. ~ V ~ The Fuzzy evaluaton matrx relevant to the goal s represented n Table. The man attrbutes are determned as ort Ownershp (), ort onnectons () and Data Factors (). The sub-attrbutes of - FUZZY AH decson tree are determned as ublc Ownershp (U), rvate Ownershp (R), Isolated ort (I), onnected ort (), Data Avalablty (AV) and Data Analyss (AN). Table. Fuzzy valuaton atrx th Respect to the Goal Goal (,,) (,3/,) (,3/,) (/,/3,) (,,) (/,,3/) (/,/3,) (/3,,) (,,) 60

5 Journal of the ersan Gulf (arne Scence)/Vol. 5/No. 7/ September 04/ 8/ The experts' opnons obtaned from dfferent port ndustres were compared wth the three man crtera regardng to each sub-attrbutes. The calculaton methods of the man and sub-attrbutes were explaned n detal to the experts whle they were ntervewed to answer the questons. The judgments and opnons obtaned from the experts and specalsts and ther relevances been compared wth the man and sub-attrbutes respectvely. Table provdes the results of Fuzzy comparson of such sub-attrbutes respect to the man attrbutes. The relatve weght vectors of each man attrbute s shown n Table. Fnally, the man three crtera represented as alternatves and ther sub-attrbutes are compared wth each other. The results have been summarzed n Table 3. Usng the data n Table, the weght vector s calculated as: Q = (0.43, 0.7, o.30) T ombnaton of prorty weghts for sub-attrbutes, man attrbutes, and alternatves to determne prorty weghts for rankng the three crtera are provded n Table 4. Table : Fuzzy valuaton atrx of Sub-attrbutes wth Respect to the an Attrbutes and eght Vectors I AN AV R U (,,) (,3/,) AN (,,) (/,/3,) R (,,) (/3,/5,/) I (/,/3,) (,,) AV (,3/,) (,,) U (,5/,3) (,,) =(0.68,0.3) T =(0.3,0.68) T =(0.0,.00) T Table 3: Fuzzy valuaton atrces of Alternatves wth Respect to Sub-attrbutes and eght Vectors R S U S (,,) (/5,/,/3) (/,/3,) (,,) (/,/3,) (/,/3,) S (3/,,5/) (,,) (/,,3/) S (,3/,) (,,) (/3,,) (,3/,) (/3,,) (,,) (,3/,) (/,,3/) (,,) R =(0.7,0.45,0.38) T U =(0.4,0.38,0.38) T S I S (,,) (/5,/,/3) (/3,,) (,,) (/,,3/) (/3,,) S (3/,,5/) (,,) (,3/,) S (/3,,) (,,) (/5,/,/3) (/,,3/) (/,/3,) (,,) (/,,3/) (3/,,5/) (,,) =(0.5,0.50,0.5) T I =(0.33,0.6,0.4) T AN S AV S (,,) (,3/,) (/3,,) (,,) (/3,,) (/5,/,/3) S (/,/3,) (,,) (/5,/,/3) S (/,,3/) (,,) (/5,/,/3) (/,,3/) (3/,,5/) (,,) (3/,,5/) (3/,,5/) (,,) AN =(0.39,0.7,0.44) T AV =(0.3,0.6,0.6) T 6

6 Kan oghadam / ort erformance Ana lyss Usng xtent Fuzzy AH Approach Table 4. Summary of ombnaton of rorty eghts Sub-attrbutes of ort onnecton Sub-attrbutess of ort Ownershp I R UU weght Alternatves rortyy eght weght Alternatves rorty eght S S Sub-attrbutes of Data Factors an attrbutes of the goal AN AV weght Alternatves rortyy eght weght Alternatves rorty eght S S It has been dentfed that operatons perspectve can be the most determnng factor as analyzed by the appled -Fuzzy AH method n the problem herarchy. Fgure 3 represents the fnal rankng and selecton of the three alternatves. 5. onclusons s Due to the heterogeneous nature of ports performance attrbutes, the evaluaton of ports has been one of the most challengng decson-makng assgnments for port managers. Ths study has ncorporated experts' judgments together wth a relable academc problem solvng method to deal wth such problems. hle acceptng that uncertantess exst n human judgments, the - Fuzzy AH methodology derved from fundamentals of Fuzzy Set Theory (T), has proved to t overcomee the problem welll embracng the uncertantes and the vagueness of specalsts and experts' judgments. Ths study hass provded a decson makng tool for port performance evaluatonn usng -Fuzzy AH technque. The herarchy h of -Fuzzy AH technquee has dstnctvely ranked three groups of alternatves based on three man m attrbutes and sx sub-attrbutes. The operaton attrbute n ths study has acheved the hghest score of %4.4 whch has been consderedd as the most effectve and d mportant crtera for evaluaton of port p n ths study. The other two attrbutes, notably, the customer satsfacton and fnancal attrbutes have scored %3.66 and %6.0 of the total percentage, respectvely. It I should be noted that changes n thee weghts of attrbutes assocated wth dfferent regons may lead to the achevement of dfferent d rankng orders. It has been observed that -FUZZY AH method can accurately measure m vast majorty of decson- makng problems dealng wth vagueness and uncertantes of the t ports prevalng crcumstances of 6

7 Journal of the ersan Gulf (arne Scence)/Vol. 5/No. 7/ September 04/ 8/ the operatons. Ths study suggests that other port decson scenaros, such as port plannng, development, berth selecton, quay crane schedulng and crane allocaton, equpment selecton and feasblty study can be examned by -FUZZY technque. References elk,., r, I. and Ozok, A, 009. Applcaton of fuzzy extended AH methodology on shppng regstry selecton: the case of turksh martme ndustry, xpert Systems wth Applcatons. (36): han, F. and Kumar, N, 007. Global suppler development consderng rsk factors usng fuzzy extended AH-based approach, Internatonal Journal of anagement Scence. (35): hang, Y, 996. Applcaton of the extent analyss method on fuzzy AH, uropean Journal of Operatonal Research. (95): hou,, 005. A comparatve study of models for port choce, roceedngs of the astern Asa Socety for Transportaton Studes. (5): hou,., 00. Applcaton of model to selectng the hub locaton n the marne transportaton: A case study n southeastern Asa, mathematcal and computer modellng. (5): Ha,.S, 003. A comparson of servce qualty at major contaner ports: Implcatons for Korean ports, Journal of Transport Geography. (): Kahraman,., ebec, U. and Ulukan, Z, 004. ult-crtera suppler selecton usng fuzzy AH, Logstcs Informaton anagement. (6): Kahraman,., Kaya, I. and eb, S, 009. A omparatve analyss for mult-attrbute selecton among renewable energy alternatves usng fuzzy axomatc desgn and fuzzy analytc herarchy process, nergy. (5): 4. Lrn, T.., Thanopoulou, H.A., Beynon,.J. and Beresford, A.K., 004. An applcaton of AH on transhpment port selecton: A global perspectve, martme economcs & logstcs. (6): Naghadeh,., kael, R. and Atae,, 009. The applcaton of fuzzy analytc herarchy process approach to selecton of optmum underground mnng method for Jajarm bauxte mnng ndustry, Iran, expert systems wth applcatons. (36): Ng, K. Y, 006. Assessng the attractveness of ports n the North uropean contaner transshpment market: An agenda for future research n port competton, martme economcs and logstcs. (3): arkash, T, 003. Land sutablty analyss for agrcultural crops: A fuzzy multcrtera decson makng approach, aster of Scence Thess, Internatonal nsttute for geo-nformaton scence and earth observaton, Netherlands. Song, D. and Yeo, K, 003. An evaluaton of contaner ports n hna and Korea wth the analytc herarchy process, Journal of the eastern Asa socety for transportaton studes. (5): Su, D., Lang, G. and Lu,, 003. A study on ntegrated port performance comparson based on the concept of Balanced Scorecard, Journal of the astern Asa Socety for Transportaton Studes. (5): Ta, H. and Hwang,, 005. Analyss of hub port choce for contaner trunk lnes n ast Asa, Journal of the astern Asa Socety for Transportaton Studes. (6): Zadeh, L. A, 965. Fuzzy sets, Informaton and control, (8):

8 Kan oghadam / ort erformance Analyss Usng xtent Fuzzy AH Approach Appendx: xperts Judgments xperts, academcs of the relevant felds, port managers and operators of the commercal and martme servces companes were requested to judge and rank the most mportant attrbutes dentfed for contaner yard operatng on a preference bass. In some cases, the concepton has been taken from the explanatons, nformaton and nstructons gven by the operators. A sample of nvestgatons s reflected n ths study. Table A-: Average Importance of the an Attrbutes ort erformance valuaton Attrbutes Questons Attrbutes (,5/,3) Absolute Average Importance (preference) of one man attrbute over another (3/,,5/) Very Strong (,3/,) Farly Strong (/,,3/) eak (,,) qual (/,,3/) eak (,3/,) Farly Strong (3/,,5/) Very Strong (,5/,3) Absolute Attrbutes Q * Q * Q3 * xperts Judgments are reflected n Table A-. Table A-: xperts Judgments (an Attrbutes - Fuzzy arwse omparsons) A A A Q S Q S Ab Q3 S3 Abbrevaton: Ab: Absolute : qual : Very Strong Ac: Academcs and xperts : Farly Strong : anagers of ommercal ompanes : eak : ort anagers S: anagers of artme Servces ompanes : Shppng ompanes ersonals Kan oghadam / ort erformance Analyss Usng xtent Fuzzy AH Approach Journal of the ersan Gulf (arne Scence)/Vol. 5/No. 7/September 04/8/57-64 Journal of the ersan Gulf (arne Scence)/Vol. 5/No. 7/September 04/8/