Contents. 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and the World Wide Web 1. 2 Introduction to C Programming 26

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1 Preface xix 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and the World Wide Web Introduction What Is a Computer? Computer Organization Evolution of Operating Systems Personal, Distributed and Client/Server Computing Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal and Ada History of C C Standard Library C Java BASIC, Visual Basic, Visual C++, C# and.net Key Software Trend: Object Technology Basics of a Typical C Program Development Environment Hardware Trends History of the Internet History of the World Wide Web General Notes About C and this Book 18 2 Introduction to C Programming Introduction A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers 31

2 X Contents 2.4 Memory Concepts Arithmetic in C Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 40 3 Structured Program Development in C Introduction Algorithms Pseudocode Control Structures The if Selection Statement The if else Selection Statement The while Repetition Statement Formulating Algorithms: Case Study 1 (Counter-Controlled Repetition) Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: Case Study 2 (Sentinel-Controlled Repetition) Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: Case Study 3 (Nested Control Structures) Assignment Operators Increment and Decrement Operators 80 4 C Program Control Introduction Repetition Essentials Counter-Controlled Repetition for Repetition Statement for Statement: Notes and Observations Examples Using the for Statement switch Multiple-Selection Statement do while Repetition Statement break and continue Statements Logical Operators Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators Structured Programming Summary C Functions Introduction Program Modules in C Math Library Functions Functions Function Definitions Function Prototypes Headers Calling Functions: Call by Value and Call by Reference Random Number Generation Example: A Game of Chance Storage Classes 164

3 XI 5.12 Scope Rules Recursion Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series Recursion vs. Iteration C Arrays Introduction Arrays Defining Arrays Array Examples Passing Arrays to Functions Sorting Arrays Case Study: Computing Mean, Median and Mode Using Arrays Searching Arrays Multiple-Subscripted Arrays C Pointers Introduction Pointer Variable Definitions and Initialization Pointer Operators Calling Functions by Reference Using the const Qualifier with Pointers Bubble Sort Using Call-by-Reference sizeof Operator Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic Relationship between Pointers and Arrays Arrays of Pointers Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation Pointers to Functions C Characters and Strings Introduction Fundamentals of Strings and Characters Character Handling Library String Conversion Functions Standard Input/Output Library Functions String Manipulation Functions of the String Handling Library Comparison Functions of the String Handling Library Search Functions of the String Handling Library Memory Functions of the String Handling Library Other Functions of the String Handling Library C Formatted Input/Output Introduction Streams Formatting Output with printf 365

4 XII Contents 9.4 Printing Integers Printing Floating-Point Numbers Printing Strings and Characters Other Conversion Specifiers Printing with Field Widths and Precision Using Flags in the printf Format Control String Printing Literals and Escape Sequences Formatting Input with scanf C Structures, Unions, Bit Manipulations and Enumerations Introduction Structure Definitions Initializing Structures Accessing Members of Structures Using Structures with Functions typedef Example: High-Performance Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation Unions Bitwise Operators Bit Fields Enumeration Constants C File Processing Introduction Data Hierarchy Files and Streams Creating a Sequential-Access File Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File Random-Access Files Creating a Random-Access File Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File Reading Data from a Random-Access File Case Study: Transaction-Processing Program C Data Structures Introduction Self-Referential Structures Dynamic Memory Allocation Linked Lists Stacks Queues Trees 490

5 XIII 13 C Preprocessor Introduction #include Preprocessor Directive #define Preprocessor Directive: Symbolic Constants #define Preprocessor Directive: Macros Conditional Compilation #error and #pragma Preprocessor Directives # and ## Operators Line Numbers Predefined Symbolic Constants Assertions Other C Topics Introduction Redirecting Input/Output on UNIX and Windows Systems Variable-Length Argument Lists Using Command-Line Arguments Notes on Compiling Multiple-Source-File Programs Program Termination with exit and atexit volatile Type Qualifier Suffixes for Integer and Floating-Point Constants More on Files Signal Handling Dynamic Memory Allocation: Functions calloc and realloc Unconditional Branching with goto C++ as a Better C Introduction C A Simple Program: Adding Two Integers C++ Standard Library Header Files Inline Functions References and Reference Parameters Default Arguments and Empty Parameter Lists Unary Scope Resolution Operator Function Overloading Function Templates C++ Classes and Data Abstraction Introduction Implementing a Time Abstract Data Type with a Class Class Scope and Accessing Class Members Separating Interface from Implementation Controlling Access to Members Access Functions and Utility Functions 598

6 XIV Contents 16.7 Initializing Class Objects: Constructors Using Default Arguments with Constructors Using Destructors When Constructors and Destructors Are Called Using Data Members and Member Functions A Subtle Trap: Returning a Reference to a private Data Member Assignment by Default Memberwise Copy Software Reusability C++ Classes: Part II Introduction const (Constant) Objects and const Member Functions Composition: Objects as Members of Classes friend Functions and friend Classes Using the this Pointer Dynamic Memory Allocation with Operators new and delete static Class Members Data Abstraction and Information Hiding Example: Array Abstract Data Type Example: String Abstract Data Type Example: Queue Abstract Data Type Container Classes and Iterators C++ Operator Overloading Introduction Fundamentals of Operator Overloading Restrictions on Operator Overloading Operator Functions as Class Members vs. as friend Functions Overloading Stream-Insertion and Stream-Extraction Operators Overloading Unary Operators Overloading Binary Operators Case Study: An Array Class Converting between Types Overloading ++ and C++ Inheritance Introduction Inheritance: Base Classes and Derived Classes Protected Members Casting Base-Class Pointers to Derived-Class Pointers Using Member Functions Overriding Base-Class Members in a Derived Class Public, Protected and Private Inheritance Direct Base Classes and Indirect Base Classes Using Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes Implicit Derived-Class Object to Base-Class Object Conversion 720

7 XV Software Engineering with Inheritance Composition vs. Inheritance Uses A and Knows A Relationships Case Study: Point, Circle, Cylinder C++ Virtual Functions and Polymorphism Introduction Type Fields and switch Statements virtual Functions Abstract Base Classes and Concrete Classes Polymorphism New Classes and Dynamic Binding Virtual Destructors Case Study: Inheriting Interface and Implementation Polymorphism, virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding Under the Hood C++ Stream Input/Output Introduction Streams Iostream Library Header Files Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects Stream Output Stream-Insertion Operator Cascading Stream-Insertion/Extraction Operators Output of char * Variables Character Output with Member Function put; Cascading puts Stream Input Stream-Extraction Operator get and getline Member Functions istream Member Functions peek, putback and ignore Type-Safe I/O Unformatted I/O with read, gcount and write Stream Manipulators Integral Stream Base: dec, oct, hex and setbase Floating-Point Precision (precision, setprecision) Field Width (setw, width) User-Defined Manipulators Stream Format States Format State Flags Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points (ios::showpoint) Justification (ios::left, ios::right, ios::internal) Padding (fill, setfill) Integral Stream Base (ios::dec, ios::oct, ios::hex, ios::showbase) Floating-Point Numbers; Scientific Notation (ios::scientific, ios::fixed) 788

8 XVI Contents Uppercase/Lowercase Control (ios::uppercase) Setting and Resetting the Format Flags (flags, setiosflags, resetiosflags) Stream Error States Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream C++ Templates Introduction Class Templates Class Templates and Nontype Parameters Templates and Inheritance Templates and friends Templates and static Members C++ Exception Handling Introduction When Exception Handling Should Be Used Other Error-Handling Techniques Basics of C++ Exception Handling: try, throw, catch A Simple Exception-Handling Example: Divide by Zero Throwing an Exception Catching an Exception Rethrowing an Exception Exception Specifications Processing Unexpected Exceptions Stack Unwinding Constructors, Destructors and Exception Handling Exceptions and Inheritance Processing new Failures Class auto_ptr and Dynamic Memory Allocation Standard Library Exception Hierarchy Introduction to Java Applications and Applets Introduction Basics of a Typical Java Environment General Notes about Java and This Book A Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text Another Java Application: Adding Integers Sample Applets from the Java 2 Software Development Kit The TicTacToe Applet The DrawTest Applet The Java2D Applet A Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String Two More Simple Applets: Drawing Strings and Lines Another Java Applet: Adding Integers 886

9 XVII 25 Beyond C and C++: Operators, Methods and Arrays in Java Introduction Primitive Data Types and Keywords Logical Operators Method Definitions Java API Packages Random Number Generation Example: A Game of Chance Methods of Class JApplet Declaring and Allocating Arrays Examples Using Arrays References and Reference Parameters Multiple-Subscripted Arrays Java Object-Based Programming Introduction Implementing a Time Abstract Data Type with a Class Class Scope Creating Packages Initializing Class Objects: Constructors Using Set and Get Methods Using the this Reference Finalizers Static Class Members Java Object-Oriented Programming Introduction Superclasses and Subclasses protected Members Relationship between Superclass Objects and Subclass Objects Implicit Subclass-Object-to-Superclass-Object Conversion Software Engineering with Inheritance Composition vs. Inheritance Introduction to Polymorphism Type Fields and switch Statements Dynamic Method Binding final Methods and Classes Abstract Superclasses and Concrete Classes Polymorphism Example New Classes and Dynamic Binding Case Study: Inheriting Interface and Implementation Case Study: Creating and Using Interfaces Inner Class Definitions Notes on Inner Class Definitions Type-Wrapper Classes for Primitive Types 1041

10 XVIII Contents 28 Java Graphics and Java2D Introduction Graphics Contexts and Graphics Objects Color Control Font Control Drawing Lines, Rectangles and Ovals Drawing Arcs Drawing Polygons and Polylines The Java2D API Java2D Shapes Java Graphical User Interface Components Introduction Swing Overview JLabel Event Handling Model JTextField and JPasswordField How Event Handling Works JTextArea JButton JCheckBox JComboBox Mouse Event Handling Layout Managers FlowLayout BorderLayout GridLayout Panels Creating a Self-Contained Subclass of JPanel Windows Using Menus with Frames Java Multimedia: Images, Animation and Audio Introduction Loading, Displaying and Scaling Images Loading and Playing Audio Clips Animating a Series of Images Animation Issues Customizing Applets via the HTML param Tag Image Maps Internet and World Wide Web Resources 1184 A Internet and Web Resources 1190 A.1 C/C++ Resources 1190 A.2 C++ Tutorials 1191 A.3 C/C++ FAQs 1191

11 XIX A.4 comp.lang.c A.5 C/C++ Compilers 1192 A.6 Java Resources 1193 A.7 Java Products 1194 A.8 Java FAQs 1194 A.9 Java Tutorials 1194 A.10 Java Magazines 1195 A.11 Java Applets 1195 A.12 Multimedia 1196 A.13 Java Newsgroups 1196 B C99 Internet and Web Resources 1197 B.1 C99 Resources 1197 C Operator Precedence Charts 1199 D ASCII Character Set 1204 E Number Systems 1205 E.1 Introduction 1206 E.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal Numbers and Hexadecimal Numbers 1209 E.3 Converting Octal Numbers and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers 1210 E.4 Converting from Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal to Decimal 1210 E.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal 1211 E.6 Negative Binary Numbers: Two s Complement Notation 1213 F C Standard Library Resources 1218 F.1 C Standard Library Resources 1218 Index 1220

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ощ 'ршорвшэш! цвн-эориэу ощ 'sajbpossv # PIPG DUJ 'ssjmoossv ^ PIPG pipa w н OX ЛЮН VAV Contents Preface Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19