FALCON 600. Micro Hardness Tester Vickers, Knoop, Brinell FULLY AUTOMATED

Transcription

1 FALCON 00 Micro Hardness Tester Vickers, Knoop, rinell FULLY AUTOMATED

2 FALCON 00 Our vision, your future... The FALCON 00 Automated Hardness Testing System provides a fully integrated platform for your complete Vickers, Knoop & Low Force rinell hardness testing needs. Coming from a leading edge of mechanical design, with a range of CNC stages and best in class optics, 8 Megapixels, K, full color image technology, to a fully featured, easy to use, User Interface. A standard force range of gf to 2.5kgf, optional going down to forces as low as 0.gf, to be used in combination with any thinkable software application, provides a micro hardness testing machine for today, tomorrow and better for the future. A FORCE RANGE, THAT SETS NEW S! HARDNESS SCALES VICKERS 0.gf - 50kgf * 0.gf 0gf 0kgf 0 FALCON 0 0 kgf 0.gf gf.25kgf FALCON kgf 0.gf gf FALCON 2.5kgf KNOOP gf - 5kgf * * Extended range RINELL kgf 2.5 kgf * * All scales HIGHLIGHTS TECHNOLOGY OF TODAY FORCE Dead weight systems d Electronically controlled Force application Load cell, closed loop, force feedback system TIME Multi Load Cell, Closed Loop force application system, error <0,25% position turret, 2 indenter positions, LWD objectives installed (included) Turret collision detection and workpiece retraction safety system 8 Megapixel, K, full color integrated camera system Full X-Y stage overview camera, optical zoom system, variabele field of view TTL power LED with color filter, Dual bank power LED stage illumination Large CNC X-Y stage 00 x 225mm, Z-axis with ball bearing spindle (standard) Integrated system controller, i7 processor, mssd Raid system storage Industrial 5"touch screen, option for second screen 5'', to 55'' or projector Top-class replaceable body parts, shock proof AS covers 2

3 OUNDLESS Multi loadcell, ball bearing, force actuator INNOVATION Optical zoom, auto focus, stage overview camera Z-AXIS ALL SCREW Precision movement Observe, Think, Try, Change... Ridgidity and perpendicular indenter positioning are crucial to obtain Vickers indents with a perfect geometry. Re-invented, adjustable indentor actuators provide maintenance free, smooth force application, easy to access and easy to replace indenters. Standard integrated X-Y stage overview camera, with optical zoom, reduces application set up time dramatically. 5

4 TECHNOLOGY Changing the game... POSITION PRECISION TURRET & OPTICAL SYSTEM The position turret is supplied as a standard feature on all 00 models and allows to install indenters for Vickers, Knoop and rinell (balls mm & 2,5mm) testing. Factory installed, the F00 has () objectives 2.5X, 0X, 20X, 50X that, in combination with the 8 Megapixel camera, with X digital zoom, supersede the need to buy larger magnification objectives. 2 CONNECTIVITY, CONTROL & QUALITY ASSURANCE The system has bi-directional in and output channels. Tester control can be conducted remotely and supports for instance, but not limited to robotic systems. Test values can be exported as single values or as string of data to be handled by rd party quality evaluation software. Q-DAS certified. (Optional) 2 STAGE OVERVIEW CAMERA Create magnified sample overview with the standard on-board, auto focus, optical & digital zoom, overview camera. The field of view of this sophisticated full color camera system does not limit you to one field of view, but gives a ZOOM range of 50 x 5mm up to 200 x 80mm without the need to use time consuming scan and stitch functions. 5 Once the viewing area needs to be larger than the zoom range, scanning and stitching can be selected to create full stage overview. Click and go is one of the standard testing features of the overview camera. Just click randomly on designated area s and push start. All tests run automatically. The pattern video overlay function eases positioning of multiple test rows or patterns across the specimen. The pattern video overlay scales automatically with every magnification, stepless, while the zoom camera decreases or enlarges the overview. DYNAMIC Z-AXIS CONTROL & COLLISION DETECTION A high end ball bearing Z-axis spindle is one of the very unique functions. Z-axis displacement at an accuracy of micron s supports ultra-fast auto focus. Z-axis controls are nearly limitless; CNC as a result from a test program, by touch screen indicators, from the built in joy stick, by the scroll wheel of the mouse, by fast up and down buttons or from a scroll wheel on the front of the machine. Positioning has never been this easy. Speed control related to your own movement; (0.0 up to 20 mm/s). To avoid any collision between the work piece and the turret, the Z-axis is controlled by a flawless collision detection and Z-axis retraction system. So neither the tester nor the workpiece are exposed to any damage. HIGH SPEED CNC MOTORIZED X-Y STAGE 5 5 HD TOUCH SCREEN OPERATOR INTERFACE All machine control and process workflow can easily be operated from the 5 industrial capacitive touch screen. At choice a second 5 or larger screen can be connected. Save time and improve efficiency with one of the high speed, highly accurate motorized XY-stages. Available in variable sizes from standard, to large and extra-large. Enable automated sequencing of multiple samples. The ultra-high accuracy and repeatability guarantee precise positioning of indents and allow re-evaluation of any measurement points in batch or single view. Repeatability within micron. SHOCK RESISTANT AS MACHINE COVERS The tester is fitted with a high-end external shell structure. All in a unique design with high-end aluminium panels. The shock proof and damage resistant AS machine covers can withstand the harshest environment. 7

5 Science fiction?... No, just reality ahead of schedule The Graphical User interface (GUI), contains Industry preferred applications, and offers easy to learn, advanced workflow control. A simple test can be set up and conducted in about seconds IMPRESSIONS layout & functions will match not only your particular application requirements, but also meet the needs and preferences of your operators. A user level management system maximizes their comfort and efficiency. The unique in the industry, 5 portrait mode, capacitive touch screen, gives room to all possible applications. Dual screen: For demanding users, a second vertical 5 or 2 landscape screen can be connected. For educational purposes, schools, universities, a full HD projector (beamer) can be connected to the HDMI supported outlet. With this many options in Hardware and Software configuration, yearly updates and on demand upgrades, IMPRESSIONS is truly the leading software in the industry. FEATURED Y IMPRESSIONS v2 ADVANCED SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS - 8 9

6 VIDEO OVERLAY GRAPHIC PATTERN EDITOR Easy to operate, time reducing solutions... The IMPRESSIONS pattern editor allows the user to create any number of test patterns with a large number of variable settings. Create test patterns with great precision and freedom. Verify the settings in the preview mode. Drag & drop patterns from one test sample to another sample. Live vision technique over zoom overview camera, no image stitching required. Combine different patterns and even different test forces in one program, and run them fully automatically. All test points can be identified individually or to customer specifications. The label is shown in the test result list and in the test results overview and print out. An important function for later sample analyses. HARDNESS OF SCREW THREAD DECARONIZED ZONE (ISO-898-) A specialized software tool of IMPRESSIONS allows you to set up and conduct fully automatic testing as per ISO 898- for screw thread measurement of (de)-carbonized part. 2 CHD, SHD, NHD 5 AUTOMATIC EDGE DETECTION For the performance of test series for CHD/ SHD/NHD data of specimens according to standard. The test can be started directly from the surface view or from the overview. Additional core points of hardness can be defined separately for NHD measurements. The distances of test points are automatically set to a minimum distance, following the standard, to assure correct testing is conducted. Time saving test mode complete all indentations then evaluate and auto-stop to complete test series as soon as the lower hardness limit has been reached. Technology that automatically or at a mouse click recognizes the edge of your sample. This helps to determine and fix the desired starting position for CHD or other pattern testing jobs AUTOMATIC CONTOUR SCANNING WELD INSPECTION (ISO 905) This especially developed tool enables you to conduct hardness testing on welded parts or segments according to ISO standard. Setting up the pattern according to the requirements becomes easy-to-do, due to pre-set test points in the different zones of the weld and automatic correlation between test points. The system will run a fully automatic test procedure and displays and records the results accordingly. This application scans the entire outline (or partial) area of a sample. The function can be used with an objective or, ultra fast, by using the overview zoom camera. The system scans the entire outline defined and stores all relevant data in the test program. Subsequently, a chosen number of test points can be programmed into the particular program, or be conducted at selected distances, relative to the edge. This advanced feature enables the hardness testing procedure to be performed completely automatic. An excellent feature to combine with 2D or D hardness mapping, also known as plane hardness chart. 0

7 Yes, we can... The IMPRESSIONS pattern editor allows the user to create any number of test patterns with a large number of variable settings. Create test patterns with 7 great KIc precision CRACK MEASUREMENT and freedom. Verify the settings in the preview mode. Drag & drop patterns from one test sample to the other test sample. Live vision For those requiring more in depth knowledge on materials behavior, and wish to study on fracture and fatigue, crack growth can be predicted (and measured) by using the KIc test t results overview and print out. An important function application. for later The sample software analyses. supports KIc crack detection under load. At choice, one of both methods, Palmqvist or Median / Radial fracture toughness can be selected. 0 SNAPSHOT FUNCTION This handy function in Impressions allows you to make screen captures of the viewing area. It gives the opportunity to store such images with comments or to paste them into the report generator for further processing. 8 2D HARDNESS CHART The optional application Plane hardness chart, also referred to as Color Mapping, is the perfect tool for securing the detail of the hardness distribution over the total cross section, especially of heat treated samples. An important feature in material exploration, weld testing or in damage analysis. USER DEFINED PROGRAMS For repeating jobs, IMPRESSIONS utilizes the option of setting up and storing custom test programs. For each task, a job can be created. All application specific parameters, like hardness scale, force, dwell-time, pattern, conversion and the report template are stored in the same program. 9 D HARDNESS CHART 2 REPORT GENERATOR esides the option to display a 2D graphic diagram, the software can generate a D visual. 2D and D hardness chart are one application. The report generator offers to design customized testing reports, including your company s details and logo and include testing results, graphics and pictures of indentations in an easy to edit environment. The file can be printed straight to a connected laser printer for further distribution. Alternatively the file can be exported as a CSV file, to be used in MS Office applications or rd party quality assurance software. 2

8 AUTOMATIC IMAGE EVALUATION AUTO FOCUS Fast & precise, observe how IMPRESSIONS finds focus from a large distance, as far as the travel of the Z-axis allows. Algorithms used for close distance autofocusing set new standards in AF speed. ILLUMINATION SETTINGS IMPRESSIONS software automatic illumination system adapts to the correct illumination regardless of the sample surface quality, wherever on the sample, independent from material (steel, carbide, coated or ceramic). Contrast, rightness and Program, can be set automatically for each measurement or controlled manually. Sharpness can be stored with the pre-determined test 2 AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT 2 Manual positioning of filar lines is no longer required. IMPRESSIONS refined measurement algorithms detect indents even on very poor or scratched surfaces and measure the relevant indent dimensions according to standards. Stay in control by switching to manual measure mode and have the option of adjusting measurements by touching the screen or using the mouse. Filar lines can be colored to give the best contrast against the specimen s surface. To assure that measurements meet relevant standards on symmetry, enable the automatic indent check. All hardness values can be converted to other scales according to ISO 825, ISO 5050, ASTM E0. Too bright OK Too dark Evaluate whatever you want, -- because what gets measured, gets produced... Irregular surface Regular surface Poor surface REFINED IMAGE DETECTION Complex, refined algorithms ensure reproducible measurements on different materials and even on scratched and damaged surfaces 5

9 AMMUNITION TESTING PATTERN CONFIGURATOR & REPORTING This application is developed in close cooperation with special manufacturers of ammunition shells and casings. It allows single and multiple shell/casing testing according to the requirements in the industry. The fully automatic test procedure generates a detailed report, providing single readings and statistics with Go/No indication. This further includes sophisticated settings for remeasurement. For particular details please contact our sales department. POSSIILITIES The FALCON 00 is designed in such a way that for the large selection of fixtures and specimen holders can be used on the CNC X-Y stage. The frame size allows a large workspace accomodation. Regardless of the shape of a particular workpiece, the accessories list and corresponding software applications enable to test almost any component and part. 7

10 SUPPORT YOUR EST TESTING RESULTS ACCESSORIES FALCON 00 Schematic overview of the configuration options, standard and optional accessories With our rigid designed ench stands Objectives 2 Indenters Stages A A Rock solid bench stands 00% retractable drawer, bearing guidance, max 00kg load. Rubber anti slip bottom Lockable cabinet, 00mm high Adjustable feet, (+/- 50mm height adjustable to reach ergonomic working position) Made of corrosion resistant zinc plated steel with RAL powder coating Carrying capacity of 00kg Top surface made of 50mm Plywood with.5mm chemical resistant plastic plating, edges made of shock resistant mm AS side liner Industrial quality, for workshop or laboratory Designed for hardness testing instruments, painted in INNOVATEST RAL colors matching our testers. 5 x 2.5 x 5 x 0 x 20 x 50 x 00 Fixtures & vices A C D E F C Additional screen Anvils Embedded sample holders Fixtures & vices A 2 Keyboard & mouse C 25 mm D 0 mm ench stand(s) UN-STAND/90 7 x 75 x 80 cm 0 mm 7 Universal sample holder 8 Vibration isolation stage 9 Projector 0 Printer UN-STAND/95 50 x 75 x 80 cm Not all accessories are displayed on this page. Full details can be found on the Order details page. 8 9

11 ORDER DETAILS FALCON 00 FALCON 0 Mircro hardness tester, 0gf - 0kgf FALCON 0 Polished precision vice lock down system ; jaw 75 mm, depth 00 mm UN-VICE/20 FALCON 08 Mircro hardness tester, gf -.25kgf FALCON 08 F Wire testing fixture UN-WIRE/05 FALCON Mircro hardness tester, gf - 2.5kgf FALCON Force extension 0.gf gf, for models 08/ F00/FE0 Embedded sample holders A Sample holder for sample, 50mm/2'' Sample holder for samples, 50mm/2'' UN-ESH UN-ESH ACCESSORIES Objectives 2.5 x Objective FOV 2000 µm ASSUN-OJ2.5X 5 x Objective FOV 000 µm M x Objective FOV 500 µm M x Objective FOV 250 µm M x Objective FOV 25 µm M x Objective FOV 75 µm M Stage overview camera, high resolution, HD, full color Second indenter position. Factory installed UN-OVCAM2C FALCON/IP Sample holder for samples, 50mm/2'' Insert 25mm, for sample holders Insert 0mm, for sample holders Insert 0mm, for sample holders UN-ESH UN-ESHI25 UN-ESHI0 UN-ESHI0 Sample holder Universal clamp and levelling device UN-CLAMP/05 Vibration isolation stage C D Passive vibration isolation stage, clamping of of vibration for low force testing. UN-AVS-50 Projector On request, any brand of your choice UN-PROJECTOR Printer Laser printer UN-PRINT LCD screen Portrait mode 5 capactive touch screen UN-SCREEN 2 Indenters A Vickers Indenter ISO/ASTM certified IN-805 LCD screen Additional portrait mode 5 capactive touch screen UN-SCREEN Stages C A Knoop Indenter ISO/ASTM certified rinell Indenter mm, includes carbide ball, ISO/ASTM certified rinell Indenter 2.5 mm, includes carbide ball, ISO/ASTM certified rinell Indenter 5 mm, includes carbide ball, ISO/ASTM certified Motorized CNC X-Y stage, 250x205mm Displacement: 20x00mm, Motorized CNC X-Y stage, 00x225mm, Displacement: 70x20mm, Motorized CNC X-Y stage, 50x225mm, Displacement: 220x20mm. Repeatibility +/-0.00mm; requires: cable set, CE , no extra fixture required IN-8205 IN-700 IN-700 IN-70 UN-XY5720 UN-XY5772 UN-XY Keyboard and mouse Logitech keyboard and mouse UN-SKSET Joystick axis joystick with fine adjustment for X-Y-Z operation UN-JSTICK ench stands Cabinet test table with drawer 7x75x80cm UN-STAND/90 Cabinet test table with drawer 50x75x80cm Pre installation, calibration, handling and standard packing (for sea and airworthy transportation) UN-STAND/95 SEAPACK/02 Cable connecting to CNC stage to embedded driver (X-Y set) CE Manual X-Y stage with analogue metric micrometers, 00x00mm, Displacement: 25x25mm, scale 0.0mm, max load 00kg, Requires: AS500XL Mounting plate UN-XYSTAGE/20 Digital micrometer head, Displacement: 25mm, res. 0.00mm IMP-DIGMIC Anvils Small V-anvil -20 mm, requires base plate UN-ANVILSV/05 Large V-anvil mm, requires base plate UN-ANVILLV/0 ase plate for V-anvils UN-ANVILLV-05/0 UN-VANVILASEPL 5 Fixtures and vices A V Groove clamp for small round parts dia mm UN-VGROOVECLAMP Axle chuck UN-AXLECHUCK/05 C Small parts vice jaw; width 55mm; open 50 mm; self-centering UN-VICE/5 D Thin metal clamp UN-CLAMP/5 E Polished precision vice lock down system ; jaw 25 mm, depth 20 mm UN-VICE/20 Polished precision vice lock down system ; jaw mm, depth 2 mm UN-VICE/25 Polished precision vice lock down system ; jaw 8 mm, depth 75 mm UN-VICE/

12 ACCESSORIES ORDER DETAILS OJECTIVES SOFTWARE 2.5x Long Working Distance objectvive 0x Long Working Distance objectvive 50x Long Working Distance objectvive Manual on-screen measurement UN-MANM 5x Long Working Distance objectvive 20x Long Working Distance objectvive 00x Long Working Distance objectvive Automatic measurement Automatic focussing UN-AUTOM UN-AUTOFOC Report configurator UN-REPORTA INDENTERS User level management Overview / Full view zoom camera + software functionality, field of view 5x50mm up to 200x80mm UN-LEVMAN UN-OVCAM2C Vickers indenter ISO-ASTM certified rinell indenter mm ISO/ASTM certified rinell indenter 5mm ISO/ASTM certified CHD, SHD, NHD configurator & graphic interface. Requires: indent pattern configurator (TESTPAT0) UN-PATCHD Knoop indenter ISO-ASTM certified rinell indenter 2,5mm ISO/ASTM certified rinell indenter 0mm ISO/ASTM certified Video overlay graphic pattern editor Weld inspection (ISO 905) UN- TESTPAT0 UN-WELDPAT Ammunition testing pattern configurator & reporting UN-SHELLCONF STAGES CLAMP VIRATION ISOLATION STAGE Hardness of screw thread decarbonized zone ISO 898- Automatic edge detection UN-ISO898/ UN-EDGEDTC Automatic contour scanning UN-CSCAN Drawing & measuring application UN-DRMEAS Snapshot function UN-SNAPSH Full stage view scanning UN-STAGESC KiC crack measurement under load. Palmqvist & Median / Radial fracture toughness UN-CRKPAR 2D / D hardness chart (scanning/mapping, includes automatic contour scanning) UN-CSCAN2DD FIXTURES & VICES DualView Technology, 2 viewing screens software ; screen, cables, European and US power cables included* UN-DVTECHSET Virtual joystick, on-screen Advanced -axis communication protocol for robotic systems UN-REMC Q-DAS Certified connectivity protocol UN-QDAS *Does not include the screen SAMPLE HOLDERS V-ANVILS 22 2

13 SPECIFICATIONS HARDNESS SCALES SYSTEM VICKERS ISO 507 ASTM E8, E92 JIS 7725 *Extended range KIc Fracture toughness HV0.00, HV0.002, HV0.00, HV0.00, HV0.005, HV0.00, HV0.007, HV0.008, HV0.009, HV0.00, HV0.05, HV0.020, HV0.025, HV0.050, HV0., HV0.2, HV0., HV0.5, HV, HV2, HV2.5, HV, HV, HV5, HV0, HV20, HV25, HV0, HV0, HV50 *(HV HV increases with steps of HV ) All Vickers forces & scales Electronic system CNC support Screen(s) Display resolution Statistics High performance embedded controller, i7, mssd 20 G, MS Windows 0 operated 5 Axis CNC controller (for motorized stages) or stage accessories 5 portrait mode capacitive touch screen, second screen option 0. HV, HK, 0.5 H Total test, max, min, average, range, standard deviation, All in real time after each test Hardness conversion Rockwell, Rockwell Superficial, Vickers, rinell, Knoop, Leeb & Tensile KNOOP ISO 55 ASTM E92 JIS Z 225 HK0.00, HK0.00, HK0.005 HK0.05, HK0.0, HK0.02, HK0.025, HK0.05, HK0., HK0.2, HK0., HK0.5, HK, HK2, HK5 Software Data storage capacity Data output Connectivity IMPRESSIONS V2, work flow system & tester control Internal and external mssd, SSD or HDD XML, CSV, Certified for Q-DAS (optional) 5 US ports, RJ5 Ethernet LAN, W-LAN, RS-22, lue Tooth, 5 Axis CNC & motorized X-Y stage connector, Dual HDMI screen connectors RINELL ISO 50, ASTM E0 JIS Z 22 H/kgf, H/.25kgf, H/2.5kgf, H/5kgf, H/0kgf, H/0kgf; H2.5/.25kgf, H2.5/7.825kgf, H2.5/5.25kgf, H2.5/.25kgf, H2.5/2.5kgf, H5/25kgf, H5/2.5kgf Printer GENERAL A, A full color laser printer (optional) CONVERSIONS Conversion to other hardness scales according to ASTM E0, ISO 825, G/T 72 TEST FORCE Force application Multi-load cell, closed loop, force feedback system Test forces 0.000kgf 2.5 kgf Force range per model FALCON kgf 0kgf FALCON kgf.25kgf FALCON 0.00kgf 2.5kgf Test force tolerance < 0.25% for test force 00 gr to 2.5 kgf < 0.5% for test force below 00 gr Dwell time settings Default 0 seconds, user defined. Up to 999 seconds Machine dimension Machine weight Power supply Operating temperature Power consumption Humidity 777 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm 80 kg 00VAC to 20VAC, 50/0Hz, single phase 0 C to 5 C, non-condensing 00W 0% to 90%, non-condensing TURRET Motorized turret Objectives Indenters Camera (objective) Camera 2 (overview) Ultra-fast, position turret, 2 indenter positions, objective positions Long working distance 2.5x, 5x, 0x, 20x, 50x, 00x Certified indenters (ISO/ASTM) available at choice 8 Mpx, HD, K+, Machine vision system Full HD, Optical zoom system, variable FOV 50 x 5mm x 80mm 2 25

14 TECHNICAL DRAWINGS OTHER MODELS IN THE FALCON RANGE All dimensions in these drawings are in mm, approximate. Working heights and or workpiece accommodation varies depending on the stages and stage accessories used. Please contact our sales department for more details. FALCON 00 FALCON 50 FALCON 500 Load Cell, closed loop Micro/Macro Vickers, Knoop & rinell Hardness testers With fine adjustable Z-axis side handwheel See brochure 8F00/0 Load Cell, closed loop Macro/Micro Vickers, Knoop & rinell Hardness tester With Z-axis handwheel See brochure 8F50/0 Multi Load Cell, Closed loop Fully automatic, free to configure Micro/Macro Vickers, Knoop & rinell Hardness testers. With ball bearing motorized Z-axis See brochure 8F500/0 FALCON 5000 Multi Load Cell, Closed loop Fully automatic, 8 position turret, laser postioning. Micro/Macro Vickers, Knoop & rinell Hardness testers. Descending test head, fixed work piece position See brochure 8F5000/0 FALCON 5000XL Multi Load Cell, Closed loop Fully automatic, 8 position turret, laser postioning. Micro/Macro Vickers, Knoop & rinell Hardness testers Descending test head, fixed work piece position See brochure 8F5000XL/0 Changes in products and/ or product specifica tions can emerge due to new technologies and continuous development. We reserve the right to change or modify specifi ca tions of the products without prior notice. We recommend you to contact our sales offi ce for up-to-date information. rochure 8F00/0 All rights reserved, 208, 2 27

15 Distributor : CORPORATE HEAD OFFICE INNOVATEST Europe V Manufacturing, Distribution & Service orgharenweg AA MAASTRICHT The Netherlands Phone: Fax: + 8 info@innovatest-europe.com INNOVATEST Shanghai Co,. Ltd. Sales & Service uilding 2, No.2, 5 Nong Jindu Road South Metropolis Industrial Park Minghang District, Shanghai, P.R. CHINA Zip code 2008 Phone: Fax: info@innovatest-shanghai.com INNOVATEST Japan Co., Ltd. Sales & Service --, Horinouchi, Suginami-ku, Tokyo, JAPAN -00 Phone: Fax: info@innovatest-japan.com INNOVATEST South East Asia Sales & Service 20 Sin Ming Lane #05-58 Midview City SINGAPORE Phone: Fax: info@innovatest-singapore.com INNOVATEST Polska sp. z.o.o Sales & Service Ul. Komornicka Wiry POLAND Phone: info@innovatest-polska.pl 28