Chirag Kanthed 1, Yagyapal Yadav 2 ABSTRACT I. INTRODUCTION

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1 Intnational Jounal of Scientific Reseach in Comput Science, Engineing and Infomation Technology 2017 IJSRCSEIT Volume 2 Issue 5 ISSN : Building Custom ROM using AOSP and Impoving RAM usage in it Chiag Kanthed 1, Yagyapal Yadav 2 ABSTRACT Student Depatment of Comput Science and Engineing 1 Asst. Pof. Depatment of Comput Science And Engineing 2 IES IPS Academy Indoe, Madhya Padesh, India Andoid which is used most widely all ov the wold as an opating system aft it not just povide an opating system fo mobile devices but it also povides a full softwae platfom and that also includes famewok and now it also ceates possibilities to use it on much waste ange oth than the mobile devices. Its fist stated with Andoid Alpha vsion and now the latest is Andoid Oeo vsion Andoid platfom also allows us to edit its actual souce code and make changes in it as p the need which can eith impove the pfomance o it can even decease it. The main intent of this eseach is to utilize the ovall am usage and to decease the memoy usage by the opating system. Keywods : Accessing Root, Custom Build ROM, Root, Building ROM, AOSP(Andoid open souce poject), TWRP, Recovy. I. INTRODUCTION Andoid is the lagest ev installed base of mobile platfom which pows 86.1% mobile phones of entie wold and it's based on Linux Knel. Billions of wold devices (appox 2 billion devices) is based on Andoid. Andoid is flexible and open to un on diffent mobile devices with diffent hadwae configuation which inceases its populaity among the uss. Its open natue povides feedom to develops to develop applications to fulfill the needs of its apid inceasing us base. Its platfom also includes applications, GUI, Middlewae and the full opating system. AndoidSDK is a tool which is povided by Google which is used to develop applications. Its openness povides a favoable mindset fo uss and develops. Vaious collected data shows Andoid covs moe than 81% aound 2 billion mobile devices and fo uss Andoid have thei own maket called play stoe which contains aound 3.2 million applications fo uss some of them ae fee to use and some of them ae paid. Total 99.8% of total mobile devices is powed by IOS and Andoid. Andoid Knel which pocess evything is based on Linux. Andoid povide a powful famewok fo development it povide you single model fo application which lets you deploy apps to billions of uss. It uses diffent methods than oth opating system to handle pocesses. Andoid does not shut down evy pocess aft its activity ended, it keeps some of its pocesses alive until moe memoy is equied. Andoid categoies apps into diffent ways Visible, Content povided, Empty, Foegound, Hidden, Seconday sv and its all managed by LMK (Low Memoy Kill). It also assign oom_adj value to the pocesses fom ange -17 to +15 and kill pocesses on the basis of oom_adj value of that paticula pocess. Daily appox 1.24 million new devices got activated woldwide in Andoid platfom. Souce code of Andoid is been eleased by Google. Andoid devices have extensive vaiant hadwae causes delays in upgades elated to secuity o new vsion All Apps Regula Apps Figue 1. Numb of available applications in andoid maket (Millions) CSEIT Received : 08 Sep 2017 Accepted : 13 Sep 2017 Septemb-Octob-2017 [(2)4: ] 145

2 Figue 3. Numbs of Mobile OS Uss Apil 2017 (Millions) A. Andoid Availability Fo development pupose full souce code of aound 70gb is feely available to evyone. It simply means you can make you changes in opating system and can use it but it may bick you device but only you ae accountable fo that. So many uss make thei changes in the opating system bing new featues that may not be available in Andoid aleady and Andoid also apply those featues to the official elease o in upgade if that featue is necessay. B. Andoid Releases Fo each Andoid vsion it also has diffent knel vsion and API level. It is an numic value which uniquely detects the API famewok evision which is offed by that paticula Andoid vsion is known as API level. Coded names of Andoid Fom A to O, diffent knel vsion and thei diffent API level given below. Andoi d Vsion Table 1. Yea Wise Andoid Destibution Code Name No code name No code name 1.5 Cupcake 1.6 Donut Release date 2008 Septemb Febuay Apil Septemb API level Andoid IOS Windows Oths Knel Vsion x 2.2.x Eclai Foyo Octob Januay May Gingbe Novemb ad Febuay x 4.1.x 4.2.x x Honeyco mb Ice Ceam Sandwich Jelly Bean Kitkat Lolipop Mashmal low Naught 8.0 Oeo C. Andoid Achitectue: Febuay June Octob 2012 June July Octob 2014 Novemb 2015 Mach 2015 Octob 2016 August August , x Its achitectue consist of six subdivision: 1. Stoke Applications - Andoid comes with basic applications so that develops can diectly just use that functionality instead of ceating such functionality. Such application ae Phone, SMS messaging, , Calenda, Contacts, Bows etc. Volume 2 Issue 5 Septemb-Octob UGC Appoved Jounal [ Jounal No : ] 146

2. API Famewok - It's the entie featue-set of Andoid and it is witten JAVA. These API called the coe API that will be e used at the time of ceation of the application.

3 2. API Famewok - It's the entie featue-set of Andoid and it is witten JAVA. These API called the coe API that will be e used at the time of ceation of the application. Each develop have access to those API which is being used in stoke applications. These coe API includes 1. View System 2. Activity Manag 3. Notification Manag 4. Resouce Manag 5. Content Povid 3. C/C++ Libaies - Andoid coe components like HAL and ART ae made fom code which equies libaies which witten in C/C++. By using API famewok you can actually use limited functionality of this libaies. To access native libaies Google povided NDK which stands fo native development kit. Some C/C++ Libaies ae OpenGL Es, SSL, SQlite etc. 4. Andoid Runtime - It contains an impotant component which is called DVM (Dalvik Vitual Machine) designed especially fo Andoid. Dalvik VM allows evy application in the system to un thei individual pocess. As in java code compiles to.class o you can say Javabytecode same in Andoid application ceate a.dex file which is called Dalvik Executable so that evy time application needs to be stated it does not need to be compiled again. 5. Hadwae Abstaction Lay - The HAL maintains an basic intface which allows API to use the hadwae capabilities of device. Whenev an famewok API make call to access hadwae of the device then the Andoid systems loads HAL. 6. Linux Knel - Andoid platfom infastuctue is the Knel based on Linux. Knel which actually based on Linux allows Andoid to gain its main secuity featues and also allows the manufactus of devices to develop divs fo well known knel. Figue 3. Andoid Achitectue II. RELEVANT WORK 1. Kuma Vimal & Aditya Tevedi [1] both tied to incease the esponse time of application. With pop device setting helps in binging down the esponse time of the applications and that is beneficial specially fo pattns which do not change fast. 2. Deepali Kayande and Umila Shawanka [2] used SMSLingo as the SMS application by changing the default Andoid SMS application which uses UTF - 8 encoding which consumes double memoy as compaed to the egula nomal text. Thei expiment esults have shown that the avage consumption of RAM is least as compaed to the Andoid default. Thei expiment can be extended to lages text messages fo bett and fast esult as compaed to the Andoid default one. 3. Abe Aljaah and Mohamed Shehab [3] poposed two diffent appoaches one foe system level and oth fo application level to to enable secue apps fo possible floating malicious windows. Application level used to detect the floating window and system level not only detects that malicious floating window but also include an event handl. 4. Sauabh Manjeka and Ramesh Bhati [4] ties to look into the view behind the Andoid wheels and keeping spotlight only on custom ROM. We can gain full contol ov the Andoid system by ooting it. Rooting is an easy pocess which gives us the access to so called oot. Making changed to Volume 2 Issue 5 Septemb-Octob UGC Appoved Jounal [ Jounal No : ] 147

4 the official ROM esult in a custom modified ROM. 5. Jai Kellokoski et al., [5] poposed an pow consumption analysis of the best us equipment. Thei pap dealt with the analysis of efficient communication in IP data ov hetogeneous netwok. Engy consumption is impotant because all mobiles devices chaged egulaly. 6. Tao Ding and Zhenhui Yuan [6] poposed a engy consumption model considing fou multimedia based svices : voice ov IP, file download, web-bowsing, video steaming. They studied engy consumption fo both TCP and MPTCP and found esult that devices using MPTCP consumes moe engy as compaed to TCP. 7. Ankita Khandelwal & A K Mopataa [7] pesented assessment of secuity fo Andoid with an secuity achitectue ovview. They also list vaious diffent theats to Andoid & the countmeasues. 8. Hossain Shahia et al., [8] pfomed testing of memoy leak of Andoid applications. Fist of all they genated some nomal memoy leak pattns then they genated test cases to find memoy leak. Thei esult shows that thei testing appoach can find memoy leak. 9. Chaan K.V et al., [9] takes a look at the vaious challenges in migation of Andoid to diffent embedded devices oth then mobile devices. They pesented the ways to pepaing and building custom ROM in local envionment and also pepaing Linux-knel fo diffent platfom. They explained how to build own custom ROM fom Andoid souce which is open fo evyone and then how to tanspot it to diffent devices like entpise desktop, camas etc. Thei success was only possible due to the easy potability of Linuxknel. III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY AND DISCUSSION Andoid which is widely used aft its been acquied by Google is speading like a vius it is widely used in mobile devices such as smat phones, tablets, smat watches etc. Aft its been eleased it always came up with new featues, moe stoage, moe RAM etc. but along with the new functionality the numb of poblems also inceasing one today then two by tomoow and some of its main poblems ae A. RAM To avoid the exta use of RAM in low memoy devices is always equied. As p us need us install so many diffent applications in the system but due to limited RAM some poblems may occu, system will pfom laggy fo that RAM usage must be optimized and that's what we actually did we modified Low Memoy Kill Algoithm so that invisible application must be killed so that availability of RAM will incease. B. Memoy Most of the Andoid devices comes with limited memoy in the system and some of the memoy is been used by the opating system as we ae building custom ROM the memoy equiement fo that custom ROM is almost less than half then that of the stoke ROM and est of memoy will not be used so we poposed a memoy scheme so that about 1GB memoy will be utilized to be used as p us demand. C. Batty Dain In Stoke ROM the ae lots of API and diffent application which ae not usually equied by the us but it is the in the system and that causes batty dain in building custom ROM we will not add those apps which is not equied because as we will equie those apps we can install it fom the Andoid Maket whe Thousands of applications ae available. D. Intface In stoke OS the us intface is quite laggy but in custom ROM we will povide a lag fee intface. IV. CONCLUSION Building an opating system by Andoid souce is quite challenging and it is eally complex. This eseach detmine that all the pocess we implement to build and customize the ROM will esult in optimized RAM and also will esult in low memoy usage fo opating system. Impoved RAM usage will esult in bett application esponse and good opating system esponse and moe memoy will give access to stoe moe whe nomally will not be able to stoe any file. We also suggest to uss does not make any changes to the opating system if you don't know what its effect going to be. Methods we used will not cause any failue but may have some effect on us expience. So that in ou futue wok we ae going to focus on stability of that custom ROM. Volume 2 Issue 5 Septemb-Octob UGC Appoved Jounal [ Jounal No : ] 148

5 V. REFERENCES [1] K.Vimal & A. Tivedi. "A Memoy Management Scheme fo Enhancing Pfomance of Applications on Andoid " 2015 IEEE Recent Advances in Intelligent Computational Systems (RAICS), pp , [2] D. Kayande & U. Shawanka. "Pfomance Analysis fo Impoved RAM Utilization fo Andoid Applications" 2015 IEEE Recent Advances in Intelligent Computational Systems (RAICS), pp , [3] A. Aljaah & M. Shehab "Maintaining Us Intface Integity on Andoid" 2016 IEEE 40th Annual Comput Softwae and Applications Confence, pp , [4] S. Manjeka & R. Bhati "CUSTOM ROM A PROMINENT ASPECTS Of ANDROID" Intnational Jounal of Advanced Reseach in Comput Engineing & Technology (IJARCET), pp , [5] J. Kellokoski et al., "Pow Consumption Analysis of the Always-Best-Connected Us Equipment" Intnational Reseach Jounal of Engineing and Technology, 2012 [6] T. Ding & Z. Yuan "Smatphone Engy Consumption Models fo Multimedia Svices using Multipath TCP" The 11th Annual IEEE CCNC - Multimedia Netwoking, Svices and Applications, pp ,2014. [7] A. Khandelwal & A. K. Mopataa "An Insight into the Secuity Issues and Thei Solutions fo Andoid Phones" nd Intnational Confence on Computing fo Sustainable Global Development, pp ,2015. [8] H. Shahia et al., "Testing of Memoy Leak in Andoid Applications" 2014 IEEE 15th Intnational Symposium on High-Assuance Systems Engineing, pp ,2014. [9] Chaan K.V et al., "Customizing AOSP fo Diffent Embedded Devices" 2014 Intnational Confence on Computing fo Sustainable Global Development, pp ,2014. [10] Andoid develop.andoid.com /index.html [11] Andoid Souce andoid. googlesouce. com Volume 2 Issue 5 Septemb-Octob UGC Appoved Jounal [ Jounal No : ] 149

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