Employment and Racial Disparities in Maryland s Workforce Pipeline

Transcription

1 Employment and Racial Disparities in Maryland s Workforce Pipeline Michael Siers Senior Research Manager Towson University s Regional Economic Studies Institute May 16, 2018

2 Poverty is More Prevalent Among African American than White Marylanders 30% Poverty Rates by Race, % 27% 20% 15% 10% 12% 10% 14% 5% 8% 7% 0% Baltimore City Baltimore County Maryland African American or Black White Non-Hispanic Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Source: U.S. Census Bureau

3 African Americans Tend to Earn Less Than White Maryland Residents $100,000 Median Household Income by Race, 2016 $90,000 $80,000 $88,633 $70,000 $60,000 $72,540 $71,575 $74,757 $62,919 $50,000 $40,000 $30,000 $37,225 $20,000 $10,000 $0 Baltimore City Baltimore County Maryland African American or Black White Non-Hispanic Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Source: U.S. Census Bureau

4 1/3 of Baltimore City Households of Color Have Zero Net Worth Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Source: Prosperity Now, David Schalliol

5 Red-Lining vs Persistent Segregation Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: University of Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University

6 How We Measure Segregation Matters: What Baseline Do We Use? ECONOMISTS: 70% Male Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research

7 How We Measure Segregation Matters: What Baseline Do We Use? ECONOMISTS: 70% Male 50% Male - 50/50 Split? Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research

8 How We Measure Segregation Matters: What Baseline Do We Use? ECONOMISTS: 70% Male 50% Male - 50/50 Split? 70% Male - Gender Split in Region? Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research

9 How We Measure Segregation Matters: What Baseline Do We Use? ECONOMISTS: 70% Male 50% Male - 50/50 Split? 70% Male - Gender Split in Region? 60% Male - Gender Split with Needed Education? Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research

10 When Measuring Segregation, We Need to Control for Education Education may vary between groups for a variety of reasons: Self selection Cultural norms Implicit bias Poverty Need to separate how much of an occupation s segregation is due to education or other biases Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research

11 Occupational Crowding PPPPPPPPPPPPPP oooo gggggggggg iiii oooooooooooooooooooo PPPPPPPPPPPPPP oooo gggggggggg wwwwwww nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee The resulting ratio tells you if a group is over- or under-represented in a given occupation 1 indicates no crowding (proportional representation) Scores above 1 indicate group members are being crowded by society into those occupations Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research

12 How We Measure Segregation Matters: Aggregating Across an Economy ECONOMISTS: DOCTORS: 60% Male 25% Male Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research

13 How to Measure Segregation Across an Area: The Duncan Index of Dissimilarity 1 2 MMMMMM ii MMMMMM WWWWWWWWWW ii WWWWWWWWWW Tells us the percentage of workers in a group that would have to switch jobs to balance the economy Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research

14 The Duncan Index in Practice ECONOMISTS: 60% Male DOCTORS: 25% Male = 25% Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research

15 The Duncan Index in Practice ECONOMISTS: 50% Male DOCTORS: 50% Male Moving 2 of the 8 men (25%) balanced out this economy Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research

16 RESI s Analysis of Segregation in Maryland Built on work by: Michelle Holder (2015) Hamilton, Austin, Darity (2011) Gibson, Darity, Myers (1998) Bergmann (1978) Used 5-year ACS data from IPUMS million observations Computed Occupational Crowding statistics and Duncan Indices Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research

17 Of 22 Major Occupation Categories, African Americans in Baltimore are Crowded Into 8 Community and Social Service Legal Protective Service Healthcare Support Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Office and Administrative Support Transportation and Material Moving Personal Care and Service Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: US Census ACS Data, RESI

18 African-American Workers in Baltimore are More Likely to Work in Healthcare Community and Social Service Legal Protective Service Healthcare Support Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Office and Administrative Support Transportation and Material Moving Personal Care and Service Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: US Census ACS Data, RESI

19 African-American Workers in Baltimore are More Likely to be in Low-Paying Jobs Community and Social Service Legal Protective Service Healthcare Support Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Office and Administrative Support Transportation and Material Moving Personal Care and Service Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: US Census ACS Data, RESI

20 Post-Recession, African Americans in Baltimore Diversified Legal Occupations Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: US Census ACS Data, RESI

21 However Similar Diversification Statewide did not Materialize Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: US Census ACS Data, RESI

22 Of 22 Major Occupation Categories, African Americans in Baltimore are Crowded Out of 7 Life, Physical, and Social Science Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Construction and Extraction Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Architecture and Engineering Management Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: US Census ACS Data, RESI

23 These Include 3 of the 5 Occupations with the Highest Wages Life, Physical, and Social Science Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Construction and Extraction Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Architecture and Engineering Management Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: US Census ACS Data, RESI

24 Post-Recession, African Americans in Baltimore Increased Employment in Architecture and Engineering Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: US Census ACS Data, RESI

25 However Similar Diversification Statewide did not Materialize Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: US Census ACS Data, RESI

26 Across all Occupations Statewide, African Americans are Crowded into Low Wage Jobs Low Wage Medium Wage High Wage Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: US Census ACS Data, Bureau of Labor Statistics, RESI

27 And Statewide, African Americans are Crowded Out of Jobs Resistant to Automation White African American Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: US Census ACS Data, O*NET, RESI

28 Generally, Segregation Has Increased in Baltimore City Post-Recession 50% 40% Duncan Index 30% 20% 10% 0% Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: US Census ACS Data, RESI

29 However, Regional Segregation has Remained Relatively Constant or Declined 50% 40% Duncan Index 30% 20% 10% 0% Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: US Census ACS Data, RESI

30 ..Similarly, Segregation Statewide Remained Constant Post-Recession 50% 40% Duncan Index 30% 20% 10% 0% Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: US Census ACS Data, RESI

31 More African Americans are Graduating From Maryland Colleges and Universities 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: National Center for Education Statistics, RESI

32 Though Segregation in College Majors Has Remained Relatively Constant Over Time 25% 20% Duncan Index 15% 10% 5% 0% Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: National Center for Education Statistics, RESI

33 Top Eight Differences In Majors between African American and White Graduates 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% Business Criminal Justice Engineering Health Education Visual and Performing Arts Public Administration Human Sciences Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: National Center for Education Statistics, RESI

34 Of These 5 Have Larger Shares of African Americans 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% Business Criminal Justice Engineering Health Education Visual and Performing Arts Public Administration Human Sciences Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: National Center for Education Statistics, RESI

35 Within Business Majors, African Americans Graduate With Less Specialized and More General Degrees Finance 13% Marketing Accounting 17% 18% Business Administration 25% General Human Resources 36% 35% Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: National Center for Education Statistics, RESI

36 Within All Computer-Related Majors, African Americans are Under-Represented in Computer Science Majors Computer Science 8% General 15% IT Administration 23% Information Science 24% Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: National Center for Education Statistics, RESI

37 20% African Americans Constitute a Shrinking Proportion of Engineering Graduates Statewide 15% 10% 5% 0% Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: National Center for Education Statistics, RESI

38 Correcting Segregation: Transportation Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Sources: Envision Baltimore

39 Correcting Segregation: Public Schools Towson University, Division of Innovation and Applied Research Source: Danni Williams, Facebook

40 QUESTIONS?