SpectrumConsult 30 where next

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1 30 where next Jan Kruys October 2018

2 Introduction I have been involved with the development of Wi-Fi since the early 90 s (NCR, AT&T, Lucent Technologies, Cisco) At that time Huawei began making its first networking hardware Wi-Fi evolved from its 1 Mb/s first version to the 6,3 Gb/s ax version Wi-Fi evolved into a mature networking technology supported by all major suppliers, including Huawei These slides summarize the development of Wi-Fi and its adoption as a key technology for the connected home and enterprise. October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

Huawei intro (2) Huawei is a leading supplier of Enterprise Networking including wireless 1 st

NE40/NE80 series 1 st to use the NP+ASIC architecture S12700 World s 1 st service- and

2000 2001 2002 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 2015 2017 2008 2012 2013 2016 AP7060DN

router NetEngine 5000E cluster system CE12800 NE9000 Next-gen DC switches CloudEngine 12800 series

3 Huawei intro (2) Huawei is a leading supplier of Enterprise Networking including wireless 1 st router R2501 series NE40-2 NE40-4 NE40-8 NE80 Industry's fifth-generation router NE40/NE80 series 1 st to use the NP+ASIC architecture S12700 World s 1 st service- and experience-centric Agile Network architecture World s 1 st Agile Switch S AP7060DN Industry s 1 st X-GEN Wi- Fi st Ethernet switch S2403 series Industry's highest-end core router NetEngine 5000E cluster system CE12800 NE9000 Next-gen DC switches CloudEngine series Industry s highest capacity backbone and CloudFabric Solution router with 4T cards October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

4 Huawei today 80,000 R&D employees 14 R&D institutes/labs/ centers 180,000 Employees No. 72 in the Fortune Global 500 First EU customer: Telfort 170+ Countries 2011 Enterprise Networking Infrastructure First to market with single RAN for cellular No. 70 in Interbrand's Top 100 Best Global Brands Ditto - OFDMA/Beamforming antennas for LTE and 11ax October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

commercial TV broadcast Cellular telephony/internet: 1947: first patent - AT&T 1973: first handset demo -

5 Wireless History Wireless telegraphy (Marconi): 1896: first patent in Engeland 1903: first transatlantic connection Roosevelt - king Edward VII Broadcasting 1920: first commercial radio broadcast 1935: first commercial TV broadcast Cellular telephony/internet: 1947: first patent - AT&T 1973: first handset demo - Motorola 2003: ~ 600 million phones 2013: > 3 billion (smart)phones October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

6 2 8GHz Frequencies Cellular 2.4GHz ISM band - Wireless LANs Fixed Satellite Services Militairy Radar & Wireless LANs October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

7 Public/cellular wireless Cellular systems evolved over time: ATF2, GSM, 3G, 4G, now 5G Operate in licensed radio spectrum Licenses are expensive billions of No spectrum sharing with other users No interference through coordination with other operators: Capacity is defined by number of base stations User data rate varies with distance to base station Obligation to provide country level coverage Means expensive infrastructure for each operator Compulsory fee based business model Recoups large investments in infrastructure October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

8 Cellular Wireless The base station controls who sends/receives when FDD = separate channels for up-/down gap = 10% of operating frequency Efficient use of spectrum if traffic down ~ traffic up Traffic model is railway-like - good for voice and video streaming TDD: same channel up and down no frequency separation needed Adapts well to (asymmetrical) data traffic More complex scheduling of up/down traffic October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

9 Private Wireless License free but shared radio spectrum No coverage obligation - voluntary services model Building scale coverage Traffic model is highway-like: fast and highly variable Best known examples: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee Consumer use Flexible ownership self-owned or service provider Enterprise use Typically owned, large scale, managed Wi-Fi networks October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

10 TDD/LBT Technology Wi-Fi s Carrier Sense Multiple Access is the example of a listenbefore-talk technology No central controller networks are easily created and extended The price paid is some inefficiency: to avoid collisions transmitters need to back-off sometimes Network overlap requires frequency separation = many channels October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

11 The Spectrum Story 1985 FCC opens spectrum at 915 and 2400MHz requires spread spectrum technology, FHSS/DSSS 1993 first 5GHz band available (150MHz) 1997 FCC drops DSSS requirement allows CCK (11Mb/s) and OFDM (54Mbs) modulation 2003 ITU-R allocates 455MHz 18 channels of 20MHz! Sharing with high power radar systems 2018 FCC/ECC study release of MHz 24 channels Sharing with Fixed Links, Satellite uplink and Radio Astronomy October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

12 Spectrum to date 2.4GHz band: 83.5MHz = 3(4) channels sharing with Bluetooth and other devices DFS range , MHz 5GHz band: 455 MHz = 19 channels of 20MHz or 9 channels of 40 MHz only Wi-Fi and some radars October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

The future spectrum picture Radars are few but affect large distances DFS protects radars DFS for sharing with Radar Managed sharing with Fixed Links, etc 5150 MHz 57250 MHz 5250

13 The future spectrum picture Radars are few but affect large distances DFS protects radars DFS for sharing with Radar Managed sharing with Fixed Links, etc 5150 MHz MHz 5250 MHz Fixed Links require local protection zones coordination per data base Typical spectrum available > 800MHz anywhere, any time October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

14 IEEE Organization Major, world-wide factor in technology development members in 160 countries all electric and electronic technologies Organized in 39 societies covering aerospace to vehicular technologies, example: ComSoc IEEE Standards Association NGO alternative to ISO/IEC Driven by industry and academia Organized in Committees P802 LAN/MAN - is the largest, includes Wireless LAN October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

15 IEEE birthplace of wireless LANs 1989 work begins, initiated by NCR (NL), Aironet, Xircom, Symbol Technologies Parallel development of DSSS, FHSS and IR PHYs MAC starting point is Ethernet without collision detection Instead: collision avoidance: listen before talk 1993: CSMA/CA Distributed Foundation Wireless MAC 2 modes: distributed and centralized control Distributed for easy sharing of channels without central management Centralized for voice and video October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

16 IEEE a/b/g growing up 1993: 100 Mb/s Ethernet triggers work high speed versions Home RF proposes 5MHz FHSS, FCC relaxes its regulation and removes DSSS requirement 1997: first full standard approved and published Parallel development of CCK for 2.4GHz and OFDM (2.4 & 5 GHz) CCK gives 11Mb/s in 2.4GHz Long battle between Harris Semi and Lucent Technologies OFDM provides up to 54Mb/s but requires heavy DSP Cooperation between ETSI and IEEE on OFDM October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

17 IEEE n flexing muscles 2002: begin of MIMO, new security architecture, mesh networking, power save for clients MIMO increases capacity by smart signal processing Early Wi-Fi Security was simple and inadequate: RSN uses 128bit keys Mesh networking increases flexibility in deployment but reduces capacity Power save allows client to sleep and save power without losing connection October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

18 Wi-Fi Alliance 1999: Creation of the WFA Goal is to create user confidence through certification of interoperability across vendors ~20 years later: certifications simplified logo: n = 4, ac =5, ax = 6 October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

19 IEEE n/ac - Evolving capabilities 2005: e approved adds 3 levels of QoS to best effort 2009: n 5GHz OFDM/MIMO approved MIMO, with up to 4 antennas (data streams) Leverages multipath effects of RF propagation 40MHz channels for 16x improvement in speed - 600Mb/s 7 year battle between two camps: TGn SYNC and WWISE 2013: ac approved multi-user downlink capability more efficient for short data packets 256QAM + 8 streams + 80MHz channels give ~3,4Gb/s throughput October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

20 MIMO: Speed & Capacity Home Use Enterprise Use October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

21 Wi-Fi Network Security Information Security Encryption and integrity checks on data transmission Necessary basis for other security functions, e.g. access control Requires secure hardware (chips) Access Control Who = identification + authentication (is Pete indeed Pete?) What = access control (to network, applications, data, etc) Why = authorisation (Pete says that Jan is allowed to do xxx) Security Management Secure methods of management for crypto keys, codes, etc. Secure methods of assigning access rights etc October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

802.11 Security architecture: RSNA and PKC

and issues crypto keys to user and apps Access

22 Security architecture: RSNA and PKC Users have security certificates (Public/ Private parts) Issued by CA Intranet / Internet AP passes user credentials to SAC SAC validates and issues crypto keys to user and apps Access point October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

23 The full picture Internet Wi-Fi security is part of the solution Secure the whole chain Crypto does not help against phishing 2 factor authentication is secure (e.g. pwd + preset call back number) prevents man-in-the-middle attack etc October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

24 IEEE Analysis Strengths Decentralised = easy installation/expansion Adapts well to different traffic types and loads Very high transmission speeds support multiple video Easily integration/sharing with other comms technologies Widely used: >10 billion chipsets Weaknesses Decentralised = performance is hard to analyse, tough to optimize Unpredictable service in dense situations Inefficient use of radio spectrum October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

25 Wi-Fi performance proved variable.. (source: 7Signal, 2013) October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

26 but management tools help October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

27 802.11ax: Wi-Fi Reaches Maturity Improved control of AP over clients = 4X capacity Cell coloring = ignore traffic from neighbor cells OFDMA (MU up/down) = shorter response times More efficient beamforming less overhead Improved channel bonding up to 160MHz channels 1024 QAM modulation higher data rate More spectrum on the way 6GHz range October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

management Devices compete until they succeed Ideal for single AP scenario Targeted at the consumer

28 Legacy versus new ax Contention Based Resource Allocation Scheduled Resource Allocation Uncoordinated resource management Devices compete until they succeed Ideal for single AP scenario Targeted at the consumer market Uplink resource allocation managed by AP Increased capacity Ideal for a dense scenarios The right solution for the enterprise market October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

29 OFDM vs OFDMA OFDM OFDMA User 1 (Web page) User 2 (Streaming) User 3 (We Chat/Instagram) Fixed Overhead vs Efficient Payload Delivery October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

30 OFDMA and MU-MIMO Are Complementary OFDMA OFDMA Efficiency Improvement OFDMA Reduces Latency Ideal for Low BW Apps MU-MIMO MU-MIMO Capacity Improvement MU-MIMO Higher Speeds Ideal for High BW Apps October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

31 Beamforming Focuses energy in transmit Focuses sensitivity in receive Reduces interference Multiple beams Tx and Rx Is complementary to MU- MIMO Little benefit indoors: beam diffusion October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

32 Cellular: coverage > capacity User throughput drops with increasing distance from cellsite October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

33 Wi-Fi: capacity > coverage Distances are short capacity is evenly available. October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

34 Wi-Fi versus Cellular Wi-Fi offers scalable capacity but requires expert management And investment in Controller and AP equipment LTE offers capacity without much overhead only operator fees LTE-LAA allows local capacity increase at low overhead & cost Uses same spectrum as Wi-Fi Private LTE: same technology, same spectrum as operator LTE Assures full control over spectrum no sharing with others Spectrum must be leased or bought but is hard to get Capacity maybe an issue: spectrum can be e.g. only a 5MHz or less. October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

35 Wi-Fi home/small office network Dominated by video applications large bandwidth Multiple users all the time Interference from users in adjacent buildings Wireless Router ADSL or Cable October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

36 Enterprise Wi-Fi Requirements Total xx throughput per user device Assumes a known density of users Reliable service: better than 98% xx throughput Assumes known spectrum availability Support for data, video, voice and location services Video determines top capacity requirement Voice determines QoS requirement Location precision determines density of Access Points Professional level security access and communications crypto October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

37 Enterprise Wi-Fi Architecture Large Office Satellite Offices Management console Controller/ data switch/ firewalls Internet October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

Gb/s - Increasing use of video will drive demand for throughput OFDMA capable

38 Enterprise Wi-Fi Solutions Access Points Indoor and Outdoor/industrial Multi-service: Wi-Fi for communications IoT for building & materials management Ample Capacity X+ Gb/s - Increasing use of video will drive demand for throughput OFDMA capable Reliable coverage and throughput PoE capable October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

Enterprise Wi-Fi Solutions Controllers Form the core of the enterprise network Support IP traffic of switched and wireless subnets Support multiple services Route internal and

39 Enterprise Wi-Fi Solutions Controllers Form the core of the enterprise network Support IP traffic of switched and wireless subnets Support multiple services Route internal and external traffic Provide power for wireless APs Assure throughput and redundancy Platform for network maintenance and management October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

Enterprise Wi-Fi Solutions Network Management Configuration management and topology views what connects where Performance monitoring and reporting Access device monitoring,

40 Enterprise Wi-Fi Solutions Network Management Configuration management and topology views what connects where Performance monitoring and reporting Access device monitoring, diagnostics and management Security access control, firewalls, crypto-key management, VPN management and threat analysis etc October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

41 Looking back. Wi-Fi has become essential to consumers and the enterprise It ensured the rapid growth of the smartphone platform The enablers were free spectrum, DSP chips and the PC The implementation was PC compatible wireless Ethernet Increasing demand for speed fueled the competition It has become a necessary complement to 4G/LTE After 30 years, the technology has matured into a high capacity, reliable and valuable communications tool October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

42 Looking Forward: 2023 Estimates by the Wi-Fi Alliance of the economic value of Wi-Fi gear, services and added value for users October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

43 Thank you for your attention October 2018 Copyright (c) SpectrumConsult

Overview of Wi-Fi. Dr. Srikanth Subramanian CKO, Nanocell Networks Wi-Fi A Wireless Success Story

Overview of Wi-Fi. Dr. Srikanth Subramanian CKO, Nanocell Networks Wi-Fi A Wireless Success Story Overview of Wi-Fi Dr. Srikanth Subramanian CKO, Nanocell Networks www.nanocellnetworks.com Wi-Fi A Wireless Success Story Wi-Fi present in all laptops/aps Wi-Fi Traffic trends Source: Cisco percentage