Part2: Lecture 01! Optical technologies!
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1 Part2: Lecture 01! Optical technologies!
2 Last Time! QoS Quality ofservice! Guarantees in terms of packet loss, latency and throughput! Traffic classification! Algorithms and techniques:! RR WRR! Token bucket! CoDel Controlled Delay! Most recent AQM techniques! prevents bufferbloat!
3 Part 2! Todays networks! Technologies! Hybrid networking, network virtualization! Traffic engineering (Marijke Kaat)! OpenFlow and SDNs!
4 Part2: Lecture 01! Optical technologies!
5 Physical layer! Application! Presentation! Session! Transport! Network! Data Link! Physical! The purpose of the physical layer (PHY) is to create the electrical, optical, or microwave signal that represents the bits in each frame.!
6 PHY functions! Channel coding! encode a series of bits into signals! Modulation! adapt signal to the transmission channel! Multiplexing! share the channel!
7 From bits to signals! Packet! Transmission! Sender! Receiver! Packets! Header/Body! Header/Body! Header/Body! Bit Stream! Digital Signal! Analog Signal!
8 Analog and digital data!! Digital data à modulation/demodulation à analog transmission! Modem:! Analog data à coder/decoder à digital transmission! CODEC:! CODEC!
9 Signaling! Signaling is the method of representing the bits (signals)! The Physical layer standards must define what type of signal represents a "1" and a "0"Bits!
10 Modems speeds! Bit rate (bits/s)! The number of bits processed per unit of time.! Bauds or signal rate or modulation rate (baud):! The number of signaling events per second! 1 kbd = 1000 baud è 1000 symbols per second! 1000 tones in a modem! 1000 pulses in a line code! 00! 11! 01! 10! 4 symbols per second = 4Bd! 8 bits per second = 8 b/s! 1 second!
11 ! Encoding! Encoding is the symbolic grouping of bits (symbols or code groups) prior to being presented to the media.! Advantages using code groups include:!! Reducing bit level error! Helping to distinguish data bits from control bits! Better media error detection!
12 Encoding examples! NRZ - Non return to zero SONET uses NRZ (light off, light on)! High voltage = 1; Low voltage = 0! Voltage does not return to 0 between bits! Manchester encoding Ethernet uses Manchester encoding (10 Mbit/s)! XOR of clock and data!
13 More encodings! 8b/10b = 8 bits of data in 10 bit symbols (5b/6b + 3b/4b)! Used in:! GigaBit Ethernet! InfiniBand! USB 3.0! PCI Express (< 3.0)! 64b/66b: 64 bit data in 66 bit symbols! Used in:! 10 GE! 40 GE! 100GE!
14
15 Transmission media!
16 Test!
17 Electrical transmission! Data is transmitted as electrical pulses! A detector in the network interface of a destination device must receive a signal that can be successfully decoded to match the signal sent.! The timing and voltage values of these signals are susceptible to interference or "noise" from outside the communications system.!
18 Cabling! UTP and STP! Unshielded Twisted Pair and Shielded Twisted Pair! Four pair of twisted cables!! Coaxial! A single copper conductor at its center.! A plastic layer provides insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal shield!
19 Optical transmission! Total internal reflection.!! Beware of:! Degradation of signal! Fiber fuse! Used to :!! 1. Achieve higher bandwidth 2. Span longer distances!
20 Optical transmission range! λ = c ν
21 Optical Spectrum! UV Visible IR 125 GHz/nm λ Light! 850 nm Ultraviolet (UV)! Visible! 980 nm 1310 nm Infrared (IR)! 1480 nm Communication wavelengths! 850, 1310, 1550 nm! 1550 nm 1625 nm Low-loss wavelengths! Specialty wavelengths! 980, 1480, 1625 nm!
22 ! Comparison! Pros of electrical transmission! Pros of optical transmission! Lower material cost! Lower cost of transmitters and receivers! Capability to carry electrical power as well as signals! exceptionally low loss,! absence of ground currents and other parasite signal and power issues! inherently high data-carrying capacity.!
23 Fiber optic cables! Core: A center core made from glass or plastic fibers! Cladding: A plastic coating cushions the fiber center; Kevlar fibers help to strengthen the cables and prevent breakage.!! Buffer coating: the outer insulating jacket made of teflon or PVC.!
24 Fiber cables! Multi mode! Cheaper!!! Over short distances:! 2 km for 100 Mbit/s (100BASE-FX)! m for 1 Gbit/s (1000BASE-SX)! 300 m for 10 Gbit/s (10GBASE-SR)! Wavelengths: 850 and 1300 nm! Single mode! Single mode! Over long distances:! 80 km at 10Gbit/s (XENPACK)! Wavelengths:1300 nm and 1550 nm!
25 Different single mode fibers! SMF! (G.652)! DSF! (G.653)! NZDSF! (G.655)! v Good for TDM at 1310 nm! v OK for TDM at 1550 nm! v OK for DWDM (With Dispersion Mgmt)! v OK for TDM at 1310 nm! v Good for TDM at 1550 nm! v Bad for DWDM (C-Band)! v OK for TDM at 1310 nm! v Good for TDM at 1550 nm! v Good for DWDM (C + L Bands)!
26 Connectors! SC - square/standard! LC - little/local! ST - straight tip/bayonet! Couplers!
27 Transceivers! GBIC - Gigabit Interface Converter! SFP - Small Form-factor Pluggable! (and SFP+)! XENPACK! XFP - 10 Gigabit Small Form-factor Pluggable!
28 Attenuation!
29 db!! Decibels (db) is the unit to express differences in signal strengths (loss or gain) between start and end. It s a relative value expressing attenuation.!! P1 and P2 power at start and end! P1/P2 is the power ratio! db= 10 Log 10 (P1/P2)! E.g.:! a ratio P1/P2 = 2 is equivalent to 3DB!!!
30 dbm! Decibels milliwatt (dbm) is the unit to express power of an interface (output power and the receiver sensitivity).! Its an absolute value.! X dbm = 10 Log 10 (Power in mw/1mw)!
31 Power budget! Input power P in!! P in = 0 dbm! P in = 1mW! Output power P out!! P out = -20 dbm! P out = 0.01mW! Optical loss:! P in -P out (in db)!! P in -P out = 20 db! Affected by:! Fiber attenuation! Splices! Patch Panels/Connectors! Optical components (filters, amplifiers, etc)! Bends in fiber! Contamination (dirt/oil on connectors)! What about Maximum tolerated power and Maximum Launch power?!
32 Optical Attenuation! Specified in loss per kilometer (db/km)! 0.40 db/km at 1310 nm! 0.25 db/km at 1550 nm! Loss due to absorption! by impurities! 1400 nm peak due to OH ions! 1310 Window 1550 Window EDFA optical amplifiers available in 1550 window!
33 Dispersion! Chromatic Dispersion! Different wavelengths travel at different speeds! Causes spreading of the light pulse! Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)! Single-mode fiber supports two polarization states! Fast and slow axes have different group velocities! Causes spreading of the light pulse!
34 Warnings!
35 Tips! Which one do you like the best?!
36 Pause!
37 Optical networks!
38 Optical networks! An optical network utilizes fiber optic as transmission medium.!.!! First generation optical networks - SONET/SDH networks:! optics provided transmission and capacity.! switching and intelligence handled in electronics! Second generation networks - all optical:! routing, switching and intelligence are moving in the optical layer.!
39 Basic components! Couplers and splitters, used to combine and split signals in the network;! Taps are type of couplers that tap off small portion of the power from a light stream for monitoring purposes;! Filters λ 1, λ 2, λ 3, λ 4 Wavelength λ 1 filter Multiplexers(mux) and demultiplexers (demux) λ 1 λ 2 λ 3 λ 4 λ 1, λ 2, λ 3, λ 4 λ 1, λ 2, λ 3, λ 4 λ 3 λ 1 λ 2 λ 4
40 Wavelength crossconnect! Cascading mux and demux can create a (static) OXC! λ 1 1, λ 1 2, λ 1 3, λ 1 4 λ 1 λ 2 λ 3 λ 4 λ 2 1, λ 1 2, λ 3 1, λ 2 4 λ 2 1, λ 2 2, λ 3 2, λ 2 4 λ 1 1, λ 2 2, λ 2 3, λ 1 4
41 MEMs devices!
42 Amplifiers! Signals get attenuated as they travel in fibers.! Two approaches:! Regenerators, converts optical into electrical signal and retransmit;! Amplifiers:! Amplification window, the range of wavelengths over which there is signal gain! Types:! erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs);! Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA);! Raman optical amplifiers.!
43 Transmitters! Semiconductor lasers are the light source for optical transmission. They have a fixed wavelength for operation.! Think of gigabit Ethernet:! 1000SX! 1000LX! 1000ZX! Tunable lasers can alter the wavelength of operation. They open up the possibility to have:! Reconfigurable optical networks! Optical packet switched networks!
44 Three types of degradation! A Light Pulse Propagating in a Fiber Experiences 3 Type of Degradations:! Pulse as It Enters the Fiber! Pulse as It Exits the Fiber! Loss of Energy! Shape Distortion! Phase Variation! Loss of Timing (Jitter)! t s Optimum! Sampling Time! t t s Optimum! Sampling Time! t
45 The 3 R s! The options to recover are:! Amplify! Re-Shape! DCU Phase Re-Alignment! Re-Generate! t s Optimum! Sampling Time! t t s Optimum! Sampling Time! t O-E-O Re-time, re-transmit, re-shape! t s Optimum! Sampling Time! t
46 ! Multiplexing schemes! TDM:! SONET/SDH! (D)WDM!
47 TDM!
48 TDM! Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)! two or more signals or bit streams are transferred apparently simultaneously as sub-channels in one communication channel, but are physically taking turns on the channel.!! The time domain is divided into several recurrent timeslots of fixed length, one for each sub-channel.!
49 TDM example: T-carrier! Telephony switches:! DS0 (Digital Signal 0) is the basic voice signal:! 64kbit/s (8Khz sample rate with 8bit sample)! In North America:! DS1 (running over a T1 line) is 24DS0 plus 8kbps synchronization and maintenance overhead:1.544mbps! DS3 (running over a T3 line) is 28 DS1 (or 672 DS0): Mbps! In Europe/Japan:! E1 is 32 DS0: 2.048Mbps! E3 is 512 DS0: Mbps!
50 SONET/SDH! Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET)! Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)! Originally designed to transport different circuits (DS0, DS3) of different origins within a single framing protocol.!! Currently the frame can transport:! Ethernet (Ethernet over SONET - EOS)! IP (Packet over SONET - POS)! Learn more: "Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) - Basic Description including Multiplex Structure, Rates and Formats," ANSI T "Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)--Payload Mappings," T
51 STS-1! Transport Overhead! Synchronous Payload Envelope!
52 STS-3! An STS-3 frame has 9 rows * 270 columns = 2430 bytes.! It is transmitted in 125microseconds: 8Khz! STS-3: Mbps (equivalent to 1 STM-1 in SDH)! New transport overhead is obtained with byte interleaving.! Channelized and concatenated (unchannelized)!
53 Ethernet frames:! First: header! Then: Payload! Finally: Trailer! Transmitting! SONET/SDH frames! SONET/SDH frames! Transmitted row by row (each row with transport overhead and payload)!
54 SONET/SDH data rates! SONET Optical Carrier Level SONET frame format SDH level and frame format Payload bandwidth (kbps) Line rate (kbps)! OC-1! STS-1! STM-0! 50,112 51,840! OC-3! STS-3! STM-1! 150, ,520! OC-12! STS-12! STM-4! 601, ,080! OC-24! STS-24! -! 1,202,688! 1,244,160! OC-48! STS-48! STM-16! 2,405,376! 2,488,320! OC-192! STS-192! STM-64! 9,621,504! 9,953,280! OC-768! STS-768! STM-256! 38,486,016! 39,813,120!
55 Optical carrier level! STS-N Electrical multiplexer! OC-N optical transmitter! PO! PO! User data Stream-1! User data! User data! EO conversion! OC-N signal! SPE! TO! SPE! User data Stream-2! User data Stream-N! STSX-N interface!
56 Learn more: PPP over SONET/SDH RFC Jun.1999 Packets over SONET/SDH!
57 GFP! Generic Framing Protocol: it allows to map client packets into the SONET/SDH payloads, in order to transport non-tdm traffic more efficiently.!!! Ethernet frame!
58 (D)WDM!
59 WDM! Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)! multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals on a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (colours) of laser light to carry different signals.!
60 Transmission windows!! Band Description! Wavelength range! O band! original! 1260 to 1360 nm! E band! extended! 1360 to 1460 nm! S band! short wavelengths! 1460 to 1530 nm! C band! conventional ("erbium window")! 1530 to 1565 nm! L band! long wavelengths! 1565 to 1625 nm! U band! ultralong wavelengths! 1625 to 1675 nm!
61 Wavelength tloss 1rst wavelength 850nm 3dB/km 2 nd wavelength 1310nm 0.4dB/km 3 rd wavelength 1550nm (C band) 0.2dB/km 4 th wavelength 1625nm (L band) 0.2 db/ km
62 Types of WDM! (Conventional) WDM! 16 channels in the C-band(1550nm)! Dense WDM - DWDM! 40 channels at 100Ghz spacing or 80 channels at 50 Ghz spacing in the C-band! Ultra DWDM extend the spacing to 2GHz! With Raman amplification instead EDFA channles double and reach the L-band! Coarse WDM! Started with two channels (1310 and 1550 nm)! Nowadays 16 channels in the O-band (around 1310nm) and C-band (around 1550nm)!
63 Interfaces to WDM! Transponders are an essential component:! They convert the incoming optical signal in an ITU-standard wavelength.! SONET/SDH from client -> an electrical signal -> ITU wavelength!
64 TDM and DWDM Comparison! TDM (SONET/SDH)! Takes signals and multiplexes them to a single higher optical bit rate! DS-1 DS-3 OC-1 OC-3 OC-12 OC-48 SONET ADM Fiber E/O or O/E/O conversion!! (D)WDM! Takes multiple optical! signals and multiplexes! onto a single fiber! OC-12c OC-48c OC-192c DWDM OADM Fiber No signal format conversion!
65 ! OTN! OTN Optical Transport Network! Replaces SONET/SDH as transport mechanisms, as it betters integrate with DWDM.! OTN specifies a digital wrapper to create an optical data unit (ODU),! Learn more: ITU G.709 Optical Transport Network (OTN)" ITU G.872 "Architecture for the Optical Transport Network (OTN)"
66 Know what to buy?! CISCO CRS! Available Interface modules:!! 1-Port OC-768C/STM-256C Tunable WDMPOS! 4-Port 10GE Tunable WDMPHY! 4-Port OC-192c/STM-64 POS/DPT! 8-Port 10 Gigabit Ethernet! 16-Port OC-48c/STM-16c POS/DPT!! Cisco CRS Single-Port OC-768c/STM-256c POS! Juniper T4000! Available line cards:!! 100-Gigabit Ethernet! 10-Port 10GbE Oversubscribed Ethernet! 4-port 10 GE! 4-Port OC-192! 10-Gigabit Ethernet Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) Optical Transport Network! 10-Gigabit Ethernet Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)! N.b: these are just two random examples to show you now (should) know what these routers can do.!
67 All optical!
68 All optical! In an all-optical (photonic) network data goes from source to destination without ever undergoing an optical-to-electrical (OE) conversion!! Forget extreme applications for a moment.!. we observe that:! Packet-switching uses statistical multiplexing, efficiently utilizes bandwidth for flow of variable sizes.! Electronic will not keep with incresease in optical components speed.!
69 Photonic packet switching! Goal is to enable packet-switching at rates impossible in electronic packet switching.!! AOLS - All optical label switching! It uses labels (20bits) converted in the electric space to make quick decision while rest of packets is on hold!! What about buffering?! To resolve contention need a device that is capable of temporarily storing light:! - ODLs - optical delays lines! - Deflection routing (hot potato routing)! Learn more: Routing packets with light By: D. Blumenthal, Jan.2001 Scientific American
70 ! Optical burst switching! In optical burst switching a source header proceeds the packet burst.! Header travels at lower speed and in an out-of-band control channel.! Header activates path for incoming burst along the way: output port at intermediate nodes are reserved for upcoming burst.! Example: JET - Just-Enough-Time protocol.!! Advantages:!! - accommodates packets of variable and fairly large size! - little or no buffering required at intermediate nodes.!
71 Literature! Chapter 1 Technology overview! Chapter 2 SONET and SDH Basics! Chaper 3 SONET and SDH: advanced topics! Chapter 1- Introduction to optical networks! Section SONET/SDH!
72 Home reading! For the test on Mar. 06 read:! A survey of network virtualization! by Chowdory and Boutaba! (EXCLUDING section 3)!
73 ! Lab2 and Lab3! (aka the Juniper lab)! Lab2: This afternoon and Friday morning! Submission 12pm CET! Ideally form French and British groups!! Lab3: Introduction to the lab at1pm (Arno)! Friday afternoon and the whole day Tuesday and Friday! Monday March 05 th presentation and report!
Part 2! Physical layer! Part2: Lecture 01! Optical technologies! Part2: Lecture 01! Optical technologies! 19/04/16
Part 2 Part2: Lecture 01 Optical technologies Optical networks: Technologies Hybrid networking, network virtualization Traffic engineering (Marijke Kaat) OpenFlow and SURFnet (Ronald van der Pol) Physical
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