FCM-SEP (Fuzzy C-Means Based Stable Election Protocol) for Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks

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1 FCM-SEP (Fuzzy C-Meas Based Stable Electio Protocol) for Eergy Efficiecy i Wireless Sesor Networks Sadeep Kaur Computer Sciece ad Egieerig, Giai Zail Sigh Campus College of Egieerig ad Techology, Bathida, Idia. Mapreet Kaur Computer Sciece ad Egieerig, Giai Zail Sigh Campus College of Egieerig ad Techology, Bathida, Idia. Abstract Sesor etworks are widely used etworks i the recet times. These etworks are geerally kow as WSN (Wireless Sesor Networks). These became popular because of the advacemets i the micro-electro mechaical systems ad their wide applicatio areas. These work i hard-to-reach locatios. These have limited batteries as well as limited computatioal capabilities available with them. So battery coservatio is very ecessary i these etworks so that their lifetime ca be ehaced. There are various routig protocols used for eergy efficiecy of the etwork. Homogeeous ad Heterogeeous are two etwork schemes i WSN. Out of these two, heterogeeous protocols are more eergy efficiet tha the homogeeous protocols. SEP (Stable Electio Protocol) is oe of the heterogeeous protocols i WSN. It icreases the stability period of the etwork. I the proposed work, Fuzzy C-Meas Clusterig is used i SEP Protocol i order to make the etwork more eergy efficiet. Simulatio result shows that FCM-SEP (Fuzzy C- Meas based Stable Electio Protocol) shows better performace tha SEP Protocol. Idex Terms Wireless Sesor Network; Routig; FCM; SEP 1. INTRODUCTION WSN is composed of large umber of tiy, low cost ad low power sesor odes commoly used for moitorig the evirometal coditios such as Soud, Vibratio, Pressure, Temperature, Humidity ad may other similar coditios [1-5]. These sesor odes cotiuously sed this sesed iformatio to the special ode which is kow as Base Statio (BS) or Sik. Base Statio collects all the data from odes ad after ecessary processig, it passes the whole data to the iteret from where it is accessible to the ed users. These odes commuicate each other usig Radio Sigals. These etworks become very popular because of their wide applicatio areas such as Disaster surveillace, Military field, Agriculture, Health Moitorig, Biodiversity Mappig, Itelliget buildigs ad may other applicatios. Wireless Sesor Network poses a great umber of challeges as described i [6] i order to obtai its optimal performace like Hardware costraits, power cosumptio, deploymet, scalability, flexibility, etwork lifetime etc. Eergy Cosumptio becomes the biggest issue i Wireless Sesor Networks. So, the mai objective is to reduce the eergy cosumptio so that the etwork lifetime ca be icreased. I data trasmissio, data sesig ad commuicatio are the two more eergy cosumig processes tha data processig. So, eergy coservig techiques are required to save the eergy of the etwork ad to prolog its lifetime. Figure 1 Architecture of Wireless sesor Network [7] Routig protocols are desiged i order to save the eergy of the etwork that result ito efficiet data trasmissio ad various routig challeges are also hadled with them. The Routig Protocols are classified ito three mai protocols: Flat or data cetric routig Protocols, Hierarchical Routig Protocols ad Locatio based Routig Protocols. Amog all the routig protocols, Hierarchical routig protocols are cosidered as the best amog other routig protocols. The hierarchical routig protocols ivolve cluster-based orgaizatio of the sesor odes i order to save eergy of the etwork. I the hierarchical etwork structure, every cluster has a leader ode which is also called as Cluster Head (CH). It ISSN: EverSciece Publicatios 50

2 cosists of several commo sesor odes as members ad it usually performs the special tasks of data fusio ad data aggregatio. Hierarchical Protocols are of two types: A. Homogeeous Routig Protocols B. Heterogeeous Routig Protocols A. Homogeeous Routig protocols: I homogeeous etworks, all the odes of the etwork are same i terms of hardware complexity ad battery. These etworks have completely static clusterig ivolved with them. These etworks are ot complex i ature ad sigle etwork topology is used i them. Thus, the sesor etworks i which the odes have idetical battery eergy ad other parameters are kow as homogeous sesor etworks. Commoly used Homogeeous Routig Protocols are LEACH (Low Eergy Adaptive Clusterig Hierarchical Routig Protocol), TEEN (Threshold sesitive Eergy Efficiet sesor Network protocol), HEED (Hybrid Eergy Efficiet Clusterig Protocol), PEGASIS (Power-Efficiet GAtherig i Sesor Iformatio Systems), APTEEN (Adaptive Periodic Threshold-sesitive Eergy Efficiet Sesor Network Protocol), etc [8]. B. Heterogeeous Routig Protocols: I heterogeeous etworks all the sesor odes have differet battery powers ad differet fuctioalities. These etworks have differet topologies which make them a very complex i ature. Hece, i case of heterogeeous sesor etworks, there are two or various types of etwork odes havig differet eergies ad fuctioalities. The Commo Heterogeeous Routig protocols are SEP(Stable Electio protocol), DEEC (Distributed Eergy Efficiet Clusterig Protocol), EDEEC (Ehaced Distributed Eergy Efficiet Clusterig Protocol) etc [8]. 2. RELATED WORK LEACH is oe of the homogeeous protocols used for eergy efficiecy i Wireless Sesor Networks. Malik M. et al. [9] described the LEACH protocol is a basically a represetatio of hierarchical routig protocol. It is a self-orgaized ad selfadaptive i ature. It uses roud as uits where each roud is made up of cluster set-up state ad steady state. The steadystate phase is ormally loger tha set-up phase. However, the set-up phase is more importat i which sesor odes elect themselves as cluster-heads i a radom fashio ad the grouped ito clusters. Each ode which becomes the cluster head (CH) will create a TDMA schedule for the other members of the cluster. TDMA is essetial as it allows each o-ch ode to tur off their radio compoets all the time except durig their trasmissio time. Smaragdak G. et al. [10] have proposed a SEP protocol i order to prolog the stable regio ad it also SEP maitais the costrait of well-balaced eergy cosumptio. It is heterogeeous i ature ad advaced odes have to become cluster heads more ofte tha the ormal odes. It helps i fair eergy distributio i the etwork. Karthikeya A. et al. [11] described that the clusterig is of two types i.e., hard clusterig ad soft clusterig. Hard clusterig ivolves a data elemet that ca be a member of oly oe cluster. But i soft clusterig, data elemet is a member of more tha oe cluster, ad each elemet is associated with a set of membership levels. Fuzzy C Meas (FCM) Algorithm is oe of the commoly used fuzzy clusterig algorithms. I this paper, all the simulatio results demostrate that the fuzzy logic based CH selectio reduces the rate of eergy cosumptio ad LEACH-F is able to operate more umber of rouds. As a result, this ew method of cluster head selectio has a advatage of eergy efficiecy whe compared with the LEACH protocol. Bezdek J. C. et al. [12] have described the FCM which is the fuzzy C-Meas clusterig. It is the wellkow method of clusterig. I this algorithm, the mai aim is to optimize the objective fuctio. Every data of the set belogs to more tha oe cluster with their memberships i every cluster. The membership value close to uity have high degree of similarity betwee sample ad cluster whereas the membership value close to zero shows the less similarity betwee the sample ad cluster. Dutta R. et al. [13] have proposed a ew protocol amed as low eergy adaptive uequal clusterig protocol based o Fuzzy c-meas clusterig (LAUCF). It is a model relyig o uequal clusterig size model used for the orgaizatio of sesor etwork. It is basically based o Fuzzy c-meas (FCM) clusterig algorithm. This method leads to more uiform eergy dissipatio amog the cluster head odes as a result of which etwork lifetime has bee icreased. It has bee demostrated i this paper that the throughput of the system is better by this protocol whe compared with TEEN, SEP ad LEACH. LAUCF has better data trasfer rate tha TEEN, SEP, LEACH-C ad LEACH. O comparig LAUCF with LEACH, it has bee foud that LAUCF has better performace tha other protocols. So it has bee cocluded from the related work that the etwork ca be made more eergy efficiet o implemetig the fuzzy based clusterig. 3. PROPOSED WORK I this work, Fuzzy C-Meas Clusterig is used i the SEP Protocol. The clusters are formed with the help of Fuzzy C- Meas method. It is oe of the fuzzy based clusterig methods. I this algorithm, the mai aim is to optimize the objective fuctio which miimizes itra-cluster variace. Every data of the set belogs to more tha oe cluster with their memberships i every cluster. This objective fuctio teds to miimize the distace betwee cluster head ad base statio that helps to reduce the eergy cosumptio to trasfer the ISSN: EverSciece Publicatios 51

3 aggregated data from each cluster head to the base statio. The objective fuctio is calculated by the expressio: c Jm = [μai(xk)] m. Xk Vi ^2 k=1 i=1 where J m is the squared error for fuzzy clusters set which is represeted by the membership matrix μ ad by the set of cluster cetres i.e., V. x k v i 2 represets the distace betwee the sample of the data set say x k ad the cluster cetre, say v i. The steps of Fuzzy C-meas Clusterig Algorithm are as: Step 1: Choose the umber of Clusters, Step 2: Assig iitial cetroids to the clusters. These cetroids are assiged o a radom basis. Step 3: Compute the distace betwee the data sample of the set ad Cluster Cetroid of the cluster. Step 4: Based o this distace, re-compute the membership fuctios. Vi = k=1 [μai(xk)]^m. Xk [μai(xk)]^m k=1 Where μ is the membership fuctio, m ia a real umber ifluecig the grade of membership. Step 5: After the computatios of membership fuctios, cetroids are re-computed. Step 6: If the distace betwee origial cetroid ad ext Cetroid is less tha the threshold value (let say ε), the algorithm stops, else repeat the steps. So, the clusters are formed o the basis of FCM algorithms. After cluster formatio, the cluster heads are selected based o the probability ad threshold values of SEP protocol. Selectio of Cluster Head is based o SEP i FCM-SEP protocol: SEP is a heterogeeous protocol i which a percetage of the sesor odes are equipped with additioal eergy which is the source of heterogeeity. It may result from the iitial settig of the etwork or as the etwork evolves. SEP is a heterogeeous-aware protocol which is basically used to prolog the time iterval before the death of the first ode which is also referred to as stability period. SEP improves the stable regio of the clusterig hierarchy process usig the characteristic parameters of heterogeeity. There is a fractio of odes havig more eergy tha the ormal odes which are referred to as the advaced odes. To prolog the stable regio, SEP attempts to maitai wellbalaced eergy cosumptio costraits. For eergy coservatio purpose, advaced odes have to become cluster heads more ofte tha the ormal odes. This is doe for fairess i eergy cosumptio. Value of optimal probability, Popt does ot chage as the ew heterogeeous settig does ot affect the spatial desity of the etwork but the total eergy of the system chages. Let Eo is the iitial eergy of each sesor ode. The eergy of each advaced ode is Eo. (1 + α) Where α is the additioal eergy give to the advaced odes, the fractio of advace odes is represeted by m ad is the total umber of odes. So, the total eergy of the heterogeeous etwork is equal to:. (1 m). Eo +. m. Eo. (1 + α) =. Eo. (1 + α. m) Hece, the total eergy of the etwork is icreased by a factor of 1 + α. m I the heterogeeous etwork, the average umber of cluster heads per roud per epoch is. (1 + α. m) Prm The weighed electio probabilities for ormal ad advaced odes are give as: Prm = Padv = Popt (1 + α. m) Popt(1 + α) (1 + α. m) T(Srm)is the threshold for ormal odes, ad T(Sadv) is the threshold for advaced odes. Thus, Prm if Srm G T(Srm) = { 1 1 Prm. (r mod Prm ) 0 Otherwise where G is the set of ormal odes. These have ot become cluster heads i the last 1 Prm rouds. Ad T(Sadv) Padv if Sadv G" T(Sadv) = { 1 1 Padv. (r mod Padv ) 0 Otherwise where G is the set of advaced odes. These are the odes which have ot become cluster heads i the last 1 Padv rouds. Thus, total umber of cluster heads per roud per epoch is equal to:. (1 m) Prm +. m Padv = Popt Popt is the required umber of cluster heads per roud per epoch. Thus, SEP is a heterogeeous two-level hierarchical etwork i which a ode elects itself as a cluster head based o iitial eergy of the ode relative to that of other odes. ISSN: EverSciece Publicatios 52

4 4. SIMULATION RESULTS For evaluatig the etwork performace, the simulatio is coducted usig MATLAB (R2013a).Fuzzy C-Meas based Stable Electio Protocol (FCM-SEP) is compared with the SEP Protocol. Performace metrics used to compare the results are Number of Alive odes, Number of dead odes ad Total Remaiig Eergy of the odes. S.No Simulatio Parameters Values 1. Network Size 100m 100m 2. Number of Nodes Locatio of BS (50,50) 4. Packet Size 4000 bits 5. Iitial Eergy(E0) 0.5 J 6. Popt Eelec (Trasmitter/Receiver electroics) 8. Efs (Trasmit amplifier for Free Space) 9. Emp (Trasmit amplifier for Multi-path) 50 J/bit 10 pj/bit/t² pj/bit/t⁴ 10. EDA ( Data Aggregatio ) 5 J/bit 4.1 Number of Alive Nodes: Table 1 Simulatio Parameters Fuzzy SEP is better tha SEP protocol as total eergy of the odes is ot cosumed properly. For some iitial rouds SEP performs better as it has more umber of alive odes tha FCM-SEP. But after some rouds, FCM-SEP has more umber of alive odes ad hece it has a better etwork lifetime tha SEP protocol. It has show from the simulatio results that FCM-SEP has more umber of alive odes tha SEP protocol. FCM-SEP has 9.3% improvemet i o. of alive odes over SEP protocol Number of Dead Nodes: Number of dead odes must be less for efficiet etwork. Figure 3 shows the dead odes of FCM-SEP ad SEP Protocol. Dead odes are those which have cosumed their total iitial eergy. So, It ca be oticed from the simulatio results that Fuzzy based SEP has the less umber of dead odes tha the SEP Protocol. So, FCM-SEP is the better eergy efficiet protocol tha the SEP protocol ad hece it has better etwork lifetime. Figure 2 Alive odes Number of alive odes show the etwork lifetime. Figure 2 shows the o. of alive odes of FCM-SEP ad SEP protocol. 4.3 Remaiig Eergy: Figure 3 Dead Nodes Remaiig eergy is a very importat factor to be studied. More remaiig eergy leads to better etwork. Figure 4 shows the compariso of both protocols i terms of remaiig eergy. Some Iitial eergy is give to the sesor odes i the etwork. But as the simulatio is performed, the sesor odes sed the data to the base statio ad hece their eergy is cosumed. It is show i the Simulatio results that FCM- SEP has more remaiig eergy tha SEP protocol. ISSN: EverSciece Publicatios 53

5 Figure 4 Remaiig Eergy Simulatio results show that there is 3.9% improvemet i remaiig eergy of FCM-SEP protocol over SEP Protocol. 5. CONCLUSION The etwork performace is evaluated by coductig the Simulatio usig MATLAB (R2013a). Fuzzy C-Meas based Stable Electio Protocol (FCM-SEP) is compared with the SEP Protocol. Performace metrics used to compare the results are Number of Alive odes, Number of dead odes ad Total Remaiig Eergy of the odes. Number of alive odes has a direct effect o the lifetime of the etwork. Simulatio results show that there is 9.3% improvemet i umber of alive odes ad 3.9% improvemet i remaiig eergy i case of FCM-SEP over SEP. I the Future, Fuzzy C-Meas ca be used i the other variats of SEP protocol for eergy efficiet etworks. REFERENCES [1] VANÇİN, Serca, ad Ebubekir ERDEM. "Desig ad Simulatio of Wireless Sesor Network Topologies Usig the ZigBee Stadard." Iteratioal Joural of Computer Networks ad Applicatios (IJCNA) 2.3 (2015): [2] Merly, A. Auba, ad A. Auja Merly. "Eergy Efficiet Routig (EER) For Reducig Cogestio ad Time Delay i Wireless Sesor Network."Iteratioal Joural of Computer Networks ad Applicatios 1.1 (2014): [3] Tua, Gurka, Resul Das, ad Ayse Tua. "Wireless Sesor Network- Based Health Moitorig System for the Elderly ad Disabled." Iteratioal Joural of Computer Networks ad Applicatios (IJCNA) 2.6: [4] Das, Resul, Gurka Tua, ad Ayse Tua. "Desig ad Implemetatio of a Smart Home for the Elderly ad Disabled." Iteratioal Joural of Computer Networks ad Applicatios (IJCNA), 2 (6), (2015), PP: [5] Merzougui, Imae, ad Youssef Beabbassi. "Time Based Fault Detectio ad Isolatio i Wireless Sesors Network." Iteratioal Joural of Computer Networks ad Applicatios (IJCNA), 2 (6), (2015), PP: [6] Marwa Sharawi, Imae Aly Saroit, Hesham El-Mahdy, Eid Emary, Routig Wireless Sesor Networks Based O Soft Computig Paradigms: Survey, Iteratioal Joural o Soft Computig, Artificial Itelligece ad Applicatios (IJSCAI), Vol.2, No.4, August 2013 [7] F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sakarasubramaiam, ad E. Cayirci, "A survey o sesor etworks", Commuicatios Magazie, IEEE, vol. 40, Issue. 8, pp , August 2002 [8] Shipra Sigla, Karamjot Kaur, Eergy Efficiet Homogeeous WSN protocols : A Aalysis, Iteratioal Joural of Computer Sciece ad Iformatio Techologies, Vol. 7, pp , 2016 [9] Meea Malik, Yudhvir Sigh, Ashu Arora Aalysis of LEACH Protocol i Wireless Sesor Networks, Iteratioal Joural of Advaced Research i Computer Sciece ad Software Egieerig, Volume 3, Issue 2, pp , February 2013 [10] G. Smaragdakis, I. Matta, A. Bestavros, SEP: A Stable Electio Protocol for clustered heterogeeous wireless sesor etworks, i: Secod Iteratioal Workshop o Sesor ad Actor Network Protocols ad Applicatios (SANPA 2004), [11] Karthikeya, Suryalok Sarkar, Akaksha Moha Gupta, V.Srividhya, Selectio of Cluster Head Usig Fuzzy Adaptive Clusterig for Eergy optimizatio i Wireless Sesor Network, Joural of Theoretical ad Applied Iformatio Techology, Vol. 53, No.1,pp. 6-12, July 2013 [12] James C. Bezdek, Robert Ehrlich, William Full, FCM: The Fuzzy C- Meas Clusterig Algorithm, Computer ad Geoscieces Vol. 10, No. 2-3, pp , 1984 [13] Raja Dutta, Shishir Gupta, Mukul K. Das, Low-Eergy Adaptive Uequal Clusterig Protocol Usig Fuzzy c-meas i Wireless Sesor Networks, Wireless Persoal Commuicatios, Spriger, Volume 79, Issue 2, pp , November ISSN: EverSciece Publicatios 54