Analysis of End-to-End Packet Delay for Internet of Things in Wireless Communications

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1 (IJACSA) Iteratioal Joural of Advaced Computer Sciece ad Applicatios, Aalysis of Ed-to-Ed Packet Delay for Iteret of Thigs i Wireless Commuicatios Imae Maslouhi 1 Dept: Electroics, Iformatics ad Telecommuicatios ENSAO, Mohammed I Uiversity, Oujda, Morocco El Miloud Ar reyouchi 2 Dept. Telecommuicatios ad Computer sciece Abdelmalek Essaadi Uiversity ad SNRT, Tetoua, Morocco Kamal Ghoumid 3, Kaoutar Baibai 4 Dept. Electroics, Iformatics ad Telecommuicatios, ENSAO, Mohammed I Uiversity Oujda, Morocco Abstract Accurate ad efficiet estimators for Ed to Ed delay (E2EPD) plays a sigificat ad critical role i Quality of Service (QoS) provisioig i Iteret of Thigs (IoT) wireless commuicatios. The purpose of this paper, o oe had, is to propose a ovel real-time evaluatio metrics, o the other had, addresses the effects of varyig packet payload (PP) size. These two objectives rely o the aalysis of E2EPD for QoS provisioig i multi-hop wireless IoT etworks through multiple hops cout from source to destiatio. The results of this study show the critical effect of PP size, hops cout ad iterface speed o the improvig E2EPD use of applicatios requirig real-time IoT commuicatios. Keywords Ed to ed delay; iteret of thigs; multi hop; wireless commuicatio I. INTRODUCTION Ed-to-Ed delay is the time take by a packet to travel from source to destiatio [1], [2],[3]. It is a importat desig ad performace characteristic of IoT wireless commuicatios etworks. It is especially importat for delaysesitive applicatios ad for which eed trasmittig packet data with average delay costraits [4]. E2ED is a commo term i IP etwork moitorig ad differs from Roud-Trip Time (RTT) [5]. The large turout of real-time commuicatio to the IoT gives much importace to improve E2ED. Reducig delay metric is exposed i differet cotexts such as access delay i [6].Delay improvemet for the remote maagemet of reewable eergy usig a radom NC is also evaluated accordig to [7]. The evaluatios of average E2ED ad jitter i wireless tele-ultrasoography medical systems has bee carried i [8]. E2E delay depeds o umber of hops i the path, cogestio o the etwork ad it is affected by various parameters as iterface speed i itermediate odes [9]. I IoT, a excessive E2E delay ca sigificatly affect throughput. Higher delays could result i rejectig the packets by routers due to breachig the limit of Time to Live (TTL), the Iteret Cotrol Message Protocol (ICMP) packets are set to the source ad hece results i re-trasmissios. E2E delay is also ifected directly by the retrasmissio timeout (RTO) as [10]. IoT ca also strogly secure the itelliget etworks platforms which is studied i [11]. The E2EPD is especially importat for delay-sesitive applicatios. Packets are delivered to destiatio odes with delays, which may vary from packet to packet (oe measure is jitter). E2EPD distributio calculatio method it is a aalytical model to calculate E2E delays i packet etworks accordig to [12]. Recetly, simulatio results demostrate the accuracy ad effectiveess of aalytical E2EPD modelig for achievig delay aware as i [13]. TCP (Trasmissio Cotrol Protocol) is more widely used protocol o the Iteret because of their errors correctio. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is aother more frequetly used protocol o the Iteret. However, UDP is ever used to trasmit valuable data such as database iformatio, webpages, etc. UDP is commoly used for streamig audio ad video. Therefore, UDP is characterized by high-speed data commuicatio. I IoT, protocol specificatio allows iteroperability amog thigs with differet commuicatio stadards as CTP (Commuicatio Thigs Protocol) accordig to [14]. Other study gives a overview of some techical details that pertai to the IoT eablig techologies applicatios as [15]. I the Remote Maagemet field popularity of IoT is icreasig day by day i the area of remote moitorig system as i [16]. The remote moitorig systems iclude, remote satellite moitorig, DVB stream maagemet, data acquisitio i remote areas, eergy grid moitorig etc., I IoT etwork maagemet, the real-world objects commuicate with each other usig source-destiatio which source ad destiatio ca be Supervisory Cotrol ad Data Acquisitio (SCADA) ad remote termial uit (RTU) respectively. The efficiecy of applyig the delay distributio from a sigle ode ad usig covolutio to fid the E2E delay is give i [17]. The E2ED distributio i a liear etwork is derived for homogeeous etworks as i [18]. This paper gives a simplistic overview of the role that ca play the payload legth (based o some basic parameters) for improvig the E2E delay i IoT etwork performace. The rest of this paper is structured as follows. Sectio II discusses the geeral coceptio of payload trasmissio. 338 P a g e

2 (IJACSA) Iteratioal Joural of Advaced Computer Sciece ad Applicatios, Sectio III gives a geeral descriptio of ed-to-ed packet delay i wireless multi-hop etwork, ad its mathematical model is described. The experimetal ad simulatio setup are give i Sectio IV. Sectio V lists results ad discussio.i Sectio V, the authors provide the coclusios. II. GENERAL CONCEPT A. Trasmissio Average Message Size The basic structure of a packet varies betwee protocols, a typical packet icludes two sectios a header ad payload. I this paper, the authors focus o trasmittig the average message which vary i legth from o to 1500 bytes, ad their headers vary i complexity from five to 50 bytes. The E2ED i IoT etwork ca be strogly depedet of the message size. Data trasmissio over a E2E (source to destiatio) commuicatio chael is beig carried withi a packet does ot itegrate the overhead data. These real data are referred as the payload. For a commuicatios layer that requires some of the overhead data to do its operatio, the payload is sometimes desiged to iclude the part of the overhead data. However, i this operatioal etwork,the payload is the bits that get delivered to the source (SCADA) at the destiatio( RTU). The most importat factors that directly ifluece E2E delay are the arrival rate, the service rate, the umber (cout) of hops i a path, Etheret iterface speed ad the baud rate [kbps] for the serial iterface (COM). Whe data is set over etwork ad Iteret coectios, each IoT odes set icorporate both header iformatio ad the real iformatio beig set. The header cotais various thigs depeds o the used protocol, it ca detects the source ad destiatio of the packet, while the real iformatio is assiged to the payload. Header iformatio is applicated sigly i the trasmissio process, it stripped off from the packet whe it has just arrived at its destiatio. Therefore, the payload is the oly data collected by the destiatio IoT ode. I this paper the trasmissio message size is compared ad aalyzed. B. Data Trasmissio Speed The results cosidered differet value of the payload which is the data itself it eeds to trasfer (usually the user message size without ay headers (IP, TCP, UDP,). Whe crossig more tha oe device i IoT etwork, iterface speed has always played a primordial role for improvig E2E delay. It is ecessary to cofigure the iterface speed of IoT devices. I this paper it is referred to as the baud rate [bps] for the serial (COM) iterface or a Etheret iterface speed. I typical serial iterface commuicatio systems, the available bit rate values are: 2400 kbps, 4800 kbps, 9600 kbps, kbps, kbps ad kbps. Whe usig TCP istead of UDP lowers the total etwork capacity due to the higher TCP overhead (ETH UDP/IP ad serial optios are equal. The performace evaluatio of E2E delay of Radomized TCP is preseted i [19]. UDP seds the packets which cotais just simple thigs i the header as source IP/PORT ad destiatio. TCP, o the other ed cotais some iterestig iformatio, amely the sequece umber of the packet( to guaratee ordered delivery), a lot of flags (to guaratee the packet actually received i it's destiatio) ad checksum of the data (to esure it did't get corrupted) ad received correctly i its destiatio. The protocols TCP ad UDP are used for trasmittig bits of data over the Iteret. They ca build o top of the IP protocol. The packet set directly via TCP or UDP are processed similarly, as they re forwarded from a source itermediary IoT odes ad to the destiatio III. A THEORETICAL STUDY OF END-TO-END PACKET DELAY The E2E delay is typically measured i multiples or fractios of secods, i that oly path i the oe directio from source to destiatio is measured. It is very iterestig to specify how log it takes for a user data size without ay headers to travel across the etwork from source to destiatio. A. Ed to Ed Delay I telecommuicatio ad data etworks, the ed-to-ed packet delay D usually cosists of followig four elemets [20]: ( r) D D Trasmissio delay, Radio propagatio delay, ( s) ( q) D D Sigal processig delay ad Queueig delay. Their mathematical relatio ca be simply expressed as ( t) ( r) ( s) ( q) D D D D D (1) The E2E delay equatio above describes the packet delay at a sigle IoT ode alog its path from source to destiatio. Assumig that the radio trasmissio delay processig becomes D ad sigal ( s) D delay are small eough to eglect, (1) ( t) ( q) D D D (2) I the IoT coectios, if is the umber of IoT odes i the coected path from source to destiatio, the umber of liks is 1, the ed to ed delay is ( t) ( q) D ( 1)( D D ) (3) Where are the odes ca be cosidered for measurig the ed-to-ed delay. B. Network Model ad Performace Cosider the problem of aalyzig the E2E delay over the paths from a ode source S to a ode destiatio T i a complete IoT etwork. The followig Fig.1 shows a Iteret of Thigs Network model. 339 P a g e

3 (IJACSA) Iteratioal Joural of Advaced Computer Sciece ad Applicatios, Fig. 2. Evolutio of Packet Trasmissio Delay vs Packet Number. Fig. 1. Iteret of Thigs Network model. Assume that the sigal processig delay ode, ad Radio propagatio delay ( r) ( s) D, i the IoT D are equal to 0. Suppose Source S begis to trasmit the first packet at D( t 0) D0 delay over a path with IoT odes. This packet is received by ode T at D0 D, where D is the trasmissio delay of a packet. The packet is re-trasmitted to the destiatio S across IoT odes, while he ext packet is trasmitted o a same path. With IoT odes, the first packet P 1 reaches destiatio ode T at: ( 1) D ( t) (4) If p is the umber of packets, the last packet set to: ( p 1) D ( t) (5) The last packet arrives at (which correspods to the ed of the trasfer): ( p 1) D ( 1) D (6) Either agai, D ( t )( p N ) (7) By posig D ( t) L / p R, where p ad R are the umber of packets ad data rate respectively, the crossig delay of the etwork D is obtaied as : D ( L / pr)( p N) (8) Or D ( L / R)(1 N / p) (9) There however, this formula does ot cosider the protocol data (H), Which should be added to each packet, hece: T p L ph N ( )(1 ) (10) R p The curves give i Fig.1graphically illustrates the theoretical result with the followig hypothesis: L = 1500 bytes, N = 5 The packet trasmissio delay icreases sigificatly versus of packet umber. The values are expressed depedig o the message switchig ( p 1 ad 0 ) that is a etwork switchig techique i which data is routed i its etirety from the source S to the destiatio T. If p 1, 0 Message Switchig if p 1, 0 Circuit Switchig Fig.2 compares the performace accordig to a header: ATM (5 bytes), IPV4 (20 bytes), ad IPV6 (40 bytes). The trasmissio delay, i the etwork, is eve lower tha is small. This leads to search for routes that miimize the umber of odes crossed (routig algorithms) ad to icrease the etwork (icrease the probability of fidig a more direct route). It should be oted that the ifluece of the service header size is ot egligible. IV. EXPERIMENTAL AND SIMULATION SETUP I this practical applicatio, the topology showed i Fig. 1 is well-respected. This paper studies the E2ED of a IoT wireless etwork, the system is cofigured as a sigle source S ode seds packets to sigle destiatio T ode across several IoT odes. The IoT Network system cosists of two parts, related hardware ad maagemet software. The system hardware is divided ito o source ode, wireless trasmissio IoT odes ad destiatio ode. The software adopts a cetralized cotrol maagemet model, providig users basic iformatio maagemet for real-time moitorig, 340 P a g e

4 (IJACSA) Iteratioal Joural of Advaced Computer Sciece ad Applicatios, TABLE I. SIMULATION PARAMETERS TABLE II. END TO END DELAY RESULT OF MULTI-HOP PATHS Critical parameters Value Packet Payload [bytes] Processig time[ms] 20 Iterface speed [kbps] 2400,38400, Hops 1-9 ACK The SuSet E20c is a device used to measure E2E delay which provides a full trasmissio testig accordig to [21]. It ca also verify Datacom circuits by moitorig the received iformatio, cotrol leads, ad physical layer results. The simulatio results were developed usig Matlab software. Data trasfer rate ad iterface speed of each IoT odes are same as IoT odes wireless commuicatio module. If more IoT odes are used i E2E delay path it will icrease ad it performace ca improved by reducig the packets size as i [22]. Table I gives some simulatio parameters used for the aalysis of E2E listig coditios selected. off V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This sectio describes the experimets ad simulatios results. The preseted results illustrate how E2E delay (betwee S ad T ) varies depedig o the PP for several hops ad UMS (100 Bytes ad 1500 Bytes) of wireless edges i wireless commuicatio for IoT, the compare the simulatio result betwee Etheret TCP/IP ad UDP/IP as iterface speed usig fixed values of PP of multi-hop wireless IoT etworks. Fig.3 reveals the E2E delay measuremets as a fuctio of hops cout per static path for differet sizes of data without ay headers. It also shows the multi hop trasmissio from a source to destiatio through IoT odes. PP bytes Hops For tree, six ad ie hops trasmissio, the average E2ED is aroud 420 ms, 831ms, ad 1241 ms for the maximum payload offered (PP=1500 bytes) respectively, while 178 ms,347 ms, ad 516 ms respectively for PP=100 bytes. It is observed that the respective E2ED were liearly icreased with icreasig hops cout or packet payload. Table II below summarizes some of the simulatio results. Addig oe more hop i trasmissio path icreases the E2E delay by %, % ad % for 100 bytes, 800 bytes ad 1500 bytes respectively. Cosequetly, each of those hops itroduces some delay accordig to a payload size. Fig.4 illustrates the results of idirect trasmissios through IoT odes over 9 hops for differet packet payload size ad give details of how E2E delay varies i terms of differet iterface speed (2400kbps up to kbps) of ie hops. Results idicated i Fig.4 iterface speed has a direct ad sigificat effects o E2ED. The PP=0 bytes i Fig.4 meas that data size is zero because the packet is oly ackowledgig data; it is ot trasmittig ay data. Packets with a ACK flag ad 0 size ca be TCP keep alive packets. There are other circumstaces i which a system will sed TCP packets with zero legth. The Table 3 below represets some simulatios results of E2E delay usig the baud rate [kbps] for the serial (COM) iterface (three differet payload sizes for a path with 9 hops). Fig. 3. Ed to Ed Delay vs Hop Cout Per Static Path. Fig. 4. Ed to Ed Delay vs Iterface Speed. 341 P a g e

5 (IJACSA) Iteratioal Joural of Advaced Computer Sciece ad Applicatios, PP bytes TABLE III. E2E DELAY RESULTS OF CRITICAL INTERFACE SPEED Iterface speed Fig. 5. Ed to Ed Delay vs Hop Cout Per Static Path usig ETH TCP/IP ad ETH UDP/IP. From this table it ca be see that the more the iterface speed icrease, the more there is improvemet of E2E delay. Fig. 5 shows experimetal results of the compariso betwee Etheret TCP/IP ad UDP/IP as iterface speed results for PP=500 bytes. Fig.5 illustrates that the UDP is speedily tha TCP. The reaso is because there is o form of flow cotrol or error correctio or its abset ackowledge packet (ACK) that allows a cotiuous packet flow, istead of TCP that ackowledges a determied packets. Whe usig UDP, packets are just set to the recipiet. The seder cotiues trasmittig the ext packets (without waitig that the recipiet received of the previous packet) If the IoT destiatio misses a few UDP packets, they are lost. The seder will ot resed them. Losig all this overhead meas the IoT odes ca commuicate more speedily. Fig. 6 shows simulatio result of the compariso betwee Etheret TCP/IP ad UDP/IP as iterface speed usig two values of PP (500 bytes ad 1500 bytes). Table 4 lists the compariso of the average delay from simulatio ad estimatio results usig Etheret iterface speed. It ca also be further cocluded that the values developed performs well uder differet coditios. TCP/IP is a suite of protocols used by IoT odes to commuicate over the Iteret. UDP/IP is used by applicatios to deliver a speedily stream of iformatio by doig away with error-checkig. I this paper, the aalysis of E2E packet delay for iteret of thigs i wireless commuicatios was developed ad illustrated by both experimetal ad simulatios results. This aalysis, compared to the aalysis results, gives more a simplistic ad quickly overview for improvig the E2E delay i IoT etwork performace as i [17]. Cosider the liks from ode 1 to ode 10, keepig the same assumptios of [12]. For 2 Mbit/s liks ad costat packet legths of 400 bytes, the compariso betwee the E2EPD distributio calculatio method give by [12] ad the proposed method clearly shows the efficiecy ad accuracy of the results of E2EPD obtaied by the proposed method as i Fig.7. TABLE IV. PP (bytes) COMPARISON OF E2E DELAY USING TCP/IP AND UDP/IP 4 Hops 8 Hops TCP/IP UDP/IP TCP/IP UDP/IP Fig. 6. Compariso Ed to Ed Delay vs Hop Cout Per Static Path (PP=500 Bytes ad 1500bytes). Fig. 7. Compariso betwee the E2EPD Distributio Calculatio Method ad the Proposed Method.(PP=400 bytes ). 342 P a g e

6 (IJACSA) Iteratioal Joural of Advaced Computer Sciece ad Applicatios, It was also observed (i Fig.7 with zoomed curves) that the respective E2EPD distributio calculatio method does ot icrease liearly with icreasig hops cout or packet payload while the E2EPD of the proposed method icrease i straight lie. The simple ad the efficiet proposed method for aalyzig E2ED gives a very accurate ad robust results. VI. CONCLUSIONS The authors have performed both a experimetal ad theoretical aalysis of the Ed to Ed delay which is iflueced by critical parameter. The simulatio, measuremet ad estimatio results were show the impacts of payload size, hops cout ad iterface speed o E2E delay performace. The results showed that this estimator provides good estimates of payload packets, Ed to ed delay, ad jitter gave a key isight ito the QoS provisioig for multi-hop wireless etworks. Etheret UDP/IP is exploited whe a speed is requested ad error correctio is ot eedful. The settig parameters discussed i this paper gives a rapid ad easy idea of the E2E delay improvemet i the IoT etwork. The E2EPD for arrowbad Iteret of Thigs i Wireless Commuicatios odes should be aalyzed ad miimized fidig ew techiques ad methods which will be the future works. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was partially supported by the SNRT (laboratory of regioal service) Morocco. REFERENCES [1] S.-N. Yeug ad J. Lehoczky, Ed-to-ed delay aalysis for real-time etworks, i Proc. IEEE RTSS, Lodo, U.K., Dec. 2001, pp [2] El.M..AR-REYOUCHII, K. Ghoumid, K. Ameziae, ad O. El Mrabet, The Improvemet of Ed to Ed Delays i Network Maagemet System Usig Network Codig, Iteratioal Joural of Computer Networks & Commuicatios (IJCNC),vol.5, 6 (Nov. 2013), : DOI: /ijcc [3] Nasim Abbas; Fegqi Yu, Performace aalysis of ed-to-ed delay ad reliability for liear wireless multimedia sesor etworks, IEEE 3rd Iformatio Techology ad Mechatroics Egieerig Coferece (ITOEC), 3-5 Oct [4] R. A. Berry ad R. 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