MOBILITY MODELS FOR NEXT WIRELESS NETWORKS GENERATION WILEY AD HOC, VEHICULAR AND MESH NETWORKS. Paolo Santi

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1 MOBILITY MODELS FOR NEXT GENERATION WIRELESS NETWORKS AD HOC, VEHICULAR AND MESH NETWORKS Paolo Santi Istituto di Informatica e Telematica del CNR, Italy WILEY A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

2 Contents List of Figures xv List of Tables xxiii About the Author xxv Preface xxvii Acknowledgments xxxiii List of Abbreviations xxxv Part I INTRODUCTION 1 Next Generation Wireless Networks WLAN and Mesh Networks Ad Hoc Networks Vehicular Networks Wireless Sensor Networks Opportunistic Networks 14 References 16 2 Modeling Next Generation Wireless Networks Radio Channel Models The Communication Graph The Energy Model 31 References 32 3 Mobility Models for Next Generation Wireless Networks Motivation Cellular vs. Next Generation Wireless Network Mobility Models A Taxonomy of Existing Mobility Models 38

3 viii Contents Spatial Scope Application Scenario Nature Correlation Geography Trajectory Mobility Models and Real-World Traces: The CRAWDAD Resource Basic Definitions 45 References 47 Part II "GENERAL-PURPOSE" MOBILITY MODELS 4 Random Walk Models Discrete Random Walks Random Walks on Grids Random Walks on Graphs Continuous Random Walks Brownian Motion Levy flight Other Random Walk Models Theoretical Properties of Random Walk Models Stationary Node Spatial Distribution The Level-Crossing Phenomenon Hitting Time, Return Time, and Cover Time 60 References 60 5 The Random Waypoint Model The RWP Model The Node Spatial Distribution of the RWP Model The Average Nodal Speed of the RWP Model Variants of the RWP Model 73 References 74 6 Group Mobility and Other Synthetic Mobility Models The RPGM Model RPGM with RWP Group Mobility In-Place Mobility Model Convention Mobility Model RPGM and Other Group Mobility Models Other Synthetic Mobility Models The Smooth Random Mobility Model 83

4 Contents ix Gauss-Markov Mobility Model \ 86 References 87 7 Random Trip Models The Class of Random Trip Models Conditions on Phase and Path Conditions on Trip Duration Stationarity of Random Trip Models Examples of Random Trip Models Random Waypoint Model RWP Variants 96 > Other Random Trip Mobility Models 97 References 98 Part III MOBILITY MODELS FOR WLAN AND MESH NETWORKS 8 WLAN and Mesh Networks WLAN and Mesh Networks: State of the Art Network Architecture The IEEE Standard WLAN and Mesh Networks: User Scenarios Home WLAN Campus/Corporate WLAN Public Area Hotspots Community Mesh Network WLAN and Mesh Networks: Perspectives Further Reading 111 References Real-World WLAN Mobility Real-World WLAN Traces Features of WLAN Mobility 116 References WLAN Mobility Models The LH Mobility Model Estimating the Transition and Steady-State Probabilities Finding Temporal Correlation in User/AP Association Patterns Timed Location Prediction with the LH Model 127

5 X Contents 10.2 The KKK Mobility Model Extracting Physical Movement Trajectories from WLAN Traces Extracting Pause Time Dealing with Stationary Sub-Traces Finding Hotspot Locations Mobility Modeling Final Considerations and Further Reading 137 References 138 Part IV MOBILITY MODELS FOR VEHICULAR NETWORKS 11 Vehicular Networks Vehicular Networks: State of the Art Motivation Standardization Activities Vehicular Networks: User Scenarios Active Safety Applications Cooperative Traffic Efficiency Applications Cooperative Local Services Global Internet Services Vehicular Networks: Perspectives Further Reading 151 References Vehicular Networks: Macroscopic and Microscopic Mobility Models Vehicular Mobility Models: The Macroscopic View Vehicular Mobility Models: The Microscopic View Further Reading 157 References Microscopic Vehicular Mobility Models Simple Microscopic Mobility Models The Graph-Based Mobility Model The Freeway Mobility Model The Manhattan Mobility Model The SUMO Mobility Model Building the Road Network Building the Traffic Demand 167

6 Contents xi Route Computation Running the Simulation and Generating Output Integrating Vehicular Mobility and Wireless Network Simulation The TraCI Interface for Coupled Vehicular Network Simulation 170 References 172 Part V MOBILITY MODELS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 14 Wireless Sensor Networks Wireless Sensor Networks: State of the Art Hardware and Software Platforms Standardization Activities Wireless Sensor Networks: User Scenarios Environmental Monitoring Industrial Monitoring Health and Well-Being Monitoring Precision Agriculture Seismic, Structural, and Building Monitoring Intrusion Detection Tracking of Objects, People, and Animals WSNs: Perspectives Further Reading 184 References Wireless Sensor Networks: Passive Mobility Models Passive Mobility in WSNs Mobility Models for Wildlife Tracking Applications The ZebraNet Mobility Model The Whale Mobility Model Modeling Movement Caused by External Forces 191 References Wireless Sensor Networks: Active Mobility Models Active Mobility of Sensor Nodes Active Mobility and Sensing Coverage Motion Control for Sensing Coverage Motion Control for Event Tracking 206

7 xii Contents 16.2 Active Mobility of Sink Nodes The Data MULE Concept Sink Mobility for Network Lifetime Maximization 210 References 212 Part VI MOBILITY MODELS FOR OPPORTUNISTIC NETWORKS 17 Opportunistic Networks Opportunistic Networks: State of the Art Opportunistic Networks: User Scenarios User Scenarios in PSNs User Scenarios in WSNs User Scenarios in Vehicular Networks Opportunistic Networks: Perspectives Further Reading 223 References Routing in Opportunistic Networks Mobility-Assisted Routing in Opportunistic Networks Single-Copy Protocols Multi-Copy Protocols Opportunistic Network Mobility Metrics The Expected Meeting Time The Inter-Meeting Time Contact Duration Relating the Three Metrics 234 References Mobile Social Network Analysis The Social Network Graph Centrality and Clustering Metrics Centrality Metrics Clustering Metrics Characterizations of Human Mobility Characterization of Individual Human Mobility Patterns Characterization of Pairwise Contact Patterns Further Reading 250 References 250

8 Contents xiii 20 Social-Based Mobility Models The Weighted Random Waypoint Mobility Model The Time-Variant Community Mobility Model The Community-Based Mobility Model The SWIM Mobility Model The Self-Similar Least Action Walk Model The Home-MEG Model Further Reading 270 References 271 Part VII CASE STUDIES 21 Random Waypoint Model and Wireless Network Simulation RWP Model and Simulation Accuracy Removing the Border Effect The Temporal-RWP Model The Spatial-RWP Model Removing Speed Decay The RWP Model and "Perfect Simulation" 287 References Mobility Modeling and Opportunistic Network Performance Analysis Unicast in Opportunistic Networks Network Model Epidemic Routing Performance Two-Hops Routing Performance Broadcast in Opportunistic Networks Network Model Broadcasting with Geometric-Based Mobility Broadcasting with the Home-MEG Model Discussion 306 References 308 Appendix A Elements of Probability Theory 309 A.l Basic Notions of Probability Theory 309 A.2 Probability Distributions 313 A.3 Markov Chains 317 References 321

9 xiv Contents Appendix B Elements of Graph Theory, Asymptotic Notation, and Miscellaneous Notions 323 B.l Asymptotic Notation 323 B.2 Elements of Graph Theory 326 B.3 Miscellaneous Notions 330 References 333 Index 335

Mobility Models. Larissa Marinho Eglem de Oliveira. May 26th CMPE 257 Wireless Networks. (UCSC) May / 50

Mobility Models. Larissa Marinho Eglem de Oliveira. May 26th CMPE 257 Wireless Networks. (UCSC) May / 50 Mobility Models Larissa Marinho Eglem de Oliveira CMPE 257 Wireless Networks May 26th 2015 (UCSC) May 2015 1 / 50 1 Motivation 2 Mobility Models 3 Extracting a Mobility Model from Real User Traces 4 Self-similar