Advanced Wireless Networks

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1 Advanced Wireless Networks 4G Technologies Savo G. Glisic University of Oulu, Finland

3 Advanced Wireless Networks

5 Advanced Wireless Networks 4G Technologies Savo G. Glisic University of Oulu, Finland

6 Copyright C 2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or ed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA , USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN (HB) ISBN (HB) Typeset in 10/12pt Times by TechBooks, New Delhi, India. Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire. This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

7 To my family

9 Contents Preface xix 1 Fundamentals G Networks and Composite Radio Environment Protocol Boosters One-element error detection booster for UDP One-element ACK compression booster for TCP One-element congestion control booster for TCP One-element ARQ booster for TCP A forward erasure correction booster for IP or TCP Two-element jitter control booster for IP Two-element selective ARQ booster for IP or TCP Hybrid 4G Wireless Network Protocols Control messages and state transition diagrams Direct transmission The protocol for one-hop direct transmission Protocols for two-hop direct-transmission mode Green Wireless Networks 20 References 22 2 Physical Layer and Multiple Access Advanced Time Division Multiple Access-ATDMA Code Division Multiple Access Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Multicarrier CDMA Ultrawide Band Signal MIMO Channels and Space Time Coding 41 References 42

10 viii CONTENTS 3 Channel Modeling for 4G Macrocellular Environments (1.8 GHz) Urban Spatal Radio Channels in Macro/MicroCell Environment (2.154 GHz) Description of environment Results MIMO Channels in Micro- and PicoCell Environment (1.71/2.05 GHz) Measurement set-ups The eigenanalysis method Definition of the power allocation schemes Outdoor Mobile Channel (5.3 GHz) Path loss models Path number distribution Rotation measurements in an urban environment Microcell Channel (8.45 GHz) Azimuth profile Delay profile for the forward arrival waves Short-term azimuth spread for forward arrival waves Wireless MIMO LAN Environments (5.2 GHz) Data evaluation Capacity computation Measurement environments Indoor WLAN Channel (17 GHz) Indoor WLAN Channel (60 GHz) Definition of the statistical parameters UWB Channel Model The large-scale statistics The small-scale statistics The statistical model Simulation steps Clustering models for the indoor multipath propagation channel Path loss modeling 90 References 93 4 Adaptive and Reconfigurable Link Layer Link Layer Capacity of Adaptive Air Interfaces The MAC channel model The Markovian model Goodput and link adaptation Switching hysteresis Link service rate with exact mode selection Imperfections in the adaptation chain Estimation process and estimate error Channel process and estimation delay Feedback process and mode command reception Link service rate with imperfections Sensitivity of state probabilities to hysteresis region width Estimation process and estimate error Feedback process and acquisition errors 118

11 CONTENTS ix 4.2 Adaptive Transmission in Ad Hoc Networks Adaptive Hybrid ARQ Schemes for Wireless Links RS codes PHY and MAC frame structures Error-control schemes Performance of adaptive FEC Simulation results Stochastic Learning Link Layer Protocol Stochastic learning control Adaptive link layer protocol Infrared Link Access Protocol The IrLAP layer IrLAP functional model description 142 References Adaptive Medium Access Control WLAN Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function Adaptive MAC for WLAN with Adaptive Antennas Description of the protocols MAC for Wireless Sensor Networks S-MAC protocol design Periodic listen and sleep Collision avoidance Coordinated sleeping Choosing and maintaining schedules Maintaining synchronization Adaptive listening Overhearing avoidance and message passing Overhearing avoidance Message passing MAC for Ad Hoc Networks Carrier sense wireless networks Interaction with upper layers 174 References Teletraffic Modeling and Analysis Channel Holding Time in PCS Networks 179 References Adaptive Network Layer Graphs and Routing Protocols Elementary concepts Directed graph Undirected graph Degree of a vertex Weighted graph Walks and paths 193

12 x CONTENTS Connected graphs Trees Spanning tree MST computation Shortest path spanning tree Graph Theory Routing with Topology Aggregation Network and Aggregation Models Line segment representation QoS-aware topology aggregation Mesh formation Star formation Line-segment routing algorithm Performance measure Performance example 224 References Effective Capacity Effective Traffic Source Parameters Effective traffic source Shaping probability Shaping delay Performance example Effective Link Layer Capacity Link-layer channel model Effective capacity model of wireless channels Physical layer vs link-layer channel model Performance examples 253 References Adaptive TCP Layer Introduction A large bandwidth-delay product Buffer size Round-trip time Unfairness problem at the TCP layer Noncongestion losses End-to-end solutions Bandwidth asymmetry TCP Operation and Performance The TCP transmitter Retransmission timeout Window adaptation Packet loss recovery TCP-OldTahoe (timeout recovery) TCP-Tahoe (fast retransmit) TCP-Reno fast retransmit, fast (but conservative) recovery 269

13 CONTENTS xi TCP-NewReno (fast retransmit, fast recovery) Spurious retransmissions Modeling of TCP operation TCP for Mobile Cellular Networks Improving TCP in mobile environments Mobile TCP design The SH-TCP client The M-TCP protocol Performance examples Random Early Detection Gateways for Congestion Avoidance The RED algorithm Performance example TCP for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Effect of route recomputations Effect of network partitions Effect of multipath routing ATCP sublayer ATCP protocol design Performance examples 289 References Crosslayer Optimization Introduction A Cross-Layer Architecture for Video Delivery 296 References Mobility Management Introduction Mobility management in cellular networks Location registration and call delivery in 4G Cellular Systems with Prioritized Handoff Channel assignment priority schemes Channel reservation CR handoffs Channel reservation with queueing CRQ handoffs Performance examples Cell Residing Time Distribution Mobility Prediction in Pico- and MicroCellular Networks PST-QoS guarantees framework Most likely cluster model 347 Appendix: Distance Calculation in an Intermediate Cell 355 References Adaptive Resource Management Channel Assignment Schemes Different channel allocation schemes Fixed channel allocation Channel borrowing schemes 371

14 xii CONTENTS Hybrid channel borrowing schemes Dynamic channel allocation Centralized DCA schemes Cell-based distributed DCA schemes Signal strength measurement-based distributed DCA schemes One-dimensional cellular systems Fixed reuse partitioning Adaptive channel allocation reuse partitioning (ACA RUP) Resource Management in 4G Mobile Agent-based Resource Management Advanced resource management system CDMA Cellular Multimedia Wireless Networks Principles of SCAC QoS differentiation paradigms Traffic model Performance evaluation Related results Modeling-based static complete-sharing MdCAC system Measurement-based complete-sharing MsCAC system Complete-sharing dynamic SCAC system Dynamic SCAC system with QoS differentiation Example of a single-class system NRT packet access control Assumptions Estimation of average upper-limit (UL) data throughput DFIMA, dynamic feedback information-based access control Performance examples Implementation issues Joint Data Rate and Power Management Centralized minimum total transmitted power (CMTTP) algorithm Maximum throughput power control (MTPC) Statistically distributed multirate power control (SDMPC) Lagrangian multiplier power control (LRPC) Selective power control (SPC) RRM in multiobjective (MO) framework Multiobjective distributed power and rate control (MODPRC) Multiobjective totally distributed power and rate control (MOTDPRC) Throughput maximization/power minimization (MTMPC) Dynamic Spectra Sharing in Wireless Networks Channel capacity Channel models Diversity reception Performance evaluation Multiple access techniques and user capacity Multiuser detection 442

15 CONTENTS xiii Interference and coexistence Channel estimation/imperfections Signal and interference model Receiver structure Interference rejection circuit model Performance analysis Performance examples 451 References Ad Hoc Networks Routing Protocols Routing protocols Reactive protocols Hybrid Routing Protocol Loop-back termination Early termination Selective broadcasting (SBC) Scalable Routing Strategies Hierarchical routing protocols Performance examples FSR (fisheye routing) protocol Multipath Routing Clustering Protocols Introduction Clustering algorithm Clustering with prediction Cashing Schemes for Routing Cache management Distributed QoS Routing Wireless links reliability Routing Routing information Token-based routing Delay-constrained routing Tokens Forwarding the received tokens Bandwidth-constrained routing Forwarding the received tickets Performance example 527 References Sensor Networks Introduction Sensor Networks Parameters Pre-deployment and deployment phase Post-deployment phase Re-deployment of additional nodes phase 539

QoS OVER HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS

QoS OVER HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS Mario Marchese Department of Communications, Computer and System Science University of Genoa, Italy QoS OVER HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS QoS OVER HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS Mario