DIGITAL VIDEO DISTRIBUTION IN BROADBAND, TELEVISION, MOBILE AND CONVERGED NETWORKS

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1 DIGITAL VIDEO DISTRIBUTION IN BROADBAND, TELEVISION, MOBILE AND CONVERGED NETWORKS TRENDS, CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS Sanjoy Paul, Ph.D Formerly of Bell Labs and WINLAB, Rutgers University, USA, now of Infosys Technologies Limited, India A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication

3 DIGITAL VIDEO DISTRIBUTION IN BROADBAND, TELEVISION, MOBILE AND CONVERGED NETWORKS

5 DIGITAL VIDEO DISTRIBUTION IN BROADBAND, TELEVISION, MOBILE AND CONVERGED NETWORKS TRENDS, CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS Sanjoy Paul, Ph.D Formerly of Bell Labs and WINLAB, Rutgers University, USA, now of Infosys Technologies Limited, India A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication

6 This edition first published 2011 C 2011 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Paul, Sanjoy. Digital video distribution in broadband, television, mobile, and converged networks : trends, challenges, and solutions / Sanjoy Paul. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN (cloth) 1. Multimedia communications. 2. Digital video. 3. Multicasting (Computer networks) I. Title. TK P dc A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Print ISBN: (H/B) epdf ISBN: obook ISBN: Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India

7 About the Author Preface xiii xv PART ONE TECHNOLOGY TRENDS 1 1 Convergence Industry Convergence Device Convergence Network Convergence Service Convergence Summary 9 References 9 2 Video Compression, Encoding and Transport Still Image Compression Block Transform Quantization Encoding Compressing Even Further Adding Color to an Image Video Compression Motion Estimation and Compensation Group of Pictures (GOP) Video Transport Summary 15 References 15 3 Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) versus Internet Television Internet Television and Video over IP Content Distribution Search Summary 19 References 19

8 vi 4 Multicast Multicast in IPTV Networks Multicast in Mobile Networks Summary 24 References 25 5 Technology Trend and its Impact on Video on Demand Service over Internet Open versus Closed Networks Open Networks Closed Networks Summary 33 References 34 6 Summary of Part One 35 PART TWO CHALLENGES OF DISTRIBUTING VIDEO IN OPEN NETWORKS 39 7 Movie-on-Demand over the Internet Resource Estimation Storage Bandwidth Download Alternative Distribution Models Content Distribution Network (CDN) Hosting Hosting versus CDN Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networks P2P Networks for Content Download CDN vs. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networks CDN versus Caching Hybrid Networks Combining Caching and P2P Summary 56 References 57 8 Internet Television Resource Estimation Bandwidth Storage P2P Networks for Streaming Adaptive P2P Streaming Tree-Based P2P Streaming Mesh-Based P2P Streaming 67

9 vii Scalability of P2P Networks Comparison of Tree-Based and Mesh-Based P2P Streaming Provider Portal for P2P (P4P) Some Statistics of P2P Traffic Alternative Techniques to Deal with P2P Traffic in ISPs Network Adverse Interaction between ISP Traffic Engineering and P2P Optimization P4P Framework Summary 77 References 78 9 Broadcast Television over the Internet Resource Estimation Bandwidth Storage Technology CoolStreaming Design of DONet Evaluation of DONet GridMedia Products Satellite Direct Download Dish TV for PC Internet Streaming PPMate Streaming TV SopCast TV Streaming webTotal Tv and Radio Tuner Free Internet TV Streams Online TV Live CoolStreaming PPLive Summary 104 References Digital Rights Management (DRM) DRM Functional Architecture Intellectual Property Asset Creation and Capture Intellectual Property Asset Management Intellectual Property Asset Usage Modeling Content in DRM Functional Architecture Modeling Rights Expression in DRM Functional Architecture How DRM works Content Packaging Content Distribution License Distribution License Creation and Assignment 112

10 viii License Acquisition Playing the Media File Summary 113 References Quality of Experience (QoE) QoE Cache: Designing a QoE-Aware Edge Caching System TCP Optimizer Streaming Optimizer Web Proxy/Cache Streaming Proxy/Cache DNS Optimizer TCP Optimizer (Details) Streaming Optimizer (Details) Web Proxy/Cache (Details) Streaming Proxy/Cache (Details) DNS Optimizer (Details) Further Insights and Optimizations for Video Streaming over Wireless QoE Cache Enhancement Insights Functional Enhancements to the Basic QoE-Cache Benefits Due to Basic QoE Cache Functional Enhancement to Generic QoE Cache Performance of the QoE Cache Web Browsing Streaming Performance on a Typical Day Additional Features and Optimizations Possible for QoE-Cache Capability of handling Live Streams in addition to Video-on-Demand Hardware-Based Transcoding Video Bit Rate Adaptation with RTP over TCP Streaming Video Bit Rate Adaptation for HTTP-Based Progressive Download Adaptation of Video Based on Client Device Capabilities Summary 137 References Opportunistic Video Delivery Services in Delay Tolerant Networks Introduction Design Principles Alternative Architectures Delay and Disruption Tolerant Networking (RFC 4838) BBN s SPINDLE KioskNet Converged Architecture Cache and Forward Network Design Goals Architecture 156

11 ix Protocols Performance of Protocols in CNF Architecture Summary 166 References Summary of Part Two 169 PART THREE CHALLENGES FOR DISTRIBUTING VIDEO IN CLOSED NETWORKS Network Architecture Evolution IP Television (IPTV) IPTV Service Classifications Requirements for Providing IPTV Services Displayed Quality Requirements Bandwidth Audio/Video Compression Formats Resolution Transport Requirements Data Encapsulation Transmission Protocols Modes of Transport Unicast Transport for Video-on-Demand (VoD) Multicast Transport for Live TV Summary 208 References Video Distribution in Converged Networks Impact of Treating Each Network as an Independent Entity Challenges in Synergizing the Networks and Avoiding Duplication Potential Approach to Address Multi-Channel Heterogeneity Rule-Based Transformation of Media Static versus Dynamic Transformation Dynamic Selection of Top 20% Videos and Top 20% Formats Template for Applications Commercial Transcoders Rhozet Carbon Coder Usage Mechanism Important Features Rhozet in a Representative Solution Rhozet in Personal Multimedia Content Distribution Solution Rhozet: Summary Architecture of a System that Embodies the Above Concepts Solution Architecture Diagram Benefits of the Proposed Architecture 224

12 x 16.7 Case Study: Virtual Personal Multimedia Library Summary 225 References Quality of Service (QoS) in IPTV QoS Requirements: Application Layer Standard-Definition TV (SDTV): Minimum Objectives High-Definition TV (HDTV): Minimum Objectives QoS Requirements: Transport Layer Standard-Definition Video: Minimum Objectives High-Definition Video: Minimum Objectives QoS Requirements: Network Layer QoE Requirements: Control Functions QoE Requirements for Channel Zapping Time QoE Requirements: VoD Trick Mode Trick Latency Requirements for VoD Trick Features IPTV QoS Requirements at a Glance Summary 242 References Quality of Service (QoS) Monitoring and Assurance A Representative Architecture for End-to-End QoE Assurance IPTV QoE Monitoring Monitoring Points Monitoring Point Definitions Monitoring Parameters Monitoring Methods Multi-Layer Monitoring Video Quality Monitoring Audio Quality Monitoring Internet Protocol TV QoE Monitoring Tools IQ Pinpoint Multidimensional Video Quality Management Headend Confidence Monitoring Field Analysis and Troubleshooting Product Lifecycle Test and Measurement Summary 266 References Security of Video in Converged Networks Threats to Digital Video Content Existing Video Content Protection Technologies DRM Systems Content Scrambling System (CSS) Content Protection for Recordable Media and Pre-Recorded Media (CPRM/CPPM) 273

13 xi Conditional Access System (CAS) Advanced Access Content System Content Protection System Architecture Digital Transmission Content Protection (DTCP) High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) Comparison of Content Protection Technologies Threats in Traditional and Converged Networks Content in Converged Networks Threats in Traditional Networks Threats in Converged Networks Requirements of a Comprehensive Content Protection System Unified Content Management and Protection (UCOMAP) Framework Technical Assumptions Major Components of UCOMAP Other Advantages of UCOMAP Framework Case Study: Secure Video Store Summary 284 References Challenges for Providing Scalable Video-on-Demand (VoD) Service Closed-Loop Schemes Batching Patching Batched Patching Controlled (Threshold-Based) Multicast Batched Patching with Prefix Caching Segmented Multicast with Cache (SMcache) Open-Loop Schemes Equally Spaced Interval Broadcasting Staggered Broadcasting Harmonic Broadcasting Pyramid Broadcasting Skyscraper Broadcasting Comparison of PB, PPB and SB Greedy Disk-Conserving Broadcast (GDB) Hybrid Scheme Summary 303 References Challenges of Distributing Video in Mobile Wireless Networks Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) MBMS User Services MBMS Architecture MBMS Attributes and Parameters Multicast Tree in Cellular Network MBMS Procedures 318

14 xii MBMS Channel Structure Usage of MBMS Channel Structure MBMS Security Digital Video Broadcast Handhelds (DVB-H) Forward Link Only (FLO) Digital Rights Management (DRM) for Mobile Video Content Summary 331 References IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) and IPTV IMS Architecture Layering on IMS Architecture Overview of Components in IMS Architecture Some Important Components in IMS Architecture IMS Service Model IMS Signaling SIP Registration/Deregistration IMS Subscriber to IMS Subscriber Integration of IPTV in IMS Architecture Functional Architecture and Interfaces Integrated IMS-IPTV Architecture Discovery and Selection of IPTV Service and Establishment of an IPTV Session Summary 350 References Summary of Part Three 353 Index 359

15 About the Author Sanjoy Paul is Associate Vice President, General Manager-Research and Head of the Convergence Lab at Infosys Technologies Limited, where he heads research and innovation in the field of communications, media and entertainment. Previously, he was a research professor at WINLAB, Rutgers University and founder of RelevantAd Technologies Inc, before which Sanjoy spent five years as the Director of Wireless Networking Research at Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies, and as the CTO of two start-up companies (Edgix and WhenU) based in New York. In a previous tenure at Bell Laboratories as a distinguished member of technical staff, Sanjoy was the chief architect of Lucent s IPWorX caching and content distribution product line. Sanjoy has over 20 years of technology expertise, specifically in the areas of end-to-end protocol design and analysis, mobile wireless networking, quality of service, multicasting, content distribution, media streaming, intelligent caching and secure commerce. He served as an editor of IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, a guest editor of IEEE Network Special Issue on Multicasting, Steering Committee member of IEEE COMSNETS, General Chair and Technical Program Committee Chair of IEEE/ICST COMSWARE 2007 and 2006 respectively, and as a technical program committee member of several IEEE and ACM international conferences. Sanjoy has authored a book on multicasting, published over 100 papers in international journals, refereed conference proceedings, authored over 80 US patents (28 granted, 50+ pending), and is the co-recipient of 1997 William R. Bennett award from IEEE Communications Society for the best original paper in IEEE/ACM transactions on networking. He holds a Bachelor of Technology degree from IIT Kharagpur, India, an M.S and a Ph.D. degree from the University of Maryland, College Park, and an MBA from the Wharton Business School, University of Pennsylvania. He is a Fellow of IEEE and a Member of the ACM.

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