Optical Theory Basics - 2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrieval
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1 Optical Theory Basics - 2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrieval Jose Moreno 3 September 2007, Lecture D1Lb2
2 OPTICAL THEORY-FUNDAMENTALS (2) Radiation laws: definitions and nomenclature Sources of radiation in natural environment in the optical domain Interaction of radiation with matter in the optical domain Illumination and observation geometries Radiative transfer in the optical domain General solutions for the radiation transfer in the coupled earth-surface and through the atmosphere Derivation of surface reflectance from measured satellite radiances Spectral information: signatures of natural objects Spatial information: uniformity, textures and scales Temporal information: land surface dynamics at multiple scales Information retrieval: from spectral indices to model inversion Overview of applications 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 2
3 Derivation of surface reflectance from measured satellite radiance 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 3
4 Pre-processing steps: - Radiometric calibration - Noise removal - Cloud screening - Geometric correction - Atmospheric correction - Database management 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 4
5 RADIOMETRIC CALIBRATION Pre-launch radiometric calibration to traceable standard (accepted reference) Post launch calibration campaigns to maintain/monitoring in flight calibration (vicarious) On-board calibration (both radiometric and spectral) 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 5
6 CLOUD SCREENING - Very dependent on the available spectral information - Many different algorithms (from simple thresholds up to sophisticate techniques) 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 6
7 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 7
8 SATELLITE SIGNAL MODELLING 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 8
9 The atmosphere modifies the radiation measured by optical sensors: Aerosols and gases present optical activity at VIS/NIR/SWIR. Reflectance increases/decreases depending on the wavelength. Image loses contrast. Removing the atmospheric influence from remote sensing data is necessary before the data exploitation 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 9
10 Surface reflectance retrieval TOA radiance modeled assuming Lambertian reflectance for the target: Analytically invertible to retrieve ρ s. Removal of adjacency effects 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 10
11 Flat Lambertian areas: INVERSION OF SURFACE REFLECTANCE Non-Lambertian areas with topographic structure: - no analytic inversion under approximations - decoupling 'effective' reflectances and 'effective geometric terms required for environment - multistep numerical procedure required for inversion - multiple reflection terms only significant for high reflectance surroundings 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 11
12 Atmospheric composition Permanent Constituents Variable constituents Constituent % by volume Constituent % by volume Nitrogen (N 2 ) Water Vapor (H 2 O) 0.04 Oxygen (O 2 ) Ozone (O 3 ) 12 x 10-4 Argon (Ar) Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) b x 10-4 Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) x 10-4 Neon (Ne) x 10-4 Ammonia (NH 3 ) x 10-4 Helium (He) 5.24 x 10-4 Nitric oxide (NO) x 10-4 Krypton (Kr) 1.14 x 10-4 Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) x 10-4 Xenon (Xe) x 10-4 Nitric acid vapor trace Hydrogen (H 2 ) 0.5 x 10-4 Methane (CH 4 ) 1.5 x 10-4 Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) 0.27 x 10-4 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 0.19 x September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 12
13 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 13
14 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 14
15 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 15
16 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 16
17 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 17
18 ATMOSPHERIC INFORMATION Height (gpm) In-situ radiosoundings Temperature Height (gpm) Relative Humidity (%) solar radiation (W m nm ) In-situ spectral irradiance dir ect global 0-80,0-60,0-40,0-20,0 0,0 20,0 40,0 Temperature (¼C) RH (%) Ozone wavelength (nm) Height (gpm) Total Optical Depth ,00 2,00 4,00 6,00 8,00 10,00 12,00 14,00 16, Ozone (mpa) wavelength (nm) 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 18
19 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 19
20 Surface reflectance retrieval Atmospheric correction: Removal of the atmospheric effects from the measured at-sensor radiance, leading to the derivation of surface reflectance images. Aerosols Water vapor 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 20
21 TOA BOA 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 21
22 Topographic effects Cosine correction Hay s model µ s DEM µ il + = 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 22
23 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 23
24 BRDF effects 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 24
25 Spectral information: signatures of natural objects 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 25
26 view zenith angle wavelength (nm) 0.00 Hyperspectral BRDF Solar Principal Plane C = cm water 400 wavelength (nm) view zenith angle 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 26
27 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 27
28 SOIL REFLECTANCE 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 28
29 green vegetation (alfalfa) senescent vegetation (barley) reflectance wavelength ( μm) 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 29
30 reflectance bare soil organic litter (humic acid) wavelength (nm) 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 30
31 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 31
32 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 32
33 CHRIS HyMap MERIS Landsat TM 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 33
34 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 34
35 Spatial information: uniformity, textures and scales 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 35
36 <1-300 meters SPATIAL SCALES TO BE RESOLVED 10 km to global Local site Global sampling 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 36
37 Multiresolution data VIS/NIR/SWIR Colour Composite Thermal data 1.25 m 3.75 m 12.0 m 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 37
38 Spatial information in the images -Textures -Higherorder statistics 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 38
39 counting individual trees by using Quickbird very high resolution imagery 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 39
40 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 PA N BLUE GREEN RED 0,3 NIR 0,2 0,1 QuickBird 0,0 0,300 0,325 0,350 0,375 0,400 0,425 0,450 0,475 0,500 0,525 0,550 0,575 0,600 0,625 0,650 0,675 0,700 0,725 0,750 0,775 0,800 0,825 0,850 0,875 0,900 0,925 0,950 0,975 1,000 1,025 1,050 1,075 1,100 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 40
41 Temporal information: land surface dynamics at multiple scales 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 41
42 3-10 days TIME SCALES TO BE RESOLVED > 3 years Requires very large time series 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 42
43 Time series: Coupling canopy functioning and radiative transfer models for remote sensing data assimilation 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 43
44 MERIS - 14 July 2003 Landsat - 15 July 2003 MERIS and Landsat both provide time series at different spatial and temporal scales 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 44
45 Stable calibration, adequate cloud screening and precise atmospheric corrections are needed for time series analisis 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 45
46 Information retrieval: from spectral indices to model inversion 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 46
47 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 47
48 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 48
49 MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI) 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 49
50 Retrievals from hyperspectral data: Leaf chlorophyll Leaf chlorophyll y = 0,0359x + 0,347 R 2 = 0,3789 Corn bar1_12 Sugarbeet bar1_1 Barley bar1_12 Wheat bar1_12 Alfalfa bar1_12 Corn bar2_12 Sugarbeet bar2_1 Barley bar2_12 Wheat bar2_12 Alfalfa bar2_12 Sugarbeet bar1_9 Alfalfa bar1_9 Sugarbeet bar2_9 Alfalfa bar2_9 Sugarbeet bar1_1 Alfalfa bar1_15 Sugarbeet bar2_1 Alfalfa bar2_ Index Canopy water y = 3,1431x + 857, R 2 = 0, Corn bar1_12 Subarbeet_bar1_12 Barley bar1_12 Wheat_bar1_12 Alfalfa bar_1_12 Corn bar2_12 Sugarbeet bar2_12 Barley bar2_12 wheat bar2_12 Alfalfa bar2_12 Sugarbeet bar1_9 Alfalfa bar1_9 Sugarbeet bar2_9 Alfalfa bar2_9 Sugarbeet bar1_15 Alfalfa bar1_15 Subarbeet bar2_15 Alfalfa bar2_ Index 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 50
51 Verhoef and Bach, September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 51
52 turbid medium separation green / senescent parts: LAI T = LAI G + LAI S 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 52
53 Choice of the merit function Incorporation of the uncertainties in the inverse process: The maximum likelihood on the variables minimize: χ 2 t = CRM CRM ) [ ] [ ] [ ] t R [ ] mes R ( V) W 1 Rmes R ( V + V V p C 1 V V p Residuals Residuals if diagonal matrixes a priori Covariance Matrix Radiometric Part M i R i mes Ri σ i CRM R ( V) 2 a priori Covariance Matrix Variable Part N j σ i V i i Vp V 2 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 53
54 Neural network methods 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 54
55 Spectral-angular synergy: ALFALFA V16 - C01 UTM-X: UTM-Y: LAI = 1.84 fcover = 0.95 Li ne 1, n o o n Li ne 2, n o o n Li ne 1, morning Li ne 2, morning Li ne 1, afternoon Li ne 2, afternoon Homogeneous vegetation: Spectral information dominant reflectance reflectance SUGAR BEET wavelength (nm) SV6 - C03 UTM-X: UTM-Y: LA I = 1.71 fcover = 0.61 Li ne 1, n o o n Li ne 2, n o o n Li ne 1, morning Li ne 2, morning Li ne 1, afternoon Li ne 2, afternoon Heterogeneous vegetation: Angular information dominant wa veleng th (nm) application of synergy 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 55
56 Overview of applications 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 56
57 REMOTE SENSING OF LAND SURFACE PROCESSES - Mapping Applications - cartography - thematic mapping - Monitoring Applications - ecosystems dynamics - natural hazards (fires, floods, desertification) - Research about Land Surface Processes - heat and mass exchange at Land/Atmosphere interface - photosynthesis and net primary production - hydrologic processes - Land/Atmosphere exchange of biochemicals 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 57
58 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 58
59 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 59
60 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 60
61 carbon cycle water cycle 3 September 2007 D1Lb2 Atmospheric corrections and parameter retrievals Jose Moreno 61
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