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1 Order Template Screen 1 Free Form Lesson Overview 2 Free Form Performance Based CNS Requirements 3 Free Form Performance Based CNS Requirements 4 Single Answer Knowledge Check 5 Free Form Related ICAO Guidance 6 Single Answer Knowledge Check 7 Free Form What is Data Link? 8 Single Answer Knowledge Check 9 Free Form Components of a Data Link System 10 Free Form SATCOM Constellations 11 Free Form ARINC Coverage Map 12 Free Form How the Data Link System Works 13 Single Answer Knowledge Check 14 Free Form Types of Data Link Systems 15 Free Form Data Link Services Coverage Area 16 Columns Knowledge Check 17 Free Form Data Link System Benefits 18 Single Answer Knowledge Check 19 Free Form Data Link Guidance Materials 20 Single Answer Knowledge Check 21 Free Form What is NextGen? 22 Single Answer Knowledge Check 23 Free Form NextGen Technologies 24 Single Answer Knowledge Check 25 Free Form How NextGen Affects ASI 26 Single Answer Knowledge Check 27 Free Form Lesson Summary 1/32

2 Lesson Overview Requirements and Technologies, Screen 1 [2_3_1] In this lesson, you will learn about the evolution of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and FAA to a performance based system, applicable ICAO guidance, the role of Data Link in oceanic operations and how NextGen technologies affect Oceanic and International Operations. Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to: Identify performance based communication, navigation, and surveillance (CNS) requirements Identify related ICAO guidance Define Data Link Explain how the Data Link System works List the different types of Data Link Systems Identify the benefits of using a Data Link System Identify the guidance materials pertaining to Data Link Systems Define NextGen Identify NextGen technologies Identify how NextGen affects the Aviation Safety Inspector (ASI) 2/32

Performance Based CNS Requirements Requirements and Technologies, Screen 2 [2_3_2] Performance based, in this context, refers to the required performance to meet the criteria of the communications,

3 Performance Based CNS Requirements Requirements and Technologies, Screen 2 [2_3_2] Performance based, in this context, refers to the required performance to meet the criteria of the communications, navigation and surveillance requirements. Performance based criteria include: Integrity Reliability Availability Continuity Oceanic Data Link requirements are detailed in the Global Operational Data Link Document (GOLD). Navigation requirements are detailed in ICAO Performance Based Navigation Manual (PBN Doc 9613). For assistance, you should contact a SAO Specialist. Performance based Performance based Communication Requirements Navigation Requirements Surveillance Requirements Operations require: VHF and HF radios (either Voice or Datalink) SATCOM Data Link For example, CPDLC (Controller Pilot Datalink Communications) SATCOM Voice Navigation requirements are: RNP RNAV ADS C (Automatic Dependent Surveillance Contract) (procedural) or voice position reports. 3/32

Performance Based CNS Requirements Requirements and Technologies, Screen 3 [2_3_3] These CNS requirements are currently or will be tied to a specific metric to meet a required performance standard.

4 Performance Based CNS Requirements Requirements and Technologies, Screen 3 [2_3_3] These CNS requirements are currently or will be tied to a specific metric to meet a required performance standard. For example, a Required Communication Performance (RCP) of RCP 240 or RCP 400 is being explored to meet separation standards in oceanic operations. In this case, the number connected to the RCP is a direct function of the number of seconds required to close the communication loop. Select the image on the right to view a list of performance based criteria terms specific to RCP and RSP. Performance Based criteria terms specific to RCP and RSP Performance Based criteria terms specific to RCP and RSP Performance Based Criteria Terms Description Operational communication transaction The process a human uses to initiate the transmission of an instruction, clearance, flight information, and/or request, and is completed when that human is confident that the transaction is complete. RCP Integrity (I) The required probability that an operational communication transaction is completed with no undetected errors. Whilst RCP integrity is defined in terms of the goodness of the communication capability, it is specified in terms of the likelihood of occurrence of malfunction on a per flight hour basis, e.g. 10 5, consistent with RNAV/RNP specifications. RCP Reliability (R) RNP accommodates a more reliable flight schedule by providing more 4/32

5 precise flight paths. RCP Availability (A) The required probability that an operational communication transaction can be initiated when needed. RCP Continuity (C) The required probability that an operational communication transaction can be completed within the communication transaction time, either ET or TT 95%, given that the service was available at the start of the transaction. Surveillance Data Data pertaining to the identification of aircraft and/or obstructions for route conformance monitoring and safe and efficient conduct of flight. Surveillance Availability (A) The required probability that surveillance data can be provided when needed Surveillance Continuity (C) The required probability that surveillance data can be delivered within the surveillance delivery time parameter, either OT or DT 95%, given that the service was available at the start of delivery Accuracy The general definition for accuracy is defined as: The degree of conformance between the estimate or measured position and/or the velocity of a platform at a given time and its true position or velocity. Radio navigation performance accuracy is usually presented as a statistical measure of system error and is specified as: Predictable The accuracy of a position in relation to the geographic or geodetic coordinates of the earth. Repeatable The accuracy with which a user can return to a position whose coordinates have been measured at a previous time with the same navigation system. Relative The accuracy with which a user can determine one position relative to another position regardless of any error in their true positions. 5/32

6 Knowledge Check Requirements and Technologies, Screen 4 [2_3_4] Template: Single Answer ADS C is an example of which of the following requirements? Communication Navigation Surveillance Operational Control Answer Key: C Correct Feedback: Correct. ADS C is the surveillance tool in an Oceanic environment. Incorrect Incorrect. ADS C is the surveillance tool in an Oceanic environment. Feedback: 6/32

7 Related ICAO Guidance Requirements and Technologies, Screen 5 [2_3_5] The PBN Manual (Doc 9613) is an example of guidance specific to navigation. It has established a standard that operators will have to meet in certain airspace. For example, the PBN Manual states that if an operator wants an RNP 4 approval that it must be dependent on a GNSS capability. Select the graphic to review the PBN Manual. When you are finished, select NEXT to continue. PBN Doc 9613 PBN Doc /32

8 Knowledge Check Requirements and Technologies, Screen 6 [2_3_6] Template: Single Answer If an operator's aircraft only has inertial capability, they can request and receive an RNP 4 approval. True False Answer Key: B Correct Feedback: Correct. RNP 4 approval requires a GNSS capability. Incorrect Incorrect. RNP 4 approval requires a GNSS capability. Feedback: 8/32

9 What is Data Link? Requirements and Technologies, Screen 7 [2_3_7] Another performance based technology is Data Link. A Data Link system, such as Controller Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC), provides rapid, efficient communication between the pilot and Air Traffic Controller (ATC), via direct exchange of digital data messages between computers on the ground and computers on board the aircraft. It is a major change from long standing voice communication practices to newly developed data communication practices. Data Link is used for: Communications between flight crews and air traffic controllers for routine communication such as ATC clearances, position reports, and Flight Management Computer (FMC) loadable clearances, routes, etc. Communication between flight crews and airline operations centers (FMC AOC) for FMC loadable wind data, FMC loadable routes, position reports and aircraft engineering data. 9/32

10 Knowledge Check Requirements and Technologies, Screen 8 [2_3_8] Template: Single Answer CPDLC provides rapid, efficient communication betwen the pilot and ATC. True False Answer Key: A Correct Feedback: Correct. CPDLC provides rapid, efficient communication between the pilot and ATC, via direct and indirect exchange of digital data messages. Incorrect Incorrect. CPDLC provides rapid, efficient communication between the pilot and ATC, Feedback: via direct and indirect exchange of digital data messages. 10/32

11 Components of a Data Link System Requirements and Technologies, Screen 9 [2_3_9] There are many components to a data link system. These include satellites, Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs), communication providers, Ground Earth Stations (GES), and ground automation computers. Examples of NAT ANSPs are: Gander Shanwick Santa Maria New York Reykjavik Oakland (Pacific) Examples of Communication Servuce Providers are: ARINC SITA 11/32

SATCOM Constellations Requirements and Technologies, Screen 10 [2_3_10] Satellite systems, which we mentioned previously as one of the components of data link, include the following: Inmarsat Iridium

ASIs should consult the SAO Specialist for clarification of Inmarsat or Iridium use. Inmarsat Iridium Inmarsat This graphic is a map of the Inmarsat Satellite coverage area.

12 SATCOM Constellations Requirements and Technologies, Screen 10 [2_3_10] Satellite systems, which we mentioned previously as one of the components of data link, include the following: Inmarsat Iridium These satellite systems have different capabilities and limitations and must be considered when an SAO is requested. For example, Inmarsat is a high orbit system, and Iridium is a low orbit system. ASIs should consult the SAO Specialist for clarification of Inmarsat or Iridium use. Inmarsat Iridium Inmarsat This graphic is a map of the Inmarsat Satellite coverage area. It uses 4 geostationary high orbit satellites. Inmarsat does not provide Polar coverage. All satellite communication and navigation systems require line of sight access. Iridium This graphic is a map of the Iridium satellite constellation. Iridium uses 66 satellites in low polar orbit. It offers total global coverage including Polar areas. Communication is by line of sight from a telephone to a satellite. 12/32

13 13/32

14 ARINC Coverage Map Requirements and Technologies, Screen 11 [2_3_11] The graphic depicts ARINC coverage maps for HF and VHF communication. The vendor charts are used with vendor's permission as long as they are not used for actual navigation. 14/32

15 How the Data Link System Works Requirements and Technologies, Screen 12 [2_3_12] Data link communication can originate with the aircraft, an air traffic controller, or dispatcher/flight follower/flight locator. Communications originating from an aircraft are either relayed through a satellite segment or a network segment to the Data Link service provider, which then sends the message to either the air traffic controller or the dispatcher/flight follower/flight locator. Communications originating on the ground are sent to the Data Link service provider to either a network segment or a satellite segment, which then conveys the message to the aircraft. CPDLC allows a controller to exchange preformatted and free text messages directly with the pilots. 15/32

16 Knowledge Check Requirements and Technologies, Screen 13 [2_3_13] Template: Single Answer Data Link communication can be initiated by only ATC. True False Answer Key: B Correct Feedback: Correct. Data Link communication can originate with the aircraft, an air traffic controller, or dispatcher/flight follower/flight locator. Incorrect Incorrect. Data Link communication can originate with the aircraft, an air traffic Feedback: controller, or dispatcher/flight follower/flight locator. 16/32

Types of Data Link Systems Requirements and Technologies, Screen 14 [2_3_14] Currently, FANS is in widespread use in oceanic airspace and is beginning to be used also in some domestic airspace,

Some ATCs are dual stack, capable of FANS and of ATN B1.

17 Types of Data Link Systems Requirements and Technologies, Screen 14 [2_3_14] Currently, FANS is in widespread use in oceanic airspace and is beginning to be used also in some domestic airspace, including in the US. ATN B1 is currently only used in overland areas. Some avionics are dual stack, meaning they can do CPDLC with any ATC center, whether the ATC center uses FANS or ATN B1 standards. Some ATCs are dual stack, capable of FANS and of ATN B1. ATS authorities are diligently working, together with avionics manufacturers, to put in place a single, common CPDLC standard, but until this takes place, inspectors should be aware of the possibility of a CPDLC system not being appropriate for the desired operation Select each graphic to learn more about the types of Data Link Systems. When you are finished, select NEXT to continue. FANS 1/A Aeronautical Telecommunications Network, Baseline 1 (ATN B1) Link FANS 1/A FANS 1/A is a system that integrates physical systems (hardware, software, and communication networks), human elements (pilots and controllers), and the procedures for use by pilots and controllers. FANS 1/A Data Link system is the only system compatible with ATC Flight Processors for conducting Oceanic Operations. Aeronautical Telecommunications Network, Baseline 1 (ATN B1) The Aeronautical Telecommunications Network, Baseline 1 (ATN B1) connects various ground applications, with corresponding air applications through air ground sub networks. This system is exclusively used in over land areas. Link Link is the European Data Link system. This system is not allowed to be used in the United States because of software incompatibility. 17/32

Data Link Services Coverage Area Requirements and Technologies, Screen 15 [2_3_15] There are global initiatives requiring greater use of Data Link capabilities.

18 Data Link Services Coverage Area Requirements and Technologies, Screen 15 [2_3_15] There are global initiatives requiring greater use of Data Link capabilities. Some geographic areas will become exclusionary if an operator is not equipped with specific Data Link capabilities and has been issued appropriate authorizations. Atlantic and Pacific oceanic areas accommodate equipment and approval of Data Link aircraft. 18/32

19 Knowledge Check Requirements and Technologies, Screen 16 [2_3_16] Template: Columns Match each description with its corresponding data link system by selecting the appropriate cell in the table below. Description This system is currently only in use in overland areas. This system is in widespread use in oceanic areas. FANS 1/A ATN B1 Description This system is currently only in use in overland areas. Answer ATN B1 This system is in widespread use in oceanic areas. FANS 1/A 19/32

Data Link System Benefits Requirements and Technologies, Screen 17 [2_3_17] Data link systems provide the following benefits: Data can be processed by avionics and ground systems Less reliance on

20 Data Link System Benefits Requirements and Technologies, Screen 17 [2_3_17] Data link systems provide the following benefits: Data can be processed by avionics and ground systems Less reliance on voice Direct, rapid communication with controller Facilitates rapid intervention by ATC to reduce errors Can enable Reduced Separation Standards 20/32

21 Knowledge Check Requirements and Technologies, Screen 18 [2_3_18] Template: Single Answer Data Link capabilities are helping to reduce voice frequency congestion. True False Answer Key: A Correct Feedback: Correct. Data Link capabilities are helping to reduce voice frequency congestion. Incorrect Incorrect. Data Link capabilities are helping to reduce voice frequency congestion. Feedback: 21/32

Data Link Guidance Materials Requirements and Technologies, Screen 19 [2_3_19] Select each graphic to learn

Advisory Circular (AC) (AC 120 70) Air Traffic Organization (ATO) Website on Data Link Global Operational Data

1, Volume 3 Data Link Approval Checklist Operator Guide to Data Link Approval (RTCA) RTCA DO 306 (RTCA) RTCA

systems to meet international standards set by the regional airspace authorities and the International Civil

Air Traffic Organization (ATO) Website on Data Link This Air Traffic Organization website provides links to

22 Data Link Guidance Materials Requirements and Technologies, Screen 19 [2_3_19] Select each graphic to learn more about Data Link guidance materials. When you are finished, select NEXT to continue. Advisory Circular (AC) (AC ) Air Traffic Organization (ATO) Website on Data Link Global Operational Data Link Document (GOLD) FAA Order , Volume 3 Data Link Approval Checklist Operator Guide to Data Link Approval (RTCA) RTCA DO 306 (RTCA) RTCA DO 240 Advisory Circular (AC) (AC ) This document describes methods for operators of different data link systems to meet international standards set by the regional airspace authorities and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). For more information, select the AC link in the Resources section. Air Traffic Organization (ATO) Website on Data Link This Air Traffic Organization website provides links to websites and documents that are related to Data Link communication and its use. 22/32

23 For more information, select the Air Traffic Organization website link in the Resources section. Global Operational Data Link Document (GOLD) The Global Operational Data Link Document provides information about Data Link aspects of aeronautical activity. The intent of the GOLD is to facilitate the consistent application of standards and recommended practices. Previous documents on Data Link guidance are now obsolete since they have been consolidated in the GOLD. This document must be used when an operator requests approval for oceanic Data Link operations. For more information, select the Global Operational Data Link Document link in the Resources section. FAA Order , Volume 3 As a part of FAA Order , Template A056 contains operational limitations and provisions for granting authorization to operators of aircraft to conduct Data Link communications. Data Link Approval Checklist The Data Link Approval Checklist is a list of all the items that need to be included in the Operator Application for Operational Authorization to use Data Link. For more information, select the Data Link link in the Resources section. Operator Guide to Data Link Approval The Operator Guide to Data Link Approval outlines the policies and procedures related to CNS requirements and options. (RTCA) RTCA DO 306 RTCA DO 306, Safety and Performance Standard for Air Traffic Data Link Services in Oceanic and Remote Airspace, outlines requirements for Data Link services in oceanic and remote airspace. (RTCA) RTCA DO 240 RTCA DO 240, Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN) Avionics, indicates the standards for Aeronautical Telecommunication Network operations for aircraft systems and equipment. 23/32

24 Knowledge Check Requirements and Technologies, Screen 20 [2_3_20] Template: Single Answer Which of the following documents is the promary reference when an operator requests a data link approval for Oceanic Operations? AC GOLD Doc 4444 Annex 2 Answer Key: B Correct Feedback: Correct. The GOLD must be used when an operator requests approval for oceanic Data Link operations. Incorrect Incorrect. The GOLD must be used when an operator requests approval for oceanic Feedback: Data Link operations. 24/32

What is NextGen? Requirements and Technologies, Screen 21 [2_3_21] The last performance based system that will be discussed in this lesson is NextGen. The Next Generation Air Transportation System,?

25 What is NextGen? Requirements and Technologies, Screen 21 [2_3_21] The last performance based system that will be discussed in this lesson is NextGen. The Next Generation Air Transportation System,?better known as NextGen, is a set of technologies, and a set of actions enabled by those technologies that transforms the way the aviation system operates. NextGen will allow more aircraft to safely fly closer together on more direct routes. This will result in benefits for the environment and the economy through reductions in carbon emissions, fuel consumption, and noise. 25/32

26 Knowledge Check What is NextGen? Requirements and Technologies, Screen 22 [2_3_22] Template: Single Answer A single project to describe the ongoing, wide ranging transformation of the National Airspace System (NAS). The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is a set of technologies, and a set of actions enabled by those technologies that transforms the way the aviation system operates. A collection of programs and initiatives that will be implemented in the next ten years and completed in A single program that will evaluate new technologies at varying levels of maturity and take advantage of existing aircraft capabilities to empower the flight crew by providing applicable information to the flight deck and implementing performance based op Answer Key: B Correct Feedback: Correct. The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is a set of technologies, and a set of actions enabled by those technologies that transforms the way the aviation system operates. Incorrect Incorrect. The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is a set of Feedback: technologies, and a set of actions enabled by those technologies that transforms the way the aviation system operates. 26/32

NextGen Technologies Requirements and Technologies, Screen 23 [2_3_23] The table to the right provides a sample list of current NextGen technologies.

27 NextGen Technologies Requirements and Technologies, Screen 23 [2_3_23] The table to the right provides a sample list of current NextGen technologies. Select the table to view a larger version of the table. NextGen Technologies NextGen Technologies Automatic Dependant Surveillance Broadcast (ADS B) Automatic Dependant Surveillance Broadcast transmits the aircraft GPS location. This is part of the FAA's plan to shift from a radar based system to a satellite based system. ADS B allows pilots in the cockpit and air traffic controllers on the ground to know the locations of aircraft with much more precision than has been possible before. Global Navigation Satellite System or Global Positioning System [(GNSS) (GPS)] Global Positioning System is the United States Global Navigation Satellite System that provides reliable location and time information. Performance Based Navigation (PBN) Performance Based Navigation is a framework for defining performance requirements for design in areas such as automated flight paths, airspace design, and obstacle clearance. Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) are the main components of PBN. Area Navigation (RNAV) Area Navigation enables aircraft to fly on any desired flight path within the coverage of ground or satellite based navigation aids. Required Navigation Performance (RNP) Required Navigation Performance is RNAV with the addition of an onboard performance monitoring and alerting capability. It is a kind of Performance 27/32

28 Based Navigation that allows aircraft to safely operate on a specific lateral area in space. 28/32

29 Knowledge Check Requirements and Technologies, Screen 24 [2_3_24] Template: Single Answer The following are examples of NextGen technologies. ADS B PBN RNAV All of the above Answer Key: D Correct Feedback: Correct. ADS B, PBN, and RNAV are all examples of NextGen technologies. Incorrect Partially correct. All are examples of NextGen technologies. Feedback: 29/32

How NextGen Affects ASI Requirements and Technologies, Screen 25 [2_3_25] Aviation Safety Inspectors (ASIs) need to be familiar with the NextGen technologies for operator requests.

30 How NextGen Affects ASI Requirements and Technologies, Screen 25 [2_3_25] Aviation Safety Inspectors (ASIs) need to be familiar with the NextGen technologies for operator requests. You should call your Regional NextGen Specialist when approached for approval. 30/32

31 Knowledge Check Requirements and Technologies, Screen 26 [2_3_26] Template: Single Answer ASIs receiving requests from operators for approvals using NextGen technologies should consult with the Regional NextGen Specialist. True False Answer Key: A Correct Feedback: Correct. ASIs receiving requests from operators for approvals using NextGen technologies should consult the regional NextGen Specialist. Incorrect Incorrect. ASIs receiving requests from operators for approvals using NextGen Feedback: technologies should consult the regional NextGen Specialist. 31/32

32 Lesson Summary Requirements and Technologies, Screen 27 [2_3_27] In this lesson, you learned about performancebased CNS requirements for oceanic operations and their corresponding ICAO guidance, how the Data Link System applies to International and Oceanic Operations and how NextGen technologies affect Oceanic and International Operations. You should now be able to: Identify performance based Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance (CNS) requirements Identify related ICAO guidance Define Data Link Explain how the Data Link System works List the different types of Data Link Systems Identify the benefits of using a Data Link System Identify the guidance materials pertaining to Data Link Systems Define NextGen Identify NextGen technologies Identify how NextGen affects the Aviation Safety Inspector (ASI) 32/32

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE LESSON PLAN

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE LESSON PLAN Template Version: Word 2010 Course Number: Course Title: Oceanic and International Operations Lesson Number: 16 Lesson Title: Data Link Lesson TAG: DTL Version Number: