Internet 101. The Technical Roots of Internet Governance. Marco Hogewoning and Chris Buckridge External Relations RIPE NCC
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1 Internet 101 The Technical Roots of Internet Governance Marco Hogewoning and Chris Buckridge External Relations RIPE NCC EuroDIG 2014 Berlin - Germany 12 June 2014
2 About this session 2 An overview of the Internet s fundamental structure The key elements: - Numbers - Names - Routing An open architecture -> open governance model
3 The Internet is a Dumb Network 3 Fundamental to the design All the interesting things happen at the edge - Computers, tablets and phones Allows for great diversity in services and applications - Which can be developed without making changes in the network Contributes to network resilience
4 The Internet: Edge and Core 4 EDGE EDGE CORE IP address A IP address B
5 The Hourglass Model 5 , websites, online services, instant messaging SMTP, HTTP, H.264 TCP-IP Ethernet, 3G, Wifi Undersea cables, optical fibre
6 The Hourglass Model 5 , websites, online services, instant messaging Many protocols SMTP, HTTP, H.264 Fewer TCP-IP protocols Ethernet, 3G, Wifi Undersea cables, optical fibre More protocols
7 The Hourglass Model 5 , websites, online services, instant messaging SMTP, HTTP, H.264 TCP-IP Ethernet, 3G, Wifi Undersea cables, optical fibre Many protocols Fewer protocols More protocols Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical
8 The Hourglass Model 6 , websites, online services, instant messaging SMTP, HTTP, H.264 Google, Skype, Facebook, Netflix TCP-IP Carriers (Tata, Cogent) Ethernet, 3G, Wifi Undersea cables, optical fibre Access layer (my ISP)
9 What is IP Addressing? 7 IP address = a number assigned to devices in a network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication - IPv4 e.g (32 bits) - IPv6 e.g. 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 (128 bits)! IP addresses on the public Internet must be unique
10 An IP address is just a starting point 8 Where should I go? - Domain Name System (DNS) How do I get there? - Inter-domain Routing! A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there.
11 The Domain Name System (DNS)
12 Hostnames 10 The Internet uses numeric identifiers - IP Address - Port number People can t remember numbers! - So we use names - Uniform Resource Locator (URL) Added bonus: you can change the number
13 The Domain Name System (DNS) 11 Original translation provided by static files Needed a more scalable solution DNS is a distributed database
14 The DNS at Work 12 Internet EuroDIG June 2014
15 The DNS at Work 12 Internet EuroDIG June 2014
16 The DNS at Work 12 Protocol to use (port number) Internet EuroDIG June 2014
17 The DNS at Work 12 Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) Internet EuroDIG June 2014
18 The DNS at Work 12 IP? Internet EuroDIG June 2014
19 The DNS at Work 12 Local DNS Server ( resolver ) Internet EuroDIG June 2014
20 The DNS at Work 12 IP address for Local DNS Server ( resolver ) Internet EuroDIG June 2014
21 The DNS at Work 12 IP address for IP address for Local DNS Server ( resolver ) Internet EuroDIG June 2014
22 The DNS at Work 13 IP? Internet EuroDIG June 2014
23 The DNS at Work 13 Root Server. IP? Internet EuroDIG June 2014
24 The DNS at Work 13 Root Server. TLD Server.net IP? Internet EuroDIG June 2014
25 The DNS at Work 13 Root Server. TLD Server.net IP? Internet EuroDIG June 2014
26 The DNS at Work 13 Root Server. TLD Server.net IP? Service Provider ripe.net Internet EuroDIG June 2014
27 The DNS at Work 13 Root Server TLD Server.net Service Provider ripe.net Internet EuroDIG June 2014
28 The DNS at Work 13 Root Server TLD Server 48H 48H Service Provider 1H Internet EuroDIG June 2014
29 The Domain Name System 14 *.root-servers.net. IANA.net.com.org....eu.nl.pt... Generic TLD Country Code TLD Registries Service Service Provider Registrars Registrants Resolvers (caches) Your provider or company Internet EuroDIG June 2014
30 DNS Root Servers different Root Servers and 12 operators Provides high level of resilience: - Different software and architecture - Geographical diversity - Protects against a single operator failing They all provide the same answer - Resolvers try and use the fastest
31 Myths About Root Servers 16 DNS Root Servers don t forward any packets Not a likely cause for a slow connection - Only needed to resolve TLDs - Answers are valid for 48 hours Having a Root Server in your network doesn t protect against other failures: - Still need the TLDs to be reachable - Still need outside connectivity
32 Questions? 17
33 Routing
34 A Short History of Routing 19 In the early days routing was based on manual input, so called static routing Replaced by a more scalable and dynamic solution: Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) - Static and other alternatives still around - BGP the de-facto standard for inter-domain routing
35 Internet Routing 20 Non-hierarchical - There is no central controlling entity Open - Every network can participate - Provided you comply with technical standards Free - You pay for your operations and capacity - You can connect to everybody
36 Definitions 21 Autonomous System (AS) - Network that falls under a single administration - Identified by a Autonomous System Number (ASN) Peering - Connection between two ASNs - Exchanging routing or reachability information
37 Route Announcement 22 AS 1
38 Route Announcement /21 AS 1
39 Route Announcement /21 AS 1 AS 2
40 Route Announcement 22 Hi, I am AS 1 and you can send any traffic for /21 to me AS 1 AS 2
41 Route Announcement 22 Hi, I am AS 1 and you can send any traffic for /21 to me AS 1 AS 2 routing table /21 via AS
42 Route Announcement /19 AS 1 AS 2 routing table /21 via AS
43 Route Announcement 22 AS 1 AS 2 Hi, I am AS 2 and you can send any traffic for /19 to me routing table /21 via AS
44 Route Announcement 22 routing table /19 via AS AS 1 AS 2 routing table /21 via AS
45 Growing the Network 23 routing table /19 via AS 2 AS 1 AS 2 routing table /21 via AS 1
46 Growing the Network 23 routing table /19 via AS 2 AS 1 AS 2 routing table /21 via AS 1 AS /21
47 Growing the Network 23 routing table /19 via AS 2 AS 1 AS 2 routing table /21 via AS 1 AS /21
48 Growing the Network 23 routing table /19 via AS 2 AS 1 AS 2 routing table /21 via AS 1 Hi, I am AS 3 and any traffic for /21 you can send to me AS /21
49 Growing the Network 23 routing table /19 via AS /21 via AS 3 AS 1 AS 2 routing table /21 via AS 1 AS /21
50 Growing the Network 23 routing table /19 via AS /21 via AS 3 You can send any traffic for /21 to me, I learned this from AS 3 AS 1 AS 2 routing table /21 via AS 1 AS /21
51 Growing the Network 23 AS 1 is a transit for AS 3 routing table /19 via AS 2 AS 1 AS 2 routing table /21 via AS /21 via AS /21 via AS 1, AS 3 AS /21
52 Growing the Network 23 AS 1 is a transit for AS 3 routing table /19 via AS 2 AS 1 AS 2 routing table /21 via AS /21 via AS /21 via AS 1, AS 3 AS /21
53 Growing the Network 23 AS 1 is a transit for AS 3 routing table /19 via AS 2 AS 1 AS 2 routing table /21 via AS /21 via AS /21 via AS 1, AS 3 AS /21 Hi, I am AS 3 and any traffic for /21 you can send to me
54 Growing the Network 23 AS 1 is a transit for AS 3 routing table /19 via AS 2 AS 1 AS 2 routing table /21 via AS /21 via AS /21 via AS 1, AS /21 via AS 3 AS 3 AS 2 and AS 3 are peering /21
55 Border Gateway Protocol 24 Shortest path usually wins - But could be a longer path, as it is cheaper Can only control outgoing traffic - You decide where to send it next Packets my take a different route on the way back - Asymmetric routing AS 1 AS 2 AS 3
56 Commercial Translation 25 Peering! - Settlement free connection between two networks - Based on mutual benefit - Usually the involved parties are equal Transit - Arrangements where one party pays the other - Most commonly on peak capacity used per month
57 Questions? 26
58 The Transition of IANA Oversight
59 The IANA Functions 28 Internet EuroDIG June 2014
60 The IANA Functions 28 I AN Names A Fu nc t ons i Numbers Protocols Internet EuroDIG June 2014
61 The IANA Functions 28 I AN Names A Fu nc t ons i Numbers Protocols NTIA Internet EuroDIG June 2014
62 The IANA Functions 28 I AN Names A Fu nc t ons i Numbers Protocols NTIA ICANN Internet EuroDIG June 2014
63 The IANA Functions 28 I AN Names A Fu nc t ons i Numbers Protocols NTIA ICANN Internet EuroDIG June 2014
64 The IANA Functions 28 I AN Names A Fu nc t ons i RIRs Numbers Protocols NTIA ICANN Internet EuroDIG June 2014
65 The IANA Functions 28 R R I Communit ies I AN Names A Fu nc t ons i RIRs Numbers Protocols NTIA NRO NC ASO AC ICANN Internet EuroDIG June 2014
66 The IANA Functions 28 R R I Communit ies I AN Names A Fu nc t ons i Operational Policy-making Contractual RIRs Numbers Protocols NTIA NRO NC ASO AC ICANN Internet EuroDIG June 2014
67 Future Oversight? 29 R R I Communit ies I AN Names A Fu nc i Policy-making Operational RIRs Numbers Protocols t ons Contractual NTIA NRO NC ASO AC ICANN Internet EuroDIG June 2014
68 Future Oversight? 30 R R I i Communit e s I AN Names A Fu nc t ons i TLD Policymaking Bodies Policy-making Operational Contractual RIRs Numbers Protocols NTIA IETF / IAB NRO NC ASO AC ICANN Internet EuroDIG June 2014
69 Transition Process 31 NTIA statement established certain ground rules: - Global, multi-stakeholder process convened by ICANN - Any proposal must meet certain requirements:...the transition proposal must have broad community support and address the following four principles:!! - Support and enhance the multistakeholder model;! - Maintain the security, stability, and resiliency of the Internet DNS;! - Meet the needs and expectation of the global customers and partners of the IANA services; and,! - Maintain the openness of the Internet. Paul Rendek - ENOG 7-27 May 2014
70 Be Part of the Process! 32 ICANN has established the mailing list - Also looking at a steering committee/coordination group to channel global input RIPE discussion will take place primarily within the Cooperation Working Group - There will also be discussion in other forums (MENOG, ENOG), RIPE NCC regional meetings - Output from these discussions will be fed into the global process - The RIPE NCC will facilitate coordination with other RIR communities Paul Rendek - ENOG 7-27 May 2014
71 Questions? 33
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