IPv6: Why Do We Need A New IP? V1.2: Geoff Bennett
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2 IPv6: Why Do We Need A New IP? V1.2: Geoff Bennett
3 IPv4: Today s IP Version 4 of the IP protocol (IPv4) has been used very successfully to build the largest internetworks in the world. Clearly we need to have very good reasons to change.
4 IP Version 4 IPv4 has certain characteristics that have made it very successful...
5 IP Version 4 User-Driven Standard IP has always been a user-driven standard. This is in sharp contrast to OSI protocols like the Connectionless Network Layer Protocol (CLNP) which is defined by an international standards body, ISO.
6 IP Version 4 User-Driven Standard Hierarchical Address Space IP Address = Network_ID. Host_ID IP has a hierarchical address space. Initially this was conceived to be a two-tier hierarchy of Network ID and Host ID.
7 IP Version 4 User-Driven Standard Hierarchical Address Space IP Address = Network_ID. Host_ID IP Address = Network_ID. Subnet_ID. Host_ID Later this hierarchy was extended as described in RFC 950 to include a subnet tier.
8 IP Version 4 User-Driven Standard Hierarchical Address Space Centralised Address Allocation Centralised address allocation means that a registered IP address is guaranteed to be unique throughout the Internet. Similar to a telephone number.
9 IP Version 4 User-Driven Standard Hierarchical Address Space Centralised Address Allocation Autonomous System Concept Finally, the Internet architecture included the concept of the Autonomous System. This feature allows IP internetworks to be built under the control of different design and administration groups, without risk of interference.
10 IPv4 Limitations Considering that the current IP RFC (791) dates from 1981, IPv4 has been incredibly persistent. However, there are certain major limitations that exist in the protocol today.
11 Pressure on Class B Address Space Routing Table Size Overall Address Exhaustion Other Issues Three big limitations dominate the drive for an updated IP. I ve listed these in order of urgency, although the first two items are essentially tied for first place. Other limitations are much less important, but if we re thinking of changing IP, we may as well solve these problems too.
12 IPV4: Address Space Pressure Class Size Limitations
13 IPV4: Address Space Pressure Class Size Limitations Class A : 127 Networks of 16.8 Million Hosts Class B : 8k Networks of 65k Hosts Class C : 2 Million Networks of 254 Hosts IP address classes are very restrictive for the way we like to build networks today.
14 IPV4: Address Space Pressure Class Size Limitations Class A : 127 Networks of 16.8 Million Hosts 7 bits 24 bits Net_ID. Host_ID Of course we would all like to be allocated a Class A address, which leaves plenty of scope in the Host ID field for efficient subnetting. Unfortunately only 127 networks in the world can be allocated a Class A address. And one of these is reserved for loopback!
15 IPV4: Address Space Pressure Class Size Limitations Class B : 8k Networks of 65k Hosts 14 bits 16 bits Net_ID. Host_ID Class B networks are the next best thing. The Host ID field is big enough to allow quite flexible subnetting. However, with only eight thousand or so addresses available, Class B address space is at a premium. Over half of the total Class B address space has been allocated, and the NIC is very reluctant to provide these addresses.
16 IPV4: Address Space Pressure Class Size Limitations Class C : 2 Million Networks of 254 Hosts 21 bits 8 bits Net_ID. Host_ID Class C networks would appear to be ideal. There are plenty of addresses, and each Network ID contains enough Host ID numbers for most users. However, there is a fundamental problem with the scalability of Class C address space.
17 IPV4: Routing Table Size Destination IP Address Router Next Hop IP Address Inside every IP router is a Routing Table. This table contains a list of destination IP addresses, with corresponding Next Hop IP addresses. There are also columns for costing the route, the type of routing protocol used, etc. These columns aren t really relevant to this discussion so I ll leave them out.
18 IPV4: Routing Table Size Router Backbone In this example, let s say that this router is connected into a Corporate Internetwork with many IP networks attached to a backbone.
19 IPV4: Routing Table Size Router Backbone One Routing Table entry is required for each IP network that is discovered by the router.
20 IPV4: Routing Table Size Router Backbone One Routing Table entry is required for each IP network that is discovered by the router.
21 IPV4: Routing Table Size Router Backbone One Routing Table entry is required for each IP network that is discovered by the router.
22 IPV4: Routing Table Size Router Backbone One Routing Table entry is required for each IP network that is discovered by the router.
23 IPV4: Routing Table Size Router Backbone One Routing Table entry is required for each IP network that is discovered by the router.
24 IPV4: Routing Table Size Router Backbone One Routing Table entry is required for each IP network that is discovered by the router.
25 IPV4: Routing Table Size Router Backbone One Routing Table entry is required for each IP network that is discovered by the router. Fortunately in private networks, the size of Routing Tables is unlikely to grow beyond a manageable level.
26 IPV4: Routing Table Size Router Backbone However, if we re able to use subnetting, we can hide the network structure and economise on routing table space. To do this, we need to look at the network design from a slightly different angle...
27 IPV4: Routing Table Size R1 In this design, if all the networks are subnets of the same Network ID, then a single entry is all that is required. Note that upstream routers such as R1 in this diagram must be used to perform subnet agglomeration. While subnetting is very easy with Class A or B addresses, it s more difficult with a Class C address because we have to subnet within a byte boundary and this means thinking in BINARY.
28 IPV4: Routing Table Size R1 The situation becomes even more serious with an Internet attachment.
29 IPV4: Routing Table Size R1 Imagine that each of these dots represents an IP network.
30 IPV4: Routing Table Size R1 Imagine that each of these dots represents an IP network.
31 IPV4: Routing Table Size R1 Imagine that each of these dots represents an IP network.
32 IPV4: Routing Table Size R1 Imagine that each of these dots represents an IP network. The Routing Table will fill up with Internet routes.
33 IPV4: Routing Table Size R1 Imagine that each of these dots represents an IP network. The Routing Table will fill up with Internet routes.
34 IPV4: Routing Table Size R1 Imagine that each of these dots represents an IP network. The Routing Table will fill up with Internet routes.
35 IPV4: Routing Table Size R1 Imagine that each of these dots represents an IP network. The Routing Table will fill up with Internet routes.
36 IPV4: Routing Table Size R1 Imagine that each of these dots represents an IP network. The Routing Table will fill up with Internet routes. And when the Table is full...
37 IPV4: Routing Table Size R1 Imagine that each of these dots represents an IP network. The Routing Table will fill up with Internet routes. And when the Table is full...
38 IPV4: Routing Table Size R1 Imagine that each of these dots represents an IP network. The Routing Table will fill up with Internet routes. And when the Table is full......anything could happen!
39 IPV4: Routing Table Size R1 Imagine that each of these dots represents an IP network. The Routing Table will fill up with Internet routes. And when the Table is full......anything could happen!
40 IPV4: Routing Table Size R1 Ideally we should be able to combine routing information from each of these networks in a similar way to conventional IP subnetting. Until recently this has not been possible because any address agglomeration would have to operate with current IP addressing and routing protocols. A new mechanism was suggested for routers which provide connection into the Internet, and this is known as Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR).
41 IPV4: Routing Table Size R1 CIDR can make parts of the Internet appear as logical clusters of addresses.
42 IPV4: Routing Table Size R1 CIDR can make parts of the Internet appear as logical clusters of addresses. And the Routing Table has a single entry for each logical cluster.
43 IPV4: Routing Table Size R1 CIDR has bought the Internet community time in which to develop a new generation of IP.
44 IPv6: The Next Generation To solve the problems with IPv4, and to offer new possibilities for the evolving Internet, IPv6 has been developed. Thanks to the CIDR initiative, IPv6 has been developed with extensive consultation, and has included consideration of a number of different proposals.
45 IPV6: History IPAE SIP PIP TUBA TP/IX The initial debate over the next generation of IP, IPng, began by considering five different protocol proposals.
46 IPV6: History IPAE SIP PIP TUBA TP/IX IP Address Encapsulation (IPAE) basically proposed that existing IP networks be interconnected over an encapsulation scheme. The most basic version of the proposal ( IP-in-IP ) simply encapsulated an IPv4 packet inside another IPv4 packet.
47 IPV6: History IPAE SIP PIP TUBA TP/IX Old IP Address Space New IP Address Space In this example we can see two IPv4 clouds are interconnected over a new IPAE core.
48 IPV6: History IPAE G SIP PIP G TUBA TP/IX Old IP Address Space New IP Address Space Encapsulation Gateways (G) are used to wrap the IPv4 in another layer of addressing, and to unwrap encapsulated IPv4 at the destination cloud. Inside the IPv4 cloud, routing is done in the usual way.
49 IPV6: History IPAE R SIP PIP TUBA TP/IX R Old IP Address Space New IP Address Space Connections between new IP devices are made using conventional routers (R).
50 IPV6: History IPAE R SIP PIP R TUBA TP/IX Old IP Address Space New IP Address Space However, issues arise with this pathway, between the old and new address space. In general, the IETF concluded that IPAE had too many problems, and that it would never scale to the level that was imagined for the future Internet.
51 IPV6: History IPAE SIP PIP TUBA TP/IX Simple IP (SIP, ) and Pauls IP (PIP) were proposals that tried to simplify the IP header options to allow the address fields to be extended.
52 IPV6: History IPAE IPv4 IP Header & Options Src Addr Dest Addr SIP PIP SIP TUBA O Src Addr Dest Addr TP/IX Simplified Header SIP began by simplifying the header of the IP packet, and using the space to extend the IP address to 64 bits.
53 IPV6: History IPv4 IPAE IP Header & Options Src Addr Dest Addr SIP PIP TUBA TP/IX... PIP included several radical proposals that would certainly make Internet growth more flexible, although it would make a router s job a lot tougher in parsing the addresses. PIP addresses were designed to be variable in length, in 16-bit blocks. Special symbols were used in the address to select extensions, and to provide a number of other useful features.
54 IPV6: History IPAE SIP PIP TUBA TP/IX Dual-Stack Migration Strategy Applications (Telnet, FTP, Mosaic, etc.) IP/ICMP ARP TCP / UDP CLNP ESIS Network Technology (e.g. E net, FDDI, etc.) TCP and UDP over Big Addresses (TUBA) was the initiative taken by OSI supporters within the IETF. The Big Addresses were ISO Network Service Access Point (NSAP) addresses. These are a minimum of 20 bytes long, and can be extended. TUBA was rejected for one simple reason (plus a few more complex ones). The IETF can t define changes that are necessary in the NSAP standard. This must be done by ISO. It was not clear that ISO would make the changes required by the IETF.
55 IPV6: History IPAE SIP PIP TUBA TP/IX TP/IX, described in RFC 1475, began as an address extension for IPv4, and included the concept of 64-bit addressing, like SIP. In addition, TP/IX updates the TCP protocol to make best use of the new Network Layer.
56 IPV6: History IPAE SIP SIP PIP TUBA TP/IX After consultation between the groups, it became clear that IPAE and SIP shared some fundamental characteristics. In particular, the transition mechanisms from IPv4 to IPEA could be used by SIP. So the groups supporting the individual proposals decided to merge their efforts.
57 IPV6: History IPAE SIP PIP SIP SIPP TUBA TP/IX After similar discussions between the merged SIP group and the PIP group, it was decided that PIP s advanced protocol features could be easily mapped onto the SIP architecture without losing the IPAE transition features. The combined group proposal is known as SIP Plus (SIPP White Paper, RFC 1710).
58 IPV6: History IPAE SIP PIP SIP SIPP TUBA TP/IX CATNIP The TP/IX group continued its development, and included migration plans for Novell IPX. The combined proposal became known as the Common Architecture for Next Generation Internet Protocol (CATNIP).
59 IPV6: History IPAE SIP PIP SIP SIPP TUBA TP/IX CATNIP In the end, TUBA and CATNIP were rejected as candidates for IPv6.
60 IPV6: History IPAE SIP SIP SIPP IPv6 PIP TUBA TP/IX CATNIP Instead, the SIPP proposal has been adopted, with extended 128-bit addressing.
61 The End This concludes the tutorial. If you aren t viewing this tutorial on the FORE Systems ATM Academy Site, then you can find additional tutorials at:
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