Contents. 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and Java 1. Before You Begin

Transcription

1 Contents The online chapters and appendices listed at the end of this Table of Contents are located on the book s Companion Website ( see the inside front cover of your book for details. Foreword Preface Before You Begin xxv xxvii xlvii 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and Java Introduction Hardware and Software Moore s Law Computer Organization Data Hierarchy Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages Basic Introduction to Object Terminology Automobile as an Object Methods and Classes Instantiation Reuse Messages and Method Calls Attributes and Instance Variables Encapsulation and Information Hiding Inheritance Interfaces Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) The UML (Unified Modeling Language) Operating Systems Windows A Proprietary Operating System Linux An Open-Source Operating System Apple s macos and Apple s ios for iphone, ipad and ipod Touch Devices Google s Android 15

2 viii Contents 1.7 Programming Languages Java A Typical Java Development Environment Test-Driving a Java Application Internet and World Wide Web Internet: A Network of Networks World Wide Web: Making the Internet User-Friendly Web Services and Mashups Internet of Things Software Technologies Getting Your Questions Answered 31 2 Introduction to Java Applications; Input/Output and Operators Introduction Your First Program in Java: Printing a Line of Text Compiling the Application Executing the Application Modifying Your First Java Program Displaying Text with printf Another Application: Adding Integers import Declarations Declaring and Creating a Scanner to Obtain User Input from the Keyboard Prompting the User for Input Declaring a Variable to Store an Integer and Obtaining an Integer from the Keyboard Obtaining a Second Integer Using Variables in a Calculation Displaying the Calculation Result Java API Documentation Declaring and Initializing Variables in Separate Statements Memory Concepts Arithmetic Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators Wrap-Up 57 3 Control Statements: Part 1; Assignment, ++ and -- Operators Introduction Algorithms Pseudocode Control Structures Sequence Structure in Java 71

3 Contents ix Selection Statements in Java Iteration Statements in Java Summary of Control Statements in Java if Single-Selection Statement if else Double-Selection Statement Nested if else Statements Dangling-else Problem Blocks Conditional Operator (?:) while Iteration Statement Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Iteration Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Iteration Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements Compound Assignment Operators Increment and Decrement Operators Primitive Types Wrap-Up 98 4 Control Statements: Part 2; Logical Operators Introduction Essentials of Counter-Controlled Iteration for Iteration Statement Examples Using the for Statement Application: Summing the Even Integers from 2 to Application: Compound-Interest Calculations do while Iteration Statement switch Multiple-Selection Statement break and continue Statements break Statement continue Statement Logical Operators Conditional AND (&&) Operator Conditional OR ( ) Operator Short-Circuit Evaluation of Complex Conditions Boolean Logical AND (&) and Boolean Logical Inclusive OR ( ) Operators Boolean Logical Exclusive OR (^) Logical Negation (!) Operator Logical Operators Example Structured-Programming Summary Wrap-Up Methods Introduction 153

4 x Contents 5.2 Program Units in Java static Methods, static Variables and Class Math Declaring Methods Notes on Declaring and Using Methods Method-Call Stack and Activation Records Method-Call Stack Stack Frames Local Variables and Stack Frames Stack Overflow Argument Promotion and Casting Java API Packages Case Study: Secure Random-Number Generation Case Study: A Game of Chance; Introducing enums Scope of Declarations Method Overloading Declaring Overloaded Methods Distinguishing Between Overloaded Methods Return Types of Overloaded Methods Wrap-Up Arrays and ArrayLists Introduction Primitive Types vs. Reference Types Arrays Declaring and Creating Arrays Examples Using Arrays Creating and Initializing an Array Using an Array Initializer Calculating the Values to Store in an Array Summing the Elements of an Array Using Bar Charts to Display Array Data Graphically Using the Elements of an Array as Counters Using Arrays to Analyze Survey Results Exception Handling: Processing the Incorrect Response The try Statement Executing the catch Block tostring Method of the Exception Parameter Enhanced for Statement Passing Arrays to Methods Pass-By-Value vs. Pass-By-Reference Multidimensional Arrays Arrays of One-Dimensional Arrays Two-Dimensional Arrays with Rows of Different Lengths Creating Two-Dimensional Arrays with Array-Creation Expressions 214

5 Contents xi Two-Dimensional Array Example: Displaying Element Values Common Multidimensional-Array Manipulations Performed with for Statements Variable-Length Argument Lists Using Command-Line Arguments Class Arrays Introduction to Collections and Class ArrayList Wrap-Up Introduction to Classes and Objects Introduction Instance Variables, set Methods and get Methods Account Class with an Instance Variable, and set and get Methods AccountTest Class That Creates and Uses an Object of Class Account Compiling and Executing an App with Multiple Classes Account UML Class Diagram Additional Notes on Class AccountTest Software Engineering with private Instance Variables and public set and get Methods Default and Explicit Initialization for Instance Variables Account Class: Initializing Objects with Constructors Declaring an Account Constructor for Custom Object Initialization Class AccountTest: Initializing Account Objects When They re Created Account Class with a Balance Account Class with a balance Instance Variable of Type double AccountTest Class to Use Class Account Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation Case Study: Class GradeBook Using an Array to Store Grades Case Study: Class GradeBook Using a Two-Dimensional Array Wrap-Up Classes and Objects: A Deeper Look Introduction Time Class Case Study Controlling Access to Members Referring to the Current Object s Members with the this Reference Time Class Case Study: Overloaded Constructors Default and No-Argument Constructors Notes on Set and Get Methods Composition enum Types 306

6 xii Contents 8.10 Garbage Collection static Class Members static Import final Instance Variables Package Access Using BigDecimal for Precise Monetary Calculations Wrap-Up Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance Introduction Superclasses and Subclasses protected Members Relationship Between Superclasses and Subclasses Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class Creating and Using a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class Creating a CommissionEmployee BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy CommissionEmployee BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Instance Variables CommissionEmployee BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Instance Variables Constructors in Subclasses Class Object Designing with Composition vs. Inheritance Wrap-Up Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism and Interfaces Introduction Polymorphism Examples Demonstrating Polymorphic Behavior Abstract Classes and Methods Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism Abstract Superclass Employee Concrete Subclass SalariedEmployee Concrete Subclass HourlyEmployee Concrete Subclass CommissionEmployee Indirect Concrete Subclass BasePlusCommissionEmployee Polymorphic Processing, Operator instanceof and Downcasting Allowed Assignments Between Superclass and Subclass Variables final Methods and Classes A Deeper Explanation of Issues with Calling Methods from Constructors Creating and Using Interfaces Developing a Payable Hierarchy 388

7 Contents xiii Interface Payable Class Invoice Modifying Class Employee to Implement Interface Payable Using Interface Payable to Process Invoices and Employees Polymorphically Some Common Interfaces of the Java API Java SE 8 Interface Enhancements default Interface Methods static Interface Methods Functional Interfaces Java SE 9 private Interface Methods private Constructors Program to an Interface, Not an Implementation Implementation Inheritance Is Best for Small Numbers of Tightly Coupled Classes Interface Inheritance Is Best for Flexibility Rethinking the Employee Hierarchy Wrap-Up Exception Handling: A Deeper Look Introduction Example: Divide by Zero without Exception Handling Example: Handling ArithmeticExceptions and InputMismatchExceptions When to Use Exception Handling Java Exception Hierarchy finally Block Stack Unwinding and Obtaining Information from an Exception Chained Exceptions Declaring New Exception Types Preconditions and Postconditions Assertions try-with-resources: Automatic Resource Deallocation Wrap-Up JavaFX Graphical User Interfaces: Part Introduction JavaFX Scene Builder JavaFX App Window Structure Welcome App Displaying Text and an Image Opening Scene Builder and Creating the File Welcome.fxml Adding an Image to the Folder Containing Welcome.fxml Creating a VBox Layout Container Configuring the VBox Layout Container Adding and Configuring a Label 446

8 xiv Contents Adding and Configuring an ImageView Previewing the Welcome GUI Tip Calculator App Introduction to Event Handling Test-Driving the Tip Calculator App Technologies Overview Building the App s GUI TipCalculator Class TipCalculatorController Class Features Covered in the Other JavaFX Chapters Wrap-Up JavaFX GUI: Part Introduction Laying Out Nodes in a Scene Graph Painter App: RadioButtons, Mouse Events and Shapes Technologies Overview Creating the Painter.fxml File Building the GUI Painter Subclass of Application PainterController Class Color Chooser App: Property Bindings and Property Listeners Technologies Overview Building the GUI ColorChooser Subclass of Application ColorChooserController Class Cover Viewer App: Data-Driven GUIs with JavaFX Collections Technologies Overview Adding Images to the App s Folder Building the GUI CoverViewer Subclass of Application CoverViewerController Class Cover Viewer App: Customizing ListView Cells Technologies Overview Copying the CoverViewer App ImageTextCell Custom Cell Factory Class CoverViewerController Class Additional JavaFX Capabilities JavaFX 9: Java SE 9 JavaFX Updates Wrap-Up Strings, Characters and Regular Expressions Introduction Fundamentals of Characters and Strings Class String String Constructors 518

9 Contents xv String Methods length, charat and getchars Comparing Strings Locating Characters and Substrings in Strings Extracting Substrings from Strings Concatenating Strings Miscellaneous String Methods String Method valueof Class StringBuilder StringBuilder Constructors StringBuilder Methods length, capacity, setlength and ensurecapacity StringBuilder Methods charat, setcharat, getchars and reverse StringBuilder append Methods StringBuilder Insertion and Deletion Methods Class Character Tokenizing Strings Regular Expressions, Class Pattern and Class Matcher Replacing Substrings and Splitting Strings Classes Pattern and Matcher Wrap-Up Files, Input/Output Streams, NIO and XML Serialization Introduction Files and Streams Using NIO Classes and Interfaces to Get File and Directory Information Sequential Text Files Creating a Sequential Text File Reading Data from a Sequential Text File Case Study: A Credit-Inquiry Program Updating Sequential Files XML Serialization Creating a Sequential File Using XML Serialization Reading and Deserializing Data from a Sequential File FileChooser and DirectoryChooser Dialogs (Optional) Additional java.io Classes Interfaces and Classes for Byte-Based Input and Output Interfaces and Classes for Character-Based Input and Output Wrap-Up Generic Collections Introduction Collections Overview 605

10 xvi Contents 16.3 Type-Wrapper Classes Autoboxing and Auto-Unboxing Interface Collection and Class Collections Lists ArrayList and Iterator LinkedList Collections Methods Method sort Method shuffle Methods reverse, fill, copy, max and min Method binarysearch Methods addall, frequency and disjoint Class PriorityQueue and Interface Queue Sets Maps Synchronized Collections Unmodifiable Collections Abstract Implementations Java SE 9: Convenience Factory Methods for Immutable Collections Wrap-Up Lambdas and Streams Introduction Streams and Reduction Summing the Integers from 1 through 10 with a for Loop External Iteration with for Is Error Prone Summing with a Stream and Reduction Internal Iteration Mapping and Lambdas Lambda Expressions Lambda Syntax Intermediate and Terminal Operations Filtering How Elements Move Through Stream Pipelines Method References Creating an IntStream of Random Values Performing a Task on Each Stream Element with foreach and a Method Reference Mapping Integers to String Objects with maptoobj Concatenating Strings with collect IntStream Operations Creating an IntStream and Displaying Its Values Terminal Operations count, min, max, sum and average Terminal Operation reduce Sorting IntStream Values 666

11 Contents xvii 17.8 Functional Interfaces Lambdas: A Deeper Look Stream<Integer> Manipulations Creating a Stream<Integer> Sorting a Stream and Collecting the Results Filtering a Stream and Storing the Results for Later Use Filtering and Sorting a Stream and Collecting the Results Sorting Previously Collected Results Stream<String> Manipulations Mapping Strings to Uppercase Filtering Strings Then Sorting Them in Case-Insensitive Ascending Order Filtering Strings Then Sorting Them in Case-Insensitive Descending Order Stream<Employee> Manipulations Creating and Displaying a List<Employee> Filtering Employees with Salaries in a Specified Range Sorting Employees By Multiple Fields Mapping Employees to Unique-Last-Name Strings Grouping Employees By Department Counting the Number of Employees in Each Department Summing and Averaging Employee Salaries Creating a Stream<String> from a File Streams of Random Values Infinite Streams Lambda Event Handlers Additional Notes on Java SE 8 Interfaces Wrap-Up Recursion Introduction Recursion Concepts Example Using Recursion: Factorials Reimplementing Class FactorialCalculator Using BigInteger Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series Recursion and the Method-Call Stack Recursion vs. Iteration Towers of Hanoi Fractals Koch Curve Fractal (Optional) Case Study: Lo Feather Fractal (Optional) Fractal App GUI (Optional) FractalController Class Recursive Backtracking Wrap-Up 734

12 xviii Contents 19 Searching, Sorting and Big O Introduction Linear Search Big O Notation O(1) Algorithms O(n) Algorithms O(n 2 ) Algorithms Big O of the Linear Search Binary Search Binary Search Implementation Efficiency of the Binary Search Sorting Algorithms Selection Sort Selection Sort Implementation Efficiency of the Selection Sort Insertion Sort Insertion Sort Implementation Efficiency of the Insertion Sort Merge Sort Merge Sort Implementation Efficiency of the Merge Sort Big O Summary for This Chapter s Searching and Sorting Algorithms Massive Parallelism and Parallel Algorithms Wrap-Up Generic Classes and Methods: A Deeper Look Introduction Motivation for Generic Methods Generic Methods: Implementation and Compile-Time Translation Additional Compile-Time Translation Issues: Methods That Use a Type Parameter as the Return Type Overloading Generic Methods Generic Classes Wildcards in Methods That Accept Type Parameters Wrap-Up Custom Generic Data Structures Introduction Self-Referential Classes Dynamic Memory Allocation Linked Lists Singly Linked Lists Implementing a Generic List Class Generic Classes ListNode and List 805

13 Contents xix Class ListTest List Method insertatfront List Method insertatback List Method removefromfront List Method removefromback List Method print Creating Your Own Packages Stacks Queues Trees Wrap-Up JavaFX Graphics, Animation and Video Introduction Controlling Fonts with Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) CSS That Styles the GUI FXML That Defines the GUI Introduction to XML Markup Referencing the CSS File from FXML Specifying the VBox s Style Class Programmatically Loading CSS Displaying Two-Dimensional Shapes Defining Two-Dimensional Shapes with FXML CSS That Styles the Two-Dimensional Shapes Polylines, Polygons and Paths GUI and CSS PolyShapesController Class Transforms Playing Video with Media, MediaPlayer and MediaViewer VideoPlayer GUI VideoPlayerController Class Transition Animations TransitionAnimations.fxml TransitionAnimationsController Class Timeline Animations Frame-by-Frame Animation with AnimationTimer Drawing on a Canvas Three-Dimensional Shapes Wrap-Up Concurrency Introduction Thread States and Life Cycle New and Runnable States Waiting State 919

14 xx Contents Timed Waiting State Blocked State Terminated State Operating-System View of the Runnable State Thread Priorities and Thread Scheduling Indefinite Postponement and Deadlock Creating and Executing Threads with the Executor Framework Thread Synchronization Immutable Data Monitors Unsynchronized Mutable Data Sharing Synchronized Mutable Data Sharing Making Operations Atomic Producer/Consumer Relationship without Synchronization Producer/Consumer Relationship: ArrayBlockingQueue (Advanced) Producer/Consumer Relationship with synchronized, wait, notify and notifyall (Advanced) Producer/Consumer Relationship: Bounded Buffers (Advanced) Producer/Consumer Relationship: The Lock and Condition Interfaces Concurrent Collections Multithreading in JavaFX Performing Computations in a Worker Thread: Fibonacci Numbers Processing Intermediate Results: Sieve of Eratosthenes sort/parallelsort Timings with the Java SE 8 Date/Time API Java SE 8: Sequential vs. Parallel Streams (Advanced) Interfaces Callable and Future (Advanced) Fork/Join Framework Wrap-Up Accessing Databases with JDBC Introduction Relational Databases A books Database SQL Basic SELECT Query WHERE Clause ORDER BY Clause Merging Data from Multiple Tables: INNER JOIN INSERT Statement UPDATE Statement DELETE Statement Setting Up a Java DB Database Creating the Chapter s Databases on Windows 1019

15 Contents xxi Creating the Chapter s Databases on macos Creating the Chapter s Databases on Linux Connecting to and Querying a Database Automatic Driver Discovery Connecting to the Database Creating a Statement for Executing Queries Executing a Query Processing a Query s ResultSet Querying the books Database ResultSetTableModel Class DisplayQueryResults App s GUI DisplayQueryResultsController Class RowSet Interface PreparedStatements AddressBook App That Uses PreparedStatements Class Person Class PersonQueries AddressBook GUI Class AddressBookController Stored Procedures Transaction Processing Wrap-Up Introduction to JShell: Java 9 s REPL for Interactive Java Introduction Installing JDK Introduction to JShell Starting a JShell Session Executing Statements Declaring Variables Explicitly Listing and Executing Prior Snippets Evaluating Expressions and Declaring Variables Implicitly Using Implicitly Declared Variables Viewing a Variable s Value Resetting a JShell Session Writing Multiline Statements Editing Code Snippets Exiting JShell Command-Line Input in JShell Declaring and Using Classes Creating a Class in JShell Explicitly Declaring Reference-Type Variables Creating Objects Manipulating Objects 1078

16 xxii Contents Creating a Meaningful Variable Name for an Expression Saving and Opening Code-Snippet Files Discovery with JShell Auto-Completion Auto-Completing Identifiers Auto-Completing JShell Commands Exploring a Class s Members and Viewing Documentation Listing Class Math s static Members Viewing a Method s Parameters Viewing a Method s Documentation Viewing a public Field s Documentation Viewing a Class s Documentation Viewing Method Overloads Exploring Members of a Specific Object Declaring Methods Forward Referencing an Undeclared Method Declaring Method displaycubes Declaring a Previously Undeclared Method Testing cube and Replacing Its Declaration Testing Updated Method cube and Method displaycubes Exceptions Importing Classes and Adding Packages to the CLASSPATH Using an External Editor Summary of JShell Commands Getting Help in JShell /edit Command: Additional Features /reload Command /drop Command Feedback Modes Other JShell Features Configurable with /set Keyboard Shortcuts for Snippet Editing How JShell Reinterprets Java for Interactive Use IDE JShell Support Wrap-Up 1102 Chapters on the Web 1118 A Operator Precedence Chart 1119 B ASCII Character Set 1121 C Keywords and Reserved Words 1122

17 Contents xxiii D Primitive Types 1123 E Using the Debugger 1124 E.1 Introduction 1125 E.2 Breakpoints and the run, stop, cont and print Commands 1125 E.3 The print and set Commands 1129 E.4 Controlling Execution Using the step, step up and next Commands 1131 E.5 The watch Command 1133 E.6 The clear Command 1135 E.7 Wrap-Up 1138 F Appendices on the Web 1139 Index 1141 Online Chapters and Appendices The online chapters and appendices are located on the book s Companion Website. See the book s inside front cover for details. 26 Swing GUI Components: Part 1 27 Graphics and Java 2D 28 Networking 29 Java Persistence API (JPA) 30 JavaServer Faces Web Apps: Part 1 31 JavaServer Faces Web Apps: Part 2 32 REST-Based Web Services 33 (Optional) ATM Case Study, Part 1: Object-Oriented Design with the UML 34 (Optional) ATM Case Study, Part 2: Implementing an Object-Oriented Design

18 xxiv Contents 35 Swing GUI Components: Part 2 36 Java Module System and Other Java 9 Features F Using the Java API Documentation G Creating Documentation with javadoc H Unicode I Formatted Output J Number Systems K Bit Manipulation L Labeled break and continue Statements M UML 2: Additional Diagram Types N Design Patterns