Sven Apel Don Batory Christian Kastner. Gunter Saake. Feature-Oriented Software Product Lines. Concepts and Implementation.

Transcription

1 Sven Apel Don Batory Christian Kastner Gunter Saake Feature-Oriented Software Product Lines Concepts and Implementation ^ Springer

2 Contents Part I Software Product Lines 1 Software Product Lines From Individualism to Standardization and Back Again Specialized and Standardized Software Software Product Lines Promises of Software Product Lines Success Stories A Feature-Oriented Approach Running Examples Intended Audience of the Book How to Read this Book Further Reading A Development Process for Feature-Oriented Product Lines 2.1 Features and Products A Process for Product-Line Development Domain Analysis Requirements Analysis Domain Implementation Product Derivation Feature Modeling Feature Models Feature Diagrams Formalization in Propositional Logic The Feature Model for the Graph Library Variations and Extensions of Feature Models Feature Modeling in Practice Tooling 39 xi

3 xii Contents 2.4 Adoption Paths of the Product-Line Approach Proactive Approach Extractive Approach Reactive Approach Further Reading 42 Exercises 42 Part II Variability Implementation 3 Basic Concepts, Classification and Quality Criteria Dimensions of Variability Implementation Binding Time Technology: Language-Based Versus Tool-Based Representation: Annotation Versus Composition Quality Criteria Preplanning Effort Feature Traceability Separation of Concerns Information Hiding Granularity Uniformity Structure of Subsequent Chapters Further Reading 61 Exercises 62 4 Classic, Language-Based Variability Mechanisms Parameters Discussion Design Patterns Observer Pattern Template-Method Pattern Strategy Pattern Decorator Pattern Discussion Frameworks White-Box Frameworks Black-Box Frameworks An Implementation Example for Frameworks Loading Plug-Ins Discussion Components and Services Sizing Components Composing Components 92

4 Contents xiii Components Versus Plug-Ins Further Reading 95 Exercises 96 5 Classic, Tool-Driven Variability Mechanisms Version-Control Systems Terminology Building Product Lines with Version-Control Systems Discussion Build Systems Variability in Build Scripts Custom Build Scripts Case Study: Build-System Variability in Linux Discussion Preprocessors The C Preprocessor cpp Implementing Variability with Preprocessors Ill Further Preprocessors Disciplined Annotations Preprocessors in Practice Discussion Further Reading 124 Exercises Advanced, Language-Based Variability Mechanisms Feature-Oriented Programming Collaboration-Based Design Feature Modules The Jak Language Models of Feature-Oriented Programming Discussion Aspect-Oriented Programming Aspects: Separating Crosscutting Concerns The AspectJ Language Aspects for Product Lines Discussion Aspects and Feature Modules in Concert Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Crosscutting Concerns Static and Dynamic Crosscutting Concerns Summary of Comparison Combining Aspects and Feature Modules 161

5 xiv Contents A Study on Advanced Crosscutting Mechanisms Discussion Tooling Practical Relevance Further Approaches Delta-Oriented Programming Refactoring Feature Modules Context-Oriented Programming Further Reading 171 Exercises Advanced, Tool-Driven Variability Mechanisms Exploiting Feature Tracing Consistency Checking Visualizing Tracing Information Views on Code Integrated Product Derivation Discussion: Virtual Separation of Concerns Tooling Further Reading 186 Exercises 187 Part III Advanced Topics Refactoring of Software Product Lines Refactoring in General 8.2 Refactoring in Software Product Lines Variability Smells in Software Product Lines Defining Product-Line Refactorings Examples of Product-Line Refactorings Refactoring as Path Toward a Product Line Example: Extraction of Feature Colored of the Graph Library Case Study: Refactoring of Berkeley DB with Aspect! Further Reading 210 Exercises Feature Interactions The Feature-Interaction Problem Higher Order Interactions Detecting Feature Interactions The Optional-Feature Problem Implementing Feature Interactions 222

6 Contents xv Implementation Strategies: Overview and Goals Change Feature Model Multiple Implementations Moving Code Conditional Compilation Optional Weaving Distinct Module for Coordination Code Comparison of Solutions Experience Decomposition of Berkeley DB Design and Implementation of FAME-DBMS Further Reading 239 Exercises Analysis of Software Product Lines Analysis of Feature Models Valid Feature Selection Consistent Feature Models Testing Facts about Feature Models Dead Features and Mandatory Features Constraint Propagation Number of Valid Feature Selections Comparing Feature Models Other Feature-Model Analyses Analysis of Feature-to-Code Mappings Dead Code Abstract Features Determining Presence Conditions Analysis of Domain Implementations Design Space Sampling Strategies Family-Based Type Checking of Preprocessor-Based Implementations Family-Based Type Checking for Feature-Oriented Programming Family-Based Analysis with Variability Encoding Feature-Based Analysis Strategies Beyond Type Checking 10.4 Case Studies and Experience 10.5 Tooling 10.6 Further Reading Exercises

7 xvi Contents Appendix A: Tool Support 283 References 293 Index 309