Mapping Wildlife Habitat. using ArcView 3.2 and NH GRANIT Data

Transcription

1 Mapping Wildlife Habitat using ArcView 3.2 and NH GRANIT Data

2 Mapping Wildlife Habitat ORIGINAL DRAFT: June 2002 Revised: June 2004 Complex Systems Research Center All exercises and desktop publishing by: Nancy Lambert Water Resources and Sea Grant Program UNH Cooperative Extension Nesmith Hall 131 Main Street Durham, NH Acknowledgements: Frank Mitchell, Darrel Covell and Jen Lessard, UNH Cooperative Extension, assisted with parts of this document. The development of these materials by UNH Cooperative Extension and UNH Complex Systems Research Center was partially funded by the NOAA/UNH Cooperative Institute for Coastal and Estuarine Environmental Technology. ArcView Graphic User Interface is the intellectual property of ESRI and is used herein with permission. Copyright ESRI. ArcView is a trademark of ESRI, registered in the United States and certain other countries; registration is pending in the European Community. All rights reserved. UNH Cooperative Extension programs and policies are consistent with pertinent Federal and State laws and resgulations on non-discrimination regarding age, color, handicap, national origin, race religion, sex, sexual orientation, or Veteran s status. College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, County governments, NH Division of Forests and Lands, Dept. of Resources and Economic Development, NH Fish & Game Dept., U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service cooperating. 2 UNH Cooperative Extension

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5 Exercise Notes: The project file, workshop.apr, on the data CD that accompanies these exercises has some of the exercise steps already completed for you. The completed steps are noted in the exercises with ** symbols, so these steps can be skipped if you choose to use this project file.

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7 Exercise 1: Identify Roadless Areas Large blocks of land that are uninterrupted by roads or other development are critical for wildlife habitat. Increasingly, these blocks are threatened as towns grow and development encroaches on open space. In this exercise, we will identify the large blocks of unfragmented land in the town of Durham. The major steps in the process are as follows: 1. Create a polygon that represents the area of interest. 2. Create a 500 ft buffer around roads. 3. Eliminate these buffered areas from the analysis. (The land remaining represents areas not fragmented by roads.) 4. Eliminate large bodies of water from the analysis. 5. Calculate the area of the remaining fragments of land. 6. Display the fragments according to their sizes. GRANIT data used in this exercise: Political Boundaries (pbnh.shp) Roads (roadsmrg2.shp) USGS Topographic Map (drgmosaic_buf.tif) Parcel Data (Durhamtax.shp) Wetlands (NWIbuf.shp) 1. Open the Project a) Start ArcView 3.2 b) Select create a new project as a blank project. 2. **Set Project Working Directory a) With the Project window active, select Properties from the Project menu. UNH Cooperative Extension 1

8 Mapping Wildlife Habitat b) In the Project Properties dialogue box set the working directory to: c:\arcviewworkshop\wildlife c) Click on OK. 3. **Create a new View. a) Create a new View. From the Project window, select Views. b) Click on the New button. 4. **Set View Properties a) Make sure your View window is active. (The top bar of the active window is always in color and not grayed out.) 2 UNH Cooperative Extension

9 Identify Roadless Areas b) From the View menu, select Properties. c) Change the View Name to: View: Durham Unfragmented Lands d) Change the map units to feet. (Remember map units for GRANIT data are always in feet.) e) Change the distance units to whatever you would like. f) Click on OK. 5. Save your Project a) From the File menu, select Save Project, or click on the Save Button. Save UNH Cooperative Extension 3

10 Mapping Wildlife Habitat b) Save the project in the C:\ArcViewWorkshop\Wildlife folder as: <yourname>wildlife.apr c) Click on OK. 6. **Add Themes a) From the View menu, select Add Theme or click on the Add Theme button. Add Theme b) From the C:\ArcViewWorkshop\Wildlife folder, add the Themes: Roadsmrg2.shp pbnh.shp c) Click on OK. d) Make the roads Theme visible by checking ( ) on the small box next to the Theme name in the Table of Contents. e) Make pbnh.shp visible and drag it to the bottom of the View s Table of Contents. 4 UNH Cooperative Extension

11 Identify Roadless Areas f) Make the roads Theme active and click on Zoom to Active Themes button. 7. Create a Polygon We need to generate a polygon that represents our area of analysis. To determine the extent of this area, we need to look at the roads in the area of interest. In this case, our area of interest is Durham. If we look at the road pattern, we can see the fragments of land that are created by the roads. The objective of this analysis is to identify these fragments in their entirety. Note that some of the fragments extend beyond the town boundaries of Durham. If we restrict our analysis to the Durham town polygon then these fragments that extend beyond the town boundary would be cut off and would appear smaller than they actually are. For this reason, we create a polygon for our area of analysis that goes slightly beyond the fragments that are on the boundary. In this way, we insure that all of the fragments that are associated with Durham are complete in our analysis. a) Use the rectangle drawing tool to draw the boundaries of the analysis area. Note that our analysis area captures the entire area of the fragments on the boundaries of the town. Draw rectangle tool b) Check the boundaries of the area you have drawn. Are the fragments on the town boundary completely within the analysis area? If you need to adjust your boundary area, select the pointer tool and stretch the graphic to fit properly. Pointer Tool UNH Cooperative Extension 5

12 Mapping Wildlife Habitat 8. Load Xtools Xtools is a free Extension that can be downloaded from the Oregon Department of Forestry s web site. A copy of it is on the data disk provided with this exercise book. When using Xtools on your own computer, you will need to copy xtools.avx into the folder C:\esri\av_gis30\arcview\ext32. a) Click on Extensions in the File menu. b) Select the XTools extension that now appears in the list of extensions. c) Click on OK. d) Note that there is now a menu choice called Xtools that appears when your View document is active. 9. Convert Graphic to Shapefile The area of analysis you created is a graphics file and not a shapefile. A graphic shape can be moved and resized. A shapefile shape, however, is referenced to geographic coordinates so it is associated with a location on the earth. Geographically referenced data are not easily moved or resized. You can convert the graphic into a shapefile using the Xtools Extension that you just loaded. a) From the Xtools menu, select Convert Graphics to Shapes. 6 UNH Cooperative Extension

13 Identify Roadless Areas b) Click to select 1 graphic polygons. c) Click on OK. Make sure this is selected before you click OK. d) Navigate to the C:\ArcViewWorkshop\Wildlife folder and name the output Theme AnalysisArea- Roadless.shp. e) Click on OK. f) Xtools will add the new Theme to your View. Check the box to make the Theme visible. g) Press the delete key on your keyboard to delete the graphic file from which the Analysis Area was created. If the graphic is no longer selected, you will need to use your Pointer tool to select the graphic file before you can delete it. TIP: Remember that you have to use the key labeled delete, not the backspace key, in order to delete graphics in ArcView. TIP: Before continuing, you may want to use the Geoprocessing Wizard to clip your road data to the boundaries of the study area. This may prevent your computer from getting hung up when buffering the roads. 10. Query the Roads Data a) Class 5 roads are trails and don t contribute much to fragmentation. In this step we will eliminate Class 5 roads from the analysis using the Query Builder. GRANIT NOTE: These data use the USGS road classification system which is not the same as the NH Department of Transportation road classification system. In the NHDOT data, you would eliminate Class 6 roads from the analysis. b) Make roadsmrg.shp the active Theme and drag it to the top of the View s Table of Contents. c) Open the Query Builder in order to select the roads that will be buffered. Query Builder UNH Cooperative Extension 7

14 Mapping Wildlife Habitat d) Build the query, ([Class] <>5) e) Click on New Set. f) Close the Query Builder. g) All but the Class 5 roads will appear selected (i.e., appear in yellow) in your View. 11. Save the project. a) From the File menu, select Save Project, or click on the Save Button. Save 12. Buffer Roads In this step, we will create a Theme which represents the roads plus a 500 ft buffer. WARNING: This step is very computing-intensive and could possibly hang up your computer. Make sure you save your project before you begin this step. Also close down any programs (except ArcView) that you have running. If your computer does get hung up when performing this operation, you may need to buffer the road data in smaller pieces and then merge the buffered pieces together using the Geoprocessing Wizard. a) Make sure that the road Theme is active and that all the roads are selected except Class 5 trails. b) From the Theme menu, select Create Buffers. 8 UNH Cooperative Extension

15 Identify Roadless Areas c) Select Roadsmrg2.shp as the Theme to buffer. d) Make sure the box Use only the selected features is checked. e) Click on Next>>. f) Select at a specified distance of 500 Feet. g) Remember to designate the distance units to be Feet. h) Click on Next>>. i) Click on Yes to dissolve the barriers between buffers. j) Save the output Theme to the C:\ArcView Workshop\Wildlife folder and name it Buffer500.shp. k) Click on Finish. l) Note that the resulting shapefile is added to the View and shows the area representing a 500 ft. buffer around the roads. UNH Cooperative Extension 9

16 Mapping Wildlife Habitat 13. Erase buffered area using Xtools In this step, we will take the analysis area and erase from it the 500 ft. road buffer. The resulting polygon will be the land that is not fragmented by roads. a) Read the instructions for the Erase Features function in Xtools. Under the XTools menu, hold down the shift key while clicking on Erase Features. b) Select Erase Features from the Xtools menu. c) Select Analysisarea-roadless.shp as the polygon that you want to erase. 10 UNH Cooperative Extension

17 Identify Roadless Areas d) Select Buffer500.shp as your Erase Theme. (This theme is used as a cookie cutter to remove parts of the input theme.) e) Name the new Theme erase.shp. f) Xtools will now erase the area representing 500 feet on either side of the roads, leaving you with the lands that are not fragmented by roads. OPTIONAL : Erase large water bodies from the analysis area Note that the Great Bay is shown as a roadless area in your analysis. In this case, it is actually a misleading result to show the Great Bay as a large fragment, so we should erase the body of water from the analysis area in the same way that we erased the buffered roads. Whether or not you erase a body of water from your analysis will depend on your objectives and the size of the water body. i) Add the lakesmrg.shp file to your View and make it visible and active ii) From the Theme menu select Properties. iii) Click on the Query Builder button in the Theme Properties box. iv) Build the query ([HYP]<>0) and click on New Set. v) Close the query builder window. UNH Cooperative Extension 11

18 Mapping Wildlife Habitat vi) Click on OK in the Theme Properties box. vii) viii) ix) Use the Select Feature tool to select the individual polygons that represent Great Select Feature Tool Bay. You will need to hold down your shift key to select more than one polygon at a time. If you need to unselect a polygon, simply hold your shift key down and click on the selected polygon to remove it from your selected set. Which areas you pick will depend on your own judgement of what should be removed from the area of analysis. The figure indicates the areas of Great Bay that I chose to remove from the analysis. From the Xtools menu select Erase Features. Select Erase.shp as the Input Theme. x) Select Lakesmrg.shp as the Erase Theme. xi) Name the output Theme erase2.shp. Substitute erase2.shp for erase.shp in the remaining instructions. xii) Note that the completed Theme, erase2.shp, eliminates the Great Bay from the analysis. 12 UNH Cooperative Extension

19 Identify Roadless Areas 14. Display the Unfragmented Lands a) Shut off all the Themes except erase.shp. b) From the View menu, select Add Themes or click on the Add Theme button. Add Theme c) Add the drgmosaic_buf.tif Theme. (Remember to set your Data Source Type to Image Data.) d) Display the drgmosaic_buf.tif and drag it to the bottom of the View s Table of Contents. e) Double click on erase.shp to open the Legend Editor. (If you did the optional step above and erased the Great Bay from the analysis then substitute erase2.shp for erase.shp.) f) Double click on the symbol to open the Symbol Window. g) Change the Fill to transparent h) Change the outline to 2. i) Close the Symbol Window and click on Apply in the Legend Editor. UNH Cooperative Extension 13

20 Mapping Wildlife Habitat j) Zoom in to various parts of the View to check that the erase.shp Theme shows areas that are not bisected by roads. Zoom In Tool 15. Erase Results in Multi-part Polygon You will see in this step that ArcView created a single, multi-part polygon to represent all of the unfragmented lands. In order to sort the unfragmented lands by size, ArcView needs to recognize them as separate polygons. We can turn to the Xtools Extension again for an easy solution. a) Make the erase.shp the active Theme. From the Theme menu, select Table or click on the Open Theme Table button: Open Theme Table b) Notice that there is only one record in the Table. ArcView sees all the unfragmented lands as a single, multipart polygon. 16. Convert Multi-part Polygon into Individual Polygons a) Make the View document active. b) From the Xtools menu, select Convert Multipart Shapes to Single Part. 14 UNH Cooperative Extension

21 Identify Roadless Areas c) Select erase.shp as the Theme to convert. d) Save the output Theme in the C:\ArcViewWorkshop\Wildlife folder and name it: fragment.shp e) Examine the table for fragment.shp and note that each polygon is now represented as a single record with the acreage automatically calculated in a field. 17. Display the fragments according to area. a) Return to the View: Durham Unfragmented Lands. b) Make fragments.shp the active Theme. c) Open the Legend Editor and select: Legend Type: Graduated Color. Classification Field: Acres d) Display the fragments sizes so they relate directly to wildlife habitat requirements. In the Appendix is a publication from Maine, Designing Communities to Protect Wildlife Habitat and Accommodate Development, that shows the habitat requirements of various species. Use these criteria to determine the ranges in the Values column of the legend as shown in the figure. NOTE: The numbers in the values column are adjusted to reflect that the acreage values in our data have three decimal places. If we had, for example, 1-19 and acres in our values column, we would lose any fragments that are between 19 and 20 acres. e) Change the labels so that they are simple size categories as shown in the figure. f) Adjust the color ramp as you wish. Notice the color ramps at the bottom that you can choose from. WARNING: Be aware that these shade differences in the color ramp that are so distinct on the screen often are not distinguishable when you print the map. UNH Cooperative Extension 15

22 Mapping Wildlife Habitat TIP: The map of roadless areas can be effectively displayed by making the fill a transparent color and color-coding the outlines of the polygons according to their acreage class. The outlines are also made thicker in the fill palette so that they can distinctive on top of the topographic data. In this way, you can see the information on the topographic map for each fragment. The figures below show how you change the outline thickness and the outline color. g) Click on Apply and close the Legend Editor. h) Your data are now color coded according to the size of the fragments. TIP: Display your map at a 1:24,000 scale to properly view the topographic information. 16 UNH Cooperative Extension

23 Identify Roadless Areas OPTIONAL : Review skills Display the town boundaries on top of the fragments to determine the extent of the fragments that are within the Durham town boundaries. 18. Save your Project! a) From the File menu, select Save Project, or click on the Save Button. 19. Examine the DOQs Digital Orthophoto Quads are aerial photos corrected for distortion. We can use the aerial photos to examine our roadless areas. The DOQs provided by GRANIT are often compressed using MrSID Image compression because the uncompressed files are huge. ArcView can use MrSID images, but the MrSID extension needs to be turned on in order for ArcView to see the images. a) From the File menu, select Extensions. b) Check the MrSID Image Support Extension. c) Click OK. d) From the View menu, select Add Theme. Save e) Navigate to the C:\ArcViewWorkshop\Wildlife folder and select 98doq169ne.sid. f) Click on OK. g) Drag the DOQ so that it is displayed below the fragment.shp Theme. Make the topographic map invisible. h) You can display the DOQ at a scale of 1:12,000. Change the scale to 1:12,000. i) Use the Pan tool to move around the image. Check the large, roadless areas. Pan Tool UNH Cooperative Extension 17

24 Mapping Wildlife Habitat QUESTION: Do you see any development in the roadless areas? 20. Update fragments using DOQs The accuracy of your roadless area analysis depends largely upon the accuracy of the road data that you use. In this case, our road data are the same data that are on a USGS topographic map, and the data are not up-to-date. We can use the aerial photography that was collected in 1998 to update our analysis. WARNING: This step shows you how you can manipulate shapes in your data. While this is a fairly innocuous thing to do within the context of the roadless area analysis, it is potentially dangerous if you begin to manipulate other data layers, particularly those provided by agencies or organizations other than your own. If there is a compelling reason to change shapes in data provided by others, it is critical that you carefully document such changes and make it clear in both the file and name and the documentation that the data have been revised. a) Zoom in to an area where there is development in a roadless area. b) Make the fragments.shp Theme the active Theme. c) From the Theme menu, select Start Editing. d) Select the Vertex Edit tool. Vertex Edit Tool e) Click on the boundaries of the fragment that require editing. The vertices will appear as small squares along the boundary. vertex f) To move a vertex, click and drag it to the new location. g) To delete a vertex, put the cursor over the vertex square and press the delete key. (Remember, in ArcView you can t use the backspace key to delete. You have to use the key labeled delete. ) 18 UNH Cooperative Extension

25 Identify Roadless Areas h) When you have finished editing the fragment, select Stop Editing from the Theme menu. i) Click on Yes to save edits. 21. Update fragment acreage values You now need to recalculate the acreage values for this fragment. a) Make fragment.shp the active Theme. b) From the Xtools menu, select Update Area, Perimeter, Acres and Length. 22. Save your Project! a) From the File menu, select Save Project, or click on the Save Button. Save OPTIONAL : Identify wetlands Wetlands are an important component to wildlife habitat. Add the National Wetland Inventory data (NWIbuf.shp) to your View. Identify the wetlands that are within the unfragmented blocks. UNH Cooperative Extension 19

26 Mapping Wildlife Habitat (Hint: Use the Select by Theme option in the Theme menu.) QUESTIONS: Under your town s current zoning, what is the maximum impact that could occur to the various size forest blocks you identified? List three native NH mammals that require home ranges in excess of 1000 acres. Overlay the forest block coverage with tax map coverage. Identify properties that have over 500 feet of road frontage. Identify where these exist on both sides of roads, indicating best possible areas for wildlife movement among forest blocks. Which forest blocks contain the largest number of important natural features (wetlands, water bodies, rare species, aquifers, flood plains, etc.)? Which forest blocks contain conservation lands that could be expanded to sustain the integrity of the forest block? Using tax maps, determine which parcels appear to be the most desirable candidates for conservation? 20 UNH Cooperative Extension

27 Exercise 2: Identify Habitat for Forest Interior Birds In this exercise we will identify areas of contiguous forests which can serve as suitable habitat for forest interior bird species. First, we will calculate the forest continuity index (FCI) which is a measure of the amount of interior habitat that exists within a fragment. For example, a fragment that is long and thin offers less interior habitat than one that has a rounder shape. The FCI was described by Vogelmann (1995) 1 and is slightly modified here. It is simply the fragment s area divided by its perimeter. In the illustration shown below, fragment A would have a lower FCI than fragment B because its perimeter is much larger relative to its area. Fragments with a low FCI offer less interior habitat than fragments with higher FCI such as fragment B. A Lower FCI B Data used in this exercise: Higher FCI Fragment.shp (created in previous exercise) Digital Raster Graphic (DRG) - USGS Topographic Map (drgmosaic_buf.shp) Digital Orthophoto Quad (DOQ) (98DOQ169ne.sid) 1. **Review skills: Prepare a new View a) Create a new View from the Project window. b) Set the View Properties: View Name: View: Forest Continuity c) Set the map units: feet d) Copy the fragment.shp Theme from View: Durham Unfragmented Lands and paste it into the new View. Click on New Set. 2. Calculate the Forest Continuity Index a) Make fragment.shp the active Theme. 1 Vogelmann, J.E Assessment of Forest Fragmentation in Southern New England Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems Technology. 9(2) UNH Cooperative Extension 21

28 Mapping Wildlife Habitat b) Select Table from the Theme menu or click or the Open Theme Table button: Open Theme Table c) From the Table menu, select: Start Editing d) From the Edit menu, select Add Field e) Insert the following information: Field Name: FCI Type: Number Width: UNH Cooperative Extension

29 Identify Habitat for Forest Interior Birds 3. Assign Field Values using the Query Builder and Calculator We will use the Calculator to calculate the forest continuity index. a) Make sure the Table Attributes of Fragment.shp is still active. b) Make sure that FCI is the active field. (The header will appear a darker grey to indicate the active field.) c) Click on the calculator button: Calculator Button d) Notice that, unlike the Query Builder, the calculator already gives you half of the equation, [FCI =]. e) Calculate the FCI to equal [Area]/[Perimeter]. Double click on [Area]. f) Double click on / g) Type in [Perimeter]. h) Check that the expression is correct in the white box: [Area]/[Perimeter] i) Click on OK. j) From the Table menu, select Stop Editing. k) Click on Yes to save edits. l) Close the Table document and return to the View: Forest Continuity document. UNH Cooperative Extension 23

30 Mapping Wildlife Habitat 4. View the forest continuity index a) Double click on fragment.shp to open up the Legend Editor. b) Make the Legend Type: Graduated Color. c) Select FCI as the Classification Field. d) Click on Apply. e) Compare the shape of the fragments to the forest continuity index using the Identify tool. Identify Tool QUESTION: Do the more dissected and elongated fragments appear to have a higher or lower FCI? 5. Generate interior buffer Since forest interior birds don t use edge habitat for nesting, we will eliminate the edge of the fragments from our analysis by creating a 1000-foot interior buffer and erasing it from our habitat analysis. a) Make fragment.shp the active Theme. b) From the Theme menu, select Create Buffers. c) Buffer The features of a Theme Fragment.shp. d) Click on Next>>. 24 UNH Cooperative Extension

31 Identify Habitat for Forest Interior Birds e) Create buffers at a specified distance of 1000 feet. f) Make sure that you designate the distance units to be Feet. g) Click on Next>>. h) Click on Yes to dissolve buffers. i) Choose to create buffers that are only inside the polygon(s). j) Click on the folder button to create a new Theme. k) Navigate to the C:\ArcViewWorkshop\Wildlife folder. l) Name the New Theme InteriorBuffer1000ft.shp. m) Click on OK. n) Click on Finish. 6. Query for fragments greater than 500 acres a) Make fragment.shp the active Theme. b) Click on the Query Builder button. Query Builder UNH Cooperative Extension 25

32 Mapping Wildlife Habitat c) Select the fragments that are greater than 500 acres by building the following Query: ([Acres>500]) d) Click on New Set. e) Close the Query Builder window. 7. Erase Interior Buffer a) From the Xtools menu, select Erase Features. b) Select Fragment.shp as the input Theme. c) Click on OK. d) Select Buffer 1 of Fragment.shp as your erase Theme. e) Click on OK. f) Navigate to C:\ArcViewWorkshop\Wildlife. g) Name the new Theme InteriorHabitat.shp. h) Click on OK. 26 UNH Cooperative Extension

33 Identify Habitat for Forest Interior Birds 8. View the interior habitat a) Make all the Themes invisible except InteriorHabitat.shp. b) Change the Legend so that the InteriorHabitat.shp has a solid fill of a transparent color. c) Copy and paste the aerial photo, 98DOQ169ne.sid, into the View and drag it to the bottom of the Table of Contents. (You can find this shapefile in the View: Durham Unfragmented Lands) d) Make the DOQ visible. e) Zoom in and compare the potential interior habitat to the aerial photo. QUESTION: Of the potential interior habitat for forest interior birds, how much of it is actually forested and appears to be viable nesting habitat? 9. Identify the location of the interior habitat using DRGs a) From the View menu, select Add Theme. b) Navigate to the folder C:\ArcViewWorkshop\Wildlife c) Change the Data Source Type to Image Data Source. d) Select the drgmosaic_buf.shp. e) Click on OK. f) Drag the DRG to the bottom of the View s Table of Contents and make it visible. g) Make all other Themes invisible except InteriorHabitat.shp. h) Note the locations of the potential interior forest bird habitat. UNH Cooperative Extension 27

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35 Exercise 3: Create Connectiviy Corridors that allow wildlife to safely move from one area of habitat to another are an important consideration when planning for habitat protection. Riparian areas, i.e., areas adjacent to waterways, can be important travel corridors for wildlife. In this exercise, we will identify riparian areas that lead to and from our larger roadless areas. It is worth noting that ridges can also serve as travel corridors. GIS analysis can be used to identify ridges. This analysis requires the use of digital elevation models and ArcView s Spatial Analyst extension, which must be purchased separately. We will not demonstrate the identification of ridges in this exercise but it is worth noting that your GIS service provider may be able to provide this analysis for you. Data used in this exercise: Roadless Areas (Fragment.shp from previous exercise) Hydrography (Streamrg.shp) Study Area (AnalysisArea-Roadless.shp from previous exercise) 1. **Review skills: Prepare View a) Create a new View from the Project window. b) From the View menu, select Properties. c) Change the View name to View: Connectivity. d) Set the map units to feet. 2. **Review skills: Add Themes to the View a) From the C:\ArcViewWorkshop\Wildlife folder, add streammrg.shp, analysisarea-roadless.shp and fragment.shp to your View. (Remember the the Data Source Type needs to be set to Feature Data Source.) b) Drag the stream data to the top of the View s Table of Contents and make it visible. 3. **Review skills: Set Theme Properties a) Make streamrg.shp the active Theme in your View. b) From the Theme menu, select Theme Properties. c) Click on the Query Builder tool. d) Build the Query, ([HYA]<>0), so that the quad lines are not visible in your View. UNH Cooperative Extension 29

36 Mapping Wildlife Habitat e) Close the Query Builder box and click on OK in the Theme Properties box. 4. Save! Save 5. Review skills: Buffer surface waters This step is very computing intensive and may hang up your computer. Make sure you save your project and close all programs except ArcView before you begin buffering. TIP: You may want to query the stream data to eliminate intermittent streams and dams from the analysis. Make Streamrg.shp the active Theme and open the Query Builder. Build the query ({HYA]<>5 and [HYA]<>8) and click on New Set. With these features selected, you can proceed with the exercise. a) Make sure streamrg.shp is still the active Theme. b) From the Theme menu, select Create Buffers. c) Select Streamrg.shp as the Theme to buffer. d) Click on Next>>. e) Select at a specified distance of 300 Feet. f) Remember to designate the distance units to be Feet. g) Click on Next>>. 30 UNH Cooperative Extension

37 Create Connectiviy h) Save the output Theme to the C:\ArcView Workshop\Wildlife folder and name it streambuf300.shp. i) Click on Finish. j) Note that the resulting shapefile is added to the View and shows the area representing a 300 ft. buffer around the surface waters. 6. Erase buffered area using Xtools In this step, we will take the 300 ft. stream buffer and erase from it the land fragments we created in the previous exercise. The resulting polygons will be the buffered streams that are between the land fragments. a) Select Erase Features from the Xtools menu. b) Select Buffer 1 of Streamrg.shp as the polygon that you want to erase. c) Select Fragment.shp as your Erase Theme. (This theme is used as a cookie cutter to remove parts of the input theme.) UNH Cooperative Extension 31

38 Mapping Wildlife Habitat d) Name the new Theme StreamFragments.shp. e) Make all the Themes invisible except StreamFragments.shp and Fragments.shp. Toggle these two Themes on and off to see what you have created with StreamFragments.shp. QUESTION: You should now have all the buffered streams that are outside of the fragmented lands. What should you do next if you want only the buffered streams that connect the fragments of more than 500 acres? (HINT: Look up Theme on Theme selection in the Help pages.) 7. Convert Multi-part polygon into individual parts Before we can successfully select the buffered streams that connect large fragments, we need to convert the single, multi-part polygon we created in StreamFragments.shp into individual parts. a) Make the View document active. b) From the Xtools menu, select Convert Multipart Shapes to Single Part. c) Select StreamFragments.shp as the Theme to convert. d) Save the output Theme in the C:\ArcViewWorkshop\Wildlife folder and name it: StreamFragments2.shp 32 UNH Cooperative Extension

39 Create Connectiviy e) Examine the table for Streamfragments2.shp and note that each polygon is now represented as a single record with the acreage automatically calculated in a field. 8. Delete Theme To avoid confusion with streamfragments2.shp, we will delete streamfragments.shp from the View. a) Make streamfragments.shp the active Theme. b) From the Edit menu, select Delete Themes. 9. Query for fragments greater than 500 acres a) Make fragment.shp the active Theme. b) Click on the Query Builder button. Query Builder c) Select the fragments that are greater than 500 acres by building the following Query: ([Acres>500]) d) Click on New Set. e) Close the Query Builder. 10. Select buffers that connect large fragments In this step we will select only the buffered streams that connect the fragments that are greater than 500 acres. To do this, we will use ArcView s ability to select features in one Theme based on their spatial relationship to features in another Theme. In ArcView jargon, this is referred to as Theme on Theme selection. a) Make StreamFragments2.shp the active Theme. b) From the Theme menu, click on Select by Theme. UNH Cooperative Extension 33

40 Mapping Wildlife Habitat c) Select the features of active Themes that Intersect the selected features of Fragment.shp. d) Click on New Set. e) Examine the results. Note that are selected stream corridors extend beyond our analysis area. 11. Turn on Geoprocessing Wizard a) From the File menu, select Extensions. b) Select the Geoprocessing Wizard. 12. Clip corridors to analysis area a) From the View menu, select the GeoProcessing Wizard. b) Select Clip one theme based on another. c) Select Next>> d) Select Streamfragments2.shp as the input Theme to clip. e) Make sure that the option to Use Selected Features only is checked. f) Select Analysisarearoadless.shp as the Polygon overlay Themes. 34 UNH Cooperative Extension

41 Create Connectiviy g) Click on the folder button to designate the output file. h) The Output file should be saved in the C:\ArcViewWorkshop\Wildlife folder as Corridors.shp i) Click on OK j) Double check that all the items are correct and click on Finish. k) Display only the Corridors.shp and Fragments.shp Themes. QUESTION: What does your analysis show you? How could you use the digital aerial photos to further assess these corridors? UNH Cooperative Extension 35

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43 Exercise 4: Buffering Eagle Roost Sites The manual, Identifying and Protecting New Hampshire s Significant Wildlife Habitat: A Guide for Towns and Conservation Groups, suggests that eagle roost sites should be mapped with a 500 ft. buffer. In this exercise, we will create a data point to represent a bald eagle roost site on Great Bay and create a 500 ft. buffer around this point. (See the manual for more information about eagle habitat requirements.) GRANIT data used in this exercise: USGS topographic map (drgmosaic_buf) 1. **Create a new View a) Create a new View. From the Project window, select View. b) Click on the New button. 2. **Set View Properties a) Make sure your View window is active. (The top bar of the active window is always in color and not grayed out.) b) From the View menu, select Properties. c) Change the View Name to: View: Eagle Roost Site d) Change the map units to feet. (Remember map units for GRANIT data are always in feet.) e) Change the distance units to whatever you would like. UNH Cooperative Extension 37

44 Mapping Wildlife Habitat 3. **Add Image Data a) From the View menu, select Add Theme or click on the Add Theme button. Add Theme b) Navigate to the C:\ArcViewWorkshop\Wildlife folder. c) Change the data source type to Image Data Source. d) Select the drgmosaic_buf file. e) Display the Theme in your View by checking ( ) the display box. f) Use the Zoom In Tool to display the shoreland south of Adams Point. Zoom In Tool 38 UNH Cooperative Extension

45 Buffering Eagle Roost Sites **OPTIONA L: Change topographic map background Note that the topographic image has a black background. You can change this background so that it is transparent. i) In the View s Table of Contents, double click on the Theme, drgmosaic_buf, to open up the Image Legend Editor. ii) Click on Colormap. iii) iv) Scroll down to Colormap value 15. Double click on the symbol (the black rectangle) to open up the Symbol Window. v) In the Color Palette, select the transparent color. vi) vii) viii) Click on Apply. Close the Image Colormap window. Close the Image Legend Editor. NOTE: The drgmosaic_buf image is simply a graphic representation of the USGS topographic maps. There are severe limitations to what you can do with these images in ArcView. You can change colors, but you cannot merge, clip or otherwise manipulate the data. UNH Cooperative Extension 39

46 Mapping Wildlife Habitat 4. Draw a point to represent the roost site a) Locate the roost site south of Adams Point. (See figure below.) roost site TIP: To access the marker symbol that looks like a tree (as shown in the figure), you must load the icons.avp palette that comes with ArcView. Load palettes from the Symbol Window. See the ArcView Help pages for instructions on loading palettes. Draw Point Tool b) Using the Draw Point Tool, click on the location of the roost site. c) A graphic representing the roost site should appear in your View. 5. **Load and activate Xtools a) Copy X-Tools from the Extension folder on your CD and paste it into the following folder (assuming that you have a normal ArcView installation): C:\esri\av_gis30\arcview\ext32 This extension will now be available to you for any ArcView project. b) Click on Extensions in the File menu. 40 UNH Cooperative Extension

47 Buffering Eagle Roost Sites c) Select the XTools extension that now appears in the list of extensions. d) Click on OK. e) Note that there is now a menu choice called Xtools that appears when your View document is active. 6. Convert the graphic to a shapefile The graphic representing the roost site can be moved because it is not spatially referenced. We also cannot apply all the analysis functions to graphics, so we will use Xtools to convert the graphic to a shapefile. a) Make sure the graphic is selected in your View. b) From the Xtools menu, select Convert Graphics to Shapes c) Select the graphic point listed. This line should appear black. UNH Cooperative Extension 41

48 Mapping Wildlife Habitat TIP: A common error is to click on OK before selecting the 1 graphic points line. The line should appear black if you have selected it. d) Click on OK. e) Save the new point Theme to your c:\arcviewworkshop\wildlife folder and name it: roost.shp f) Click on OK. g) Note that the new shapefile is added to the top of your View s Table of Contents. Click on the box to display it. (You may not be able to see the shapefile data if it is covered by the graphic. See the next step to correct this problem.) h) To delete the original graphic file, simply click on the graphic to select it, and hit your delete key. 7. Create a buffer around the roost site a) Make roost.shp the active Theme. b) From the Theme menu, select Create Buffers. 42 UNH Cooperative Extension

49 Buffering Eagle Roost Sites c) Select the features of a theme as the item you want to buffer. d) Select Roost.shp as the Theme you want to buffer. e) Click on Next>>. f) Create the buffer at a specified distance of 500 ft. g) Double check that the distance units are listed as feet. h) Click on Next>>. i) Generally you would select Yes to dissolve barriers between buffers. In this case, it doesn t matter because you are only buffering one point and there will be no barriers. j) Save the buffer in a new theme. k) The Theme name should be: c:\arcviewworkshop\wildlife\roost500ft.shp l) Click on Finish. UNH Cooperative Extension 43

50 Mapping Wildlife Habitat m) The Roost500ft.shp Theme will appear at the top of your View s Table of Contents. n) Click on the box to display the new Theme. o) Drag the Roost.shp Theme to the top of the View s Table of Contents so that you can see both the roost point and the buffer. 8. Save your Project a) From the File menu, select Save Project, or click on the Save Button. Save 44 UNH Cooperative Extension

51 Exercise 5: Wood Turtle Habitat The manual, Identifying and Protecting New Hampshire s Significant Wildlife Habitat: A Guide for Towns and Conservation Groups, describes wood turtle habitat to include clear, slow-moving streams with sandy, cobbled and gravelly substrates, characteristics associated with the following National Wetland Inventory (NWI) codes: R2UB, R2US, R3UB, R5UB. In addition to these rivers, the habitat includes 300ft. and 1000ft. buffers around the streams and adjacent scrub-shrub, unconsolidated bottom (ponded), and forested wetlands (coded PSS, PUB, PFO). The 1000 ft. buffer represents the larger area needed to find suitable nesting sites while the 300 ft. buffer is adequate for other habitat needs. Please refer to the handout, Examples of NWI Classifications, in the Appendix for more information about the NWI codes. In this exercise, we will use the NWI data to map this habitat. (See the habitat manual for more information about wood turtle habitat.) GRANIT data used in this exercise: USGS topographic map (drgmosaic_buf.tif) National Wetlands Inventory data (Nwibuf.shp) 1. **Create a new View. a) Create a new View. From the Project window, select View. b) Click on the New button. 2. **Set View Properties a) Make sure your View window is active. (The top bar of the active window is always in color and not grayed out.) b) From the View menu, select Properties. UNH Cooperative Extension 45

52 Mapping Wildlife Habitat c) Change the View Name to: View: PotentialWood Turtle Habitat d) Change the map units to feet. (Remember map units for GRANIT data are always in feet.) e) Change the distance units to feet. 3. **Add Themes a) From the View menu, select Add Themes or click on the Add Theme button. Add Theme b) From the C:\ArcViewWorkshop\Wildlife folder, add the Theme: Nwibuf.shp c) Make the Theme visible by checking ( ) on the small box next to the Theme name in the Table of Contents. 46 UNH Cooperative Extension

53 Wood Turtle Habitat 4. Query the data for Wood Turtle Habitat a) Make the NWI theme active. b) Open the Query Builder in order to select the river that will be buffered. Query Builder c) Build the Query: ( [Wetcode] = "R2UBH" ) d) Click on New Set. NOTE: R2UBH is the only riverine wetland type found in the Durham NWI data. If performing this query for another part of the state, be sure to query for all the possible riverine codes described in the introduction to this exercise. See illustration below. UNH Cooperative Extension 47

54 Mapping Wildlife Habitat 5. Buffer the riverine wetlands a) Make NWIbuf.shp the active Theme. b) From the Theme menu, select Create Buffers. c) Select the features of a theme as the item you want to buffer. d) Select NWIbuf.shp as the Theme you want to buffer. e) Note that the Use only selected features box should be checked. f) Click on Next>>. 48 UNH Cooperative Extension

55 Wood Turtle Habitat g) Create the buffer at a specified distance of 1000 ft. h) Double check that the distance units are listed as feet. i) Click on Next>>. j) Select YES to dissolve barriers between buffers. k) Create the buffers only outside the polygon(s). l) Save the buffer in a new theme. m) The Theme name should be: c:\arcviewworkshop\wildlife\nwiriverine1000.shp n) Click on Finish. o) The NWIRiverine1000.shp Theme will appear at the top of your View s Table of Contents as Buffer1 of NWIbuf.shp. p) Click on the box to display the new Theme. UNH Cooperative Extension 49

56 Mapping Wildlife Habitat OPTIONAL : Change Theme name Change the Theme name in the Table of Contents to Buffer Go to the Theme menu, select Properties and replace the Theme name. 6. Review skills: Create a 300ft. buffer a) Repeat Step 5 to create a 300 ft. buffer around the selected river segment. 7. Select adjacent wetlands In this step we will query to select just the scrubshrub (PSS), ponded (PUB) and forested (PFO) wetlands. In the next step we will select from this set the wetlands that intersect the 1000ft. buffer. a) Make the NWIbuf.shp theme active. b) Open the Query Builder in order to select the wetlands that will be buffered. Query Builder 50 UNH Cooperative Extension

57 Wood Turtle Habitat c) Build the Query: ( [Wetcode] > "PEM1R") and ([Wetcode] < "R2UBH" ) d) Click on New Set. NOTE: In the case of Durham, this particular query gives one the nonemergent palustrine wetlands. If performing this query for another part of the state, you may need to adjust this part of the query to only include nonemergent palustrine codes while excluding riverine, lacustrine and estuarine codes. e) To double check that our selection is correct, examine the selected records in the Table. From the Theme menu, select Table or click on the Open Theme Table button: Open Theme Table f) Scroll down the table and examine the wetcodes of the selected records. All the selected records should have wetcodes that start with P but not include PEM except as a secondary element. g) Once you are satisfied that the query results represent the correct wetlands, close the Table. 8. Select the wetlands that intersect the 1000ft. buffer ArcView allows you to select features of one Theme based on their spatial relationship to selected features of another Theme. In this step we will use this function to select the non-emergent, palustrine wetlands that intersect the 1000ft. buffer. a) First, we need to select the polygon representing the1000 ft. buffer. Make Buffer1 of NWIbuf.shp the active Theme. b) Click on the polygons representing the 1000 ft. buffers with the Select Feature tool. Select Feature Tool UNH Cooperative Extension 51

58 Mapping Wildlife Habitat c) Make NWIbuf.shp your active Theme. d) From the Theme menu, select Select by Theme. e) Read the dialogue box carefully and note the choices of relationships you can specify. In this case, we want to look at the features of the NWITheme that Intersect with the features of Buffer1 of NWIbuf.shp (Buffer 1000 ft.). f) Click on Select From Set. g) Note that your results should be a selection of non-emergent palustrine wetlands that intersect the 1000 ft. buffer. 9. Save the selected wetlands to a shapefile. a) Make sure the NWIbuf.shp Theme is active. b) From the Theme menu, select Convert to Shapefile. 52 UNH Cooperative Extension

59 Wood Turtle Habitat c) Save the output Theme to the C:\ArcViewWorkshop\Wildlife folder and name it: turtlewetlands.shp d) Click on Yes to add the shapefile to the View. 10. Adjust the display a) Turn on the display for turtlewetlands.shp b) Turn off the display for NWIbuf.shp. c) Add the topographic data as a base map. From the View menu, select Add Theme or click on the Add Theme button. d) Navigate to the C:\ArcViewWorkshop\Wildlife folder. e) Change the data source type to Image Data Source. Add Theme f) Select the drgmosaic_buf file. g) Drag drgmosaic_buf to the bottom of your View s Table of Contents. UNH Cooperative Extension 53

60 Mapping Wildlife Habitat h) Display the Theme in your View by checking ( ) the display box. i) Double click on Buffer1 of NWIbuf.shp to open up the Legend Editor. j) Double click on the symbol to open up the Symbol Window. k) From the Fill Palette, select the no-fill option and make the Outline =2. l) Click on Apply in the Legend Editor. m) Repeat steps to make Buffer2 of NWIbuf.shp transparent and with a thick outline. No fill n) Make Buffer1 of NWIbuf.shp the active Theme. o) From the View menu, select Zoom to Themes. 54 UNH Cooperative Extension

61 Wood Turtle Habitat p) You should get results similar to those shown here: NOTE: These results are not meant to represent all the wood turtle habitat in Durham. They are meant to help you identify areas where there is a greater likelihood of finding wood turtles. 11. Save your Project a) From the File menu, select Save Project, or click on the Save Button. Save UNH Cooperative Extension 55

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63 Exercise 6: Identifying Agricultural Lands Agricultural lands are important habitat for many wildlife species. Complex Systems Research Center, in cooperation with other agencies, has recently completed a landcover map for the state which includes agricultural lands. To use those data, however, you need to have the Spatial Analyst extension. The data are also appropriately used at a 1:60,000 scale which is limiting for town planning. For our purposes, we will use a digital orthophoto quad (DOQ) (i.e., aerial photograph) to identify non-forested areas. GRANIT now has DOQ s for the entire state. For this exercise, we will examine DOQs from the Newfields/Stratham/Exeter area. GRANIT data used in this exercise: Digital Orthophoto Quads (98DOQ169ne.sid) Roads (Roadsmrg2.shp) Political Boundaries (Pbnh.shp) 1. **Create a new View. a) Create a new View. From the Project window, select View. b) Click on the New button. 2. **Set View Properties a) Make sure your View window is active. (The top bar of the active window is always in color and not grayed out.) b) From the View menu, select Properties. UNH Cooperative Extension 57

64 Mapping Wildlife Habitat c) Change the View Name to: View: Agricultural Lands d) Change the map units to feet. (Remember map units for GRANIT data are always in feet.) e) Change the distance units to whatever you would like. f) Click on OK. 3. **Add the digital orthophoto quads (DOQ) The digital orthophotoquads (DOQ s) are aerial photographs that have been rectified, so they have the geometric qualities of a map. a) You will need to turn on the MrSID Image Extension before being able to add image data. See Exercise 1, Step 19 on p. 17 for instructions on loading this extension. b) From the View menu, select Add Themes or click on the Add Theme button. Add Theme c) Set the Data Source Type to Image Data Source. d) From the C:\ArcViewWorkshop\Wildlife folder, add the Themes: 98Doq169ne.sid e) Click on OK. f) Make the Themes visible by checking ( ) on the small box next to the Theme name in the Table of Contents. 58 UNH Cooperative Extension

65 Identifying Agricultural Lands 4. Eliminate the black boundary in the DOQ a) Double click on doq169sw.tif in the View s Table of Contents to open up the Image Legend Editor. b) Click on Colormap Double click here Double click here to open palette. c) Double click on the symbol for the value 0 to open the color palette. d) Select transparent color in the palette. e) Click on Apply. f) Close both the Image Colormap and Image Legend Editor. NOTE: The DOQ s are images, so you can only change their colors in ArcView. You cannot clip, merge or otherwise manipulate them. UNH Cooperative Extension 59

66 Mapping Wildlife Habitat 5. **Add Political Boundaries and Road Data We can add the political boundaries and road data from GRANIT to help us find our way around the DOQs. a) From the View menu, select Add Themes or click on the Add Theme button. Add Theme b) From the C:\ArcViewWorkshop\Wildlife folder, add the Themes: Roadsmrg2.shp Pbnh.shp c) Click on OK. d) Make the Themes visible by checking ( ) on the small box next to the Theme name in the Table of Contents. 6. **Display the Political Boundary data a) Double click on PbNH.shp to open up the Legend Editor. b) Double click on the symbol to open up the palette. 60 UNH Cooperative Extension

67 Identifying Agricultural Lands c) Change the fill type to no fill. d) Change the Outline=2. No fill e) Click on Apply. 7. Use the Draw Polygons tool to delineate agricultural lands We can identify open fields/agricultural lands on the DOQ. Using the draw tool, we can draw create polygons representing these areas. a) Use your Zoom In Tool to better see the aerial photographs. Zoom In Tool b) Use your Draw Polygons Tool to trace the outlines of any fields you recognize. Double click when you want to close the polygon. c) Use your Pan Tool to move around the map. Draw Polygon Tool Pan Tool 8. Convert graphics to a shapefile When you have completed digitizing several agricultural fields, you can save them out as a shapefile. UNH Cooperative Extension 61

68 Mapping Wildlife Habitat a) From the Edit menu, click on Select All Graphics. b) From the Xtools menu, select Convert Graphics to Shapes. c) Don t forget to select the graphic polygons listed. d) Click on OK. e) Place the output file in your C:\ArcViewWorkshop\Wildlife folder and name it: aglands.shp f) The new Theme will appear at the top of your View s Table of Contents. Click on the box to display the Theme. This line must be selected and will appear black once selected. 62 UNH Cooperative Extension