Volume Three. X Window System User's Guide

Transcription

1 Volume Three X Window System User's Guide for XI1 Release 5 by Valerie Quercia and Tim O'Reilly O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.

2 Table of Contents Page Preface Do I Have To Read This WHOLE Book? A Quick Start Approach to X Assumptions What's New in Release 5? New Client Programs Defunct Programs Clients that Work Differently in Release 4 and Release 5 Available Fonts Available Colors Screen-specific Resources Bulk Sales Information Acknowledgements Font and Character Conventions xxiii xxiii xxiii xxv xxvi xxvi xxvii xxvii xxvii xxviii xxviii xxviii xxviii xxix PART ONE: Using X 1 Chapter 1 An Introduction to the X Window System 5 Anatomy of an X Display 5 X Architecture Overview 13 The X Display Server 14 Clients 15 The Window Manager 15 Thexterm Terminal Emulator 16 The Display Manager 17 Other Standard X Clients 17 Customizing Clients 19 Chapter 2 Getting Started 23 Starting X 23 Logging On in the Special xdm Window 24 Logging In at a Full Screen Prompt 25 Starting X Manually 26 v

3 Starting the twm Window Manager 28 Typing in an xterm Window: Input Focus 28 Chapter 3 Working in the X Environment 33 Creating Other Windows 33 Using the Pointer 36 Managing Windows Using the Titlebar 37 Converting a Window to an Icon 38 Converting an Icon to a Window 38 Raising a Window or Icon 39 Lowering a Window 40 Moving a Window 40 Moving an Icon 40 Resizing a Window 42 Exiting from an xterm Window 44 Starting Additional Clients 45 Command-line Options 46 Window Geometry: Specifying Size and Location 47 Running a Client on Another Machine: Specifying the Display 50 The DISPLAY Environment Variable 51 Using-display 52 Once You Run a Remote xterm Using -display 54 Logging In to a Remote System 54 Monitoring the Load on a Remote System 54 Putting it All Together 56 Customizing a Program 58 Customizing the X Environment 59 Where to Go from Here 61 Chapter 4 More About the twm Window Manager 65 A Quick Review of Titlebar Features 66 Key and Pointer Button Shortcuts 67 Sizing New Windows During Interactive Placement 68 Specifying Size Using the Second Button 68 Specifying Maximum Height Using the Third Button 68 The Twm Menu 69 Selecting a Menu Item 70 Starting an xterm: New Window 72 Directing Keyboard Focus: Focus and Unfocus 72 Removing a Window: Delete and Kill 73 The Icon Manager 74 Restarting the Window Manager 76 Exiting the Window Manager 76 Other Twm Menu Items: Iconify, Resize, Move, Raise, Lower 77 vi

4 Iconify 78 Resize 78 Moving Windows and Icons 79 Shuffling the Window Stack: Raise and Lower 80 Raising Windows (bringing in front of others) 80 Lowering Windows (sending behind others) 81 A Summary of twm Functions 82 Customizing twm 83 Some of My Keystrokes Are Missing 83 Chapter 5 The xterm Terminal Emulator 87 Terminal Emulation and the xterm Terminal Type 88 Resizing and Terminal Emulation 89 Running xterm with a Scrollbar 90 The Athena Scrollbar 90 How to Use the Scrollbar 91 Copying and Pasting Text Selections 94 Selecting Text to Copy 94 Extending a Selection 96 Pasting Text Selections 99 The Text Selection Mechanism and xclipboard 100 Saving Multiple Selections with xclipboard 101 Problems with Large Selections 105 Editing Text Saved in the xclipboard 106 The xterm Menus 106 The Main Options Menu 108 VT Options Menu 111 VT Fonts Menu 113 Тек Options Menu 114 Chapter 6 Font Specification 119 What's New in Release 5? 120 If You Just Want to Pick a Font 121 Font Naming Conventions 122 Font Families 123 Stroke Weight and Slant 126 The Size of Bitmap and Outline Fonts 126 Other Information in the Font Name 129 Font Name Wildcarding 130 Specifying Scalable Fonts 133 The Font Search Path 134 Modifying the Font Search Path 134 The fonts.dir Files 136 Font Name Aliasing 137 vii

5 Making the Server Aware of Aliases 139 Utilities for Displaying Information About Fonts 139 The Font Displayer: xfd 139 Previewing and Selecting Fonts: xfontsel 141 Previewing Fonts with the xfontsel Menus 141 Selecting a Font Name 145 Changing Fonts in xterm Windows 145 The Great Escape 145 The Selection Menu Item 147 Using the Font Server 147 The Font Server config File 148 Running the Font Server 149 Adding a Server to the Font Path 149 Font Server Clients 151 Chapter 7 Graphics Utilities 155 Overview of the bitmap Editor 156 Menu Bar 156 Editing Command Buttons 156 Editing Area 157 Image Size Versus Window Size 159 What's New in Release bitmap Editing Commands 161 Pointer Commands to Draw 161 Bitmap Command Buttons 162 Undo 162 Drawing: Point, Curve, Line, Rectangle, Circle 162 Filling in a Shape: Flood Fill 167 Clear, Set, and Invert 169 Marking an Area for Editing or Pasting 170 Copying or Moving an Area Within the bitmap Window 172 Rotating or Moving with Arrow Buttons 175 Setting and Clearing a Hot Spot 177 Using the Menus 177 Dialog Boxes and Command Buttons 178 The File Menu 180 Inserting a File 182 The Edit Menu 183 Transferring Bitmap Images Using the Edit Menu 185 Magnifying Portions of the Screen: xmag 188 Selecting an Area to Magnify 188 xmag Command Buttons 189 Magnifying a Different Source Area: replace or new 190 Copying and Pasting Images: select and paste 190 What xmag Shows You 191 Removing an xmag Window: close 192 VIII

6 Creating a Bitmap from a Cursor 192 The Portable Bitmap Toolkit 196 Chapter 8 Other Clients 201 Redrawing the Screen: xrefresh 202 Desk Accessories 202 Clock Programs: xclock and oclock 202 Removing an xclock or oclock 205 A Scientific Calculator: xcalc 206 Terminating the Calculator 207 Mail Notification Client: xbiff 207 Monitoring System Load Average: xload 208 Browsing Reference Pages: xman 209 The xedit Text Editor 213 Printing Utilities: xwd, xpr, xdpr 219 Killing a Client Window with xkill 221 Problems with Killing a Client 222 Window and Display Information Clients 223 Displaying Information About a Window: xwininfo 224 Examining the Window Hierarchy 227 Listing the Currently Running Clients: xlsclients 229 Generating Information About the Display: xdpyinfo 231 User-contributed Clients 231 Previewing Colors for Your Monitor: xcol 232 Creating Colors of Your Own: xcoloredit and xtici 235 xcoloredit 236 Using a Color Within an Application 238 Saving Multiple Colors Using the Color Cells 240 What Are the H, S, and V Sliders For? 241 Quitting xcoloredit 241 xtici (The TekColor Editor) 241 Choosing a Hue to Edit 243 Changing the Hue with the Hue Bar 245 Adjusting the Color with the Hue Leaf 246 Selecting and Pasting the Numeric Color Value 247 Working with the Numeric Color Values 248 Problems Allocating Color Cells 249 Quitting xtici 249 ix

7 PART TWO: Customizing X 251 Chapter 9 Command-line Options 255 Display and Geometry 256 Window Title and Application Name 257 Starting a Client Window as an Icon 258 Specifying Fonts on the Command Line 260 Reverse Video 260 Border Width 260 Specifying Color 261 Chapter 10 Setting Resources 265 Resource Naming Syntax 266 Syntax of Toolkit Client Resources 267 Tight Bindings and Loose Bindings 268 Instances and Classes 269 Wildcarding a Component Name with? 270 Precedence Rules for Resource Specification 271 Some Common Resources 273 Event Translations 274 The Syntax of Event Translations 275 xterm Translations to Use xclipboard 277 Entering Frequently Used Commands with Function Keys 278 Other Clients that Recognize Translations 280 How to Set Resources 281 A Sample Resources File 282 Specifying Resources from the Command Line 283 The -xrm Option 283 How -name Affects Resources 284 Setting Resources with xrdb 285 Querying the Resource Database 285 Loading New Values into the Resource Database 286 Saving Active Resource Definitions in a File 286 Removing Resource Definitions 287 Listing the Current Resources for a Client: appres 287 Other Sources of Resource Definition 289 Setting Resources for Color 290 Loading Custom Application Defaults Files 290 Setting Screen-specific Resources 292 Testing and Editing Resources with editres 293 What Widget Is That, Anyway? 294 editres Menus 295 Displaying the Widget Tree 296 Tracking Down the Widgets 297 x

8 Using the Resource Box to Create a Specification 299 Other Ways to Specify the Same Resource 301 Chapter 11 Specifying Color 305 What Color Names Can I Use? 305 Available RGB Colors 307 Surveying the RGB Database: rgb.txt 308 Alternative Release 5 RGB Color Databases 310 Specifying RGB Colors as Hexadecimal Numbers 310 The Xcms Color Spaces 311 A Mixed Bag: Using Both RGB and Xcms 313 Beyond the Rainbow: Inside the Color Models 313 The RGB Color Model 313 The X Color Management System 315 How Many Colors Are Available on My Screen? 316 Adding New Color Names 318 Changing the RGB Color Name Database 318 Finding the Color Values 318 Editing and Compiling the Database 319 Fixing a Corrupted RGB Database 320 Creating an Xcms Color Database 321 Device-Specific Tuning 322 Chapter 12 Customizing twm 327 Setting.twmrc Variables 330 List Variables 330 Icon Manager Variables 331 Button/Key Bindings 332 Primary Pointer Button or Key 333 Modifier Keys (Optional) 333 Pointer Context 333 Function Names 334 Action 335 Defining Menus 335 Submenus 336 Color Menus 338 A Revised.twmrc File 339 Chapter 13 Setup Clients 345 When Should I Set Preferences? 345 Setting Display and Keyboard Preferences: xset 347 Keyboard Bell 347 xi

9 Bug Compatibility Mode (Release 4) 348 Keyclick Volume 348 Enabling or Disabling Autorepeat 349 Changing or Rehashing the Font Path 349 Keyboard LEDs 349 Pointer Acceleration 350 Screen Saver 350 Color Definition 351 Help with xset Options 351 Setting Root Window Characteristics: xsetroot 352 Setting Root Window Patterns 352 Foreground Color, Background Color, and Reverse Video 353 Changing the Root Window Pointer 354 Modifier Key and Pointer Customization: xmodmap 355 Keycodes andkeysyms 357 Procedure to Map Modifier Keys 358 Displaying the Current Modifier Key Map 358 Determining the Default Key Mappings 359 Matching Keysyms with Physical Keys Using xev 360 Changing the Map with xmodmap 361 Expressions to Change the Key Map 362 Key Mapping Examples 363, Displaying and Changing the Pointer Map 364 PART THREE: Client Reference Pages 367 Intro 371 X : 373 Xserver 391 appres 398 bdftopcf 401 bdftosnf 403 bitmap 404 editres 417 fs 425 fsinfo 429 fslsfonts 431 fstobdf 433 listres 434 mkfontdir 436 oclock 438 resize 441 sessreg 443 showfont 445 showrgb 447 showsnf 448 twm 449 XII

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11 PART FOUR: Client Reference Pages 693 Appendix A Managing Your Environment 697 Including X in Your Search Path 697 A Startup Shell Script 698 What Should Go in the Script 698 Server Access Control 702 Host-based Access and the xhost Client 702 User-based Access: xdm and the.xauthority File 703 Console Messages 704 Appendix В Release 5 Standard Fonts 707 Appendix С Standard Bitmaps 747 Appendix D Standard Cursors 753 Appendix E xterm Control Sequences 759 Definitions 759 VTlOOMode 760 Mouse Tracking 765 Tektronix 4014 Mode 766 Appendix F Translation Table Syntax 771 Event Types and Modifiers 771 Detail Field 773 Modifiers 774 Complex Translation Examples 774 Appendix G Athena Widget Resources 779 The Widget Class Hierarchy 779 Widgets in the Application 782 What All This Means 784 Complications 785 Widget Resources 786 XIV

12 Appendix H Obtaining Example Programs 811 FTP 811 FTPMAIL 812 BITFTP 813 UUCP 813 Glossary 817 Index 823 XV