RADIONICA: LABORATORIJSKA INFORMATIKA S ODABRANIM PODRUČJIMA MEDICINSKE INFORMATIKE (2017) Klinički zavod za kemiju KBC Sestre milosrdnice
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1 RADIONICA: LABORATORIJSKA INFORMATIKA S ODABRANIM PODRUČJIMA MEDICINSKE INFORMATIKE (2017) Klinički zavod za kemiju KBC Sestre milosrdnice 1
2 Vrste: 1. Osobna računala - PC (Personal Computers) a) Desktop b) Notebook 2. Mobilni uređaji (Mobiteli, Tableti, Fableti, Palm) 3. Superačunala Supercomputer (vladine službe, vojska) 4. Ugrađena računala - Embedded Computers (Mp3 player, računalo u autu, računalo frižidera) HARDWARE: Fizički dijelovi koji čine računalo CPU, primarna memorija, sekundarna memorija, input i output uređaji SOFTWARE: 1. Sistemski software a) OS: Windows, Android, ios.. b) Utilities: disk format, defragmentator, antivirus c) Razvojni software: Visual basic 2. Programski software (aplikacije: MS Word, Chrome, Photoshop..) 2
3 ULAZ miš tipkovnica touchscreen WiFi mreža mikrofon scanner kamera joystick HDD USB ROM CPU RAM CD MATIČNA PLOČA VGA AUDIO PORT IZLAZ monitor zvučnik printer interface NAPAJANJE KUĆIŠTE PERIFERIJA 3
4 Motherboard (matična ploča) osnovna ploča u računalu koja povezuje sastavne dijelove (procesor, RAM, portove, HDD..) CPU (procesor) jezgra računala koja izvodi kalkulacije ROM (BIOS) osnovni program računala koji se podiže prilikom uključivanja RAM radna memorija sadrži aktualne podatke koji se trenutno obrađuju VGA grafička kartica (izlaz slike na monitor) AUDIO zvučna kartica (izlaz zvuka na zvučnik) PORT izlazna jedinica (serijski port, paralaleni port, printer port, virtualni port) HDD hard disk čvrsti disk USB vanjski komunikacijski port/vanjski memorijski disk CD/DVD/Blue-ray vanjski uređaji pohrane podataka (datoteke, glazba, filmovi) Napajanje pretvarač 220 AC u struju niskog napona (5-12V DC) + ventilator 4
5 NAJMANJA KOLIČINA INFORMACIJE 1 Bit (DA ili NE; 1 ili 0) Informacija znakovi i slova dekadski sustav brojeva Binarni sustav Bit Binary digit binarni broj 0 ili 1 Bajt (byte): količina memorije taman dovoljna za čuvanje podatka o slovu, znaku ili malom broju Bajt = 8 bitova: ASCII: W Konverzijska tablica: ASCII (stari način: brojeva) 1 bajt = 1 ASCII znak UNICODE/UTF8 standard > znakova za više od 135 modernih i izumrlih pisama za velike brojeve troši se više bitova memorije 5
6 87 (W)
7 Svi se podaci čuvaju i obrađuju u sljedovima 0 i 1 Bit Binary digit binarni broj 0 ili 1 Procesor (CPU) milijarde mikroelektričnih prekidača u čipu 0 propuštaju i obrađuju protok struje prema obrascu koje definira PROGRAM prekidači uključeni (1) ili isključeni (0) tijek izvođenja programa prolazi kroz vrata (gate) u ciklusima izvođenja operacija (takt procesora) PROGRAM 1 Informacija A Logička vrata NOT Logička vrata OR Informacija B Logička vrata AND Logička vrata AND CPU 7
8 Slika se sastoji od piksela (picture element) Piksel definira njegova pozicija, svjetlina i broj boje Slika se čuva u digitalnom zapisu binarnih brojeva: GIF BINARNI
9 Digitalna glazba sastoji se od sekcija nazvanih sampleovi Svaki sample preveden je u binarni broj sekvenca zvučnog vala: 0, 1.5, 2.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 3.0, 0 9
10 chipset, povezuje CPU s drugim dijelovima računala BIOS chip SATA ili IDE konektor Floppy konektor PCI slot (x3) RAM DIMM memory slot x4 CMOS baterija Procesor - CPU Konektori periferije: tipkovnica, miš portovi (ser,paral) mreža audio VGA 10
11 integrirani čip izvodi matematičke operacije računala koje određuje kompjuterski program osnovne operacije: aritmetičke, logičke, kontrolne i I/O Karakteristike: Brzina procesora usporediva unutar iste vrste procesora (Intel x86) Frekvencija (takt, clock rate) (npr. 2,4 GHz) Integer rate: 8-bit CPU izravno računa s 256 brojeva (2 8 ) 16-bit CPU izravno računa s brojeva (2 16 ) 32-bit CPU izravno računa s 4x10 9 brojeva (2 32 ) 64-bit CPU izravno računa s 1,8x10 19 brojeva (2 64 ) Broj jezgri (2 jezgreni, 4 jezgreni ) Arhitektura CPU Intel x86 brzina i performanse (npr. Celeron) AMD ARM (Android mobilni telefoni) ušteda bat. 11
12 Osnovni program računala koji se podiže prilikom uključivanja ne briše se gašenjem računala učitava se u RAM /radnu memoriju inicijalno povezuje komunikaciju dijelova računala: UKLJUČIVANJE BIOS PROVJERA, POVEZIVANJE ROM INPUT, CPU, HDD, RAM, OUTPUT BOOT HDD1/CDROM OS (Windows) 12
13 Prilikom uključivanja računala System setup pritisnuti tipku F2 ili DEL (obično piše na prvom ekranu) Opasno mijenjanje postavki računalo se neće htjeti podići Ponekad nužno podesiti BIOS: Postaviti boot slijed (CD HDD1 HDD2 USB ) Postaviti izvor grafičke kartice (npr. onboard VGA ili PCIexpress) Instalacija novog hard diska prepoznavanje 13
14 memorija računala koja je brzo dostupna programima koji se trenutno izvode što više RAM to bolje računalo brže podaci brzo dohvatljivi RAM: čip s memorijskim ćelijama - princip kondenzatora koji čuva informaciju volatilna memorija samo dok je računalo upaljeno ovisno o OS - maksimalna iskoristivost: 32bit OS max 4Gb RAM (~3,2Gb) 64bit OS - ovisno o OS (8-192Gb) RAM se može nadograditi (2-4 mjesta na matičnoj ploči) Nadogradnja samo istom vrstom RAM (npr. DDR2) danas za ugodan rad računala Windows 7, 8 ili 10 treba barem 3-4Gb RAM MEMORIJSKE ĆELIJE 14
15 kartica ukopčana u PCIexpress utor na MBO povezivanje računala s monitorom (LCD, TV..) više izvedbi konektora: S-VIDEO Video In Video Out (VIVO), TV out DVI-I (digitalni, visoka kvaliteta) VGA (analogni, zastarijeva) Component video (RCA connector, zastario) HDMI (digitalni audio/video interface) Display port (najmoderniji, unatrag kompatibilan s VGA, DVI i HDMI) 15
16 omogućuje ulaz i izlaz audio signala (mikrofon i zvučnici) kartica ukopčana u matičnu ploču digital-to-analog converter (DAC): digitalni signal (računalo) -> analogni (zvučnik) analogni (mikrofon) -> digitalni signal (računalo) Boje konektora: 16
17 interface između 2 računala ili računala i perifernih jedinica konektori na fiksnoj strani - mogu biti muškog ili češće ženskog tipa ovisno o prijenosu signala: Serial ports prijenos jednog bita informacije za drugim (sporo) Parallel ports multipli prijenos informacija (brzo) Ovisno o instalaciji: Plug nad play (PnP portovi) u funkciji odmah po ukapčanju (npr USB) non PnP u funkciji tek nakon reseta računala PS/2 port TIPKOVNICA MIŠ Serial port BAR CODE printer analizator vanjski uređaji VGA port monitor LCD projektor Paralel port BAR CODE printer printer 17
18 uređaj za pohranu podataka jedna ili više rotirajućih magnetskih ploča koje čita/piše magnetska glava primarna karakteristika HDD su kapacitet i performanse (brzina o/min) kapaciteti: 100Gb - 250Gb - 500Gb Gb (1Tb) i više kapacitet HD kako ga vidi OS je manji od deklariranog Razlika u interpretaciji decimalnog i binarnog zapisa kapaciteta REKLAMIRA SE OČEKUJE SE OČITAVA SE Oznaka Bajtova (bytes) Bajtova (bytes) Razlika Windows/ Linux macos GB ,37% 1 TB ,95% 93,1 GB 95,4 GB 931 GB 953 GB 100 GB GB GB 18
19 IDE (PATA, Ultra ATA) ugrađuju se dva diska po kanalu paziti na master/slave preklopnici na disku i postavke u BIOSu SATA, SATA2 Serial ATA jedan disk po kanalu SCSI za servere.. umreženi diskovi u seriju ili paralelno 19
20 Flash Memory Storage USB stick, SD kartica Solid state drives (SSDs) diskovi bez pomičnih elemenata, brzi i trajniji Cloud storage Dropbox, GDrive Optički diskovi: Read only /rewritable CD/DVD CD/DVD-RW (rewritable DVD) Blu-Ray (5 X kapacitet DVD) 20
21 F1: Help F2, DEL: BIOS F5: Refresh PrintScreen: ScreenShot Pause/Break: Prekid Ins: Promjena kursora NumLock: Zaklj. brojeve CapsLock: Zaklj. slova Tab: pomak Alt: Alt+A, Alt+F4,Alt+S Ctrl: Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V, Ctrl+X AltGr: AltGr+V 21
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