Computer Architecture I (1DT016) Cary Laxer, Ph.D. Visiting Lecturer

Transcription

1 Computer Architecture I (1DT016) Cary Laxer, Ph.D. Visiting Lecturer

2 Today s class Introductions Computer organization overview Introduction to assembly language programming Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 2

3 Introductions

4 Instructor Cary Laxer Visiting lecturer Home institution is Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, Indiana, USA Professor and Head of Computer Science and Software Engineering Bachelor s degree in computer science and mathematics from New York University Ph.D. in biomedical engineering from Duke University Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 4

5 Course Information is maintained on the course website: Three weekend meetings Friday and Saturday each time Lecture and lab time both days Texts Structured Computer Organization (Fifth Edition) by Andrew S. Tanenbaum Introduction to RISC Assembly Language Programming by John Waldron Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 5

6 Introduce yourselves Tell us: Your name Your hometown Your computer background Something interesting about yourself Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 6

7 Computer organization overview

8 Programs and languages Program a sequence of instructions to perform a certain task High level language English-like programming languages such as C++, Java, etc. Machine language computer s primitive instruction set (e.g. add two numbers, compare a number to 0) Assembly language mnemonics for machine language instructions Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 8

9 Languages, Levels, Virtual Machines A multilevel machine Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 9

10 Contemporary Multilevel Machines Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 10

11 Milestones in Computer Architecture (1) Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 11

12 Milestones in Computer Architecture (2) Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 12

13 Computer Generations Zeroth Generation Mechanical Computers ( ) First Generation Vacuum Tubes ( ) Second Generation Transistors ( ) Third Generation Integrated Circuits ( ) Fourth Generation Very Large Scale Integration (1980?) Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 13

14 Von Neumann Machine Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 14

15 PDP-8 Innovation Single Bus Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 15

16 IBM 360 Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 16

17 The Computer Spectrum Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 17

18 Personal Computer 1. Pentium 4 socket P Support chip 3. Memory sockets 4. AGP connector 5. Disk interface 6. Gigabit Ethernet 7. Five PCI slots 8. USB 2.0 ports 9. Cooling technology 10. BIOS Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 18

19 Intel Computer Family Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 19

20 The Pentium 4 Chip Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 20

21 Metric Units The principal metric prefixes. Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 21

22 Introduction to Assembly Language

23 Number systems Decimal (base 10) Binary (base 2) Hexadecimal (base 16) Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 23

24 Two s complement numbers Represent negative integers to the computer To determine the two s complement of an integer: Invert all the bits (make zeroes ones and ones zeroes) Add 1 Example: 29 = Invert all the bits: Add 1: (this is -29) Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 24

25 Integer storage and capacities Bit 0 or 1 (one binary digit) Nibble 4 bits, 0-15 (one hex digit) Byte 8 bits, 2 hex digits, or -128 to +127 Word 4 bytes, 32 bits, 8 hex digits 0 to or 0 to 4,294,967,295 unsigned -(2 31 ) to or -2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647 signed Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 25

26 Characters ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) EBCDIC (Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code) Unicode Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 26

27 In-class exercise Write the number in: Binary Hex Write the number in: Eight-bit two s complement binary notation 32-bit two s complement hexadecimal notation Using one byte to store integers, what happens when you add: using unsigned numbers using signed numbers Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 27

28 The MIPS Processor MIPS = Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages It is a RISC (reduced instruction set computer) architecture Currently used in many embedded systems, such as TiVO, Windows CE devices, Nintendo 64, and Sony Playstation 2 Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 28

29 MIPS Memory Organization Memory is byteaddressable Addresses of memory cells 0x x x x xFFFFFFFC 0xFFFFFFFD 0xFFFFFFFE 0x00 0xA0 0x3E 0x10 0x90 0x6F 0xA1 Each cell holds one byte 0xFFFFFFFF 0x00 Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 29

30 MIPS Memory Layout A program s address space is composed of three parts: At the bottom of the user address space (0x ) is the text segment, which holds the program s instructions Starting at address 0x is the data segment The program stack resides at the top of the address space (0x7FFFFFFF) and grows down 0x7FFFFFFF 0x x Stack segment... Data segment Text segment Reserved Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 30

31 MIPS Registers Program counter (PC) holds address of next instruction to be executed 32 general purpose registers, numbered 0-31 Register n is designated by $n or Rn Register zero, $0, always contains the hardwired value 0 There are conventions governing their use (see Table 3.1 on page 20 of Waldron) 16 floating point registers $f0 $f15 to hold floating point numbers Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 31

32 SPIM Simulator Runs programs for the MIPS assembly language on other platforms Free versions available online (I got a Windows version at Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 32

33 SPIM I/O 10 operating system-like services through the syscall instruction Load the system call code (see Table 3.2 on page 22 of Waldron) into register $v0 ($2) Load the arguments into registers $a0 $a3 ($4 $7) (or $f12 for floating point values) Return values are placed in register $v0 (or $f0 for floating point results) Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 33

34 Hello World.text.globl start start: la $a0,str li $v0,4 syscall str: li $v0,10 syscall.data.asciiz "hello world\n" # execution starts here # put string address into a0 # system call to print # out a string # au revoir... Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 34

35 Demonstration Demo of PCSpim using the Hello World program Friday, September 28, 2007 Computer Architecture I - Class 1 35