ABrief Introductiontothe Historyof Computing- 2

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1 ABrief Introductiontothe Historyof Computing- 2 ANU Faculty of Engineering and IT Department of Computer Science COMP1200 Perspectives on Computing Chris Johnson

2 Intro to history of computing 2 The early years: 1st and 2nd generations of electronic computing Moore s Law The 3 or 4 Generations of computing technology hardware 2

3 1. earlyyears: BigIdeas: thevonneumannarchitecture late 1940s The stored program computer 3

4 1. early years: Big Ideas - the stored programcomputer Why is the ability to store the program in memory significant? 4

5 1. early years: Generations of electronic computing 1. electronic valves (vacuum tubes) (1943) individual solid-state transistors integrated solid-state circuits 1964 LSI, MSI, VLSI 4. VLSI & the Personal Computer Intro to history of computing (2) hardware

6 1. earlyyears: small ideas... I think there is a world market for maybe five computers IBM s chairman Thomas J Watson, 1943 (133 Million PCs were sold in 2000) 6

1. early years: the 1s t generation example: Bendix G-15 1956 300 built 2,160 x 29 bit

7 1. early years: the 1s t generation example: Bendix G built 2,160 x 29 bit words (about 8KBytes storage) speed: 2 khz max 180 tube packages (valves) germanium diode

8 1. early years: 1s t generation valves (vacuumtubes) Burroughs B205, ca This module represents one decimal digit in the ALU accumulator University of Virginia museum 8

9 1. early years: 1s t generation hardware based on vacuum tubes: like small light bulbs, 2, 3-5 contacts common (diode, triode,..., pentode) slow: computer logic needs internal switching of tube states: limited to khz speeds expensive, so computers had only small ALU unreliable: vacuum tubes fail frequently, randomly - like light bulbs runs hot, required a lot of power & cooling physically big showed that electronic computing was useful 9

10 1. early years: 1s t generation software programs writen as numeric codes (machine language) and in primitive assembly languages (a few words and code names: A1, M100) system software tiny: small subroutine libraries for numeric routine (e.g.sin, TAN) and I/O formatting (e.g. convert internal number to decimal digits) manual operation: load next program from paper tape by physical switches at console: no operating system 10

11 1. earlyyears: 2nd generation from approximately 1959 transistor a general purpose electronic amplification device: cooler, faster, smaller, much more reliable than valves computer systems software: came with manufacturer-supplied Operating System for batch operation, still needed an operator to load paper and magnetic tapes and paper no online backing store files11 Introcards to history of computing (2) hardware

1. 1s t and 2n d generation I/O: input/output TYPICAL INPUT/OUTPUT USED A SINGLE TYPEWRITER-LIKE DEVICE WITH MECHANICAL KEYBOARD, FAN-FOLD PAPER. PAPER TAPE, MAYBE PUNCH CARD READER AND PUNCH.

12 1. 1s t and 2n d generation I/O: input/output TYPICAL INPUT/OUTPUT USED A SINGLE TYPEWRITER-LIKE DEVICE WITH MECHANICAL KEYBOARD, FAN-FOLD PAPER. PAPER TAPE, MAYBE PUNCH CARD READER AND PUNCH. ONE PERSON AT A TIME. EARLY INTERFACE DEVICES WERE THE SAME AS COMMUNICATIONS TELETYPES, RUNNING AT SPEED OF CHARACTERS PER SECOND. Intro to history of computing (2) NO GRAPHICS AT ALL. ONLY ONE FONT (like this Courier) Usually had only UPPERCASE CHARACTERS. hardware 12

13 1. 2nd generation- transistors software: by end of generation (early 1960s) each manufacturer sold compilers for machine independent, application-oriented programming languages for their machines: FORTRAN, COBOL, Algol, LISP no easy portability of programs, magnetic tapes for fast secondary storage no general computer networks 13

14 1. 3rd generationelectronics ability to manufacture Integrated Circuit containing many transistors on single chip of silicon: 1964 fewer physical components, less soldering, cheaper, more reliable manufacturing - fit more logic on each circuit board computers now used custom-designed integrated circuits (ICs) allowed circuits to work faster: MHz not khz 4 microsecond ADD (0.25 MIPS) [IBM 360/50: 1965] 0.75 microsec ADD (1.25 MIPS) [IBM 360/75: 1968] computers more reliable, physically smaller, larger memory 360/50: 256K B y t e (1965) 360/75: 1 M B y te (1968) 14

1. 3rd generationcomputers IBM 360 1968 Conducting a war

15 1. 3rd generationcomputers IBM Conducting a war by computer Vietnam, circa 1968 Philip Jones Griffiths 15

16 1. 3rd generation: von Neumann architecture plus virtual memory I/O controllers Secondary Virtual storage usememory for online file storage Online file storage 16

17 1. 3rd generation storage and software add fast online secondary storage disks use for scratch files, database, general user files and Virtual Memory [Atlas - UK 1961] Operating Systems - yes! High level Languages yes yes yes! hundreds of langauges were created. 17

COMPUTER - GENERATIONS

COMPUTER - GENERATIONS http://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_generations.htm Copyright tutorialspoint.com Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer