ALGORITHMS AND PROGRAMMING

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1 ALGORITHMS AND PROGRAMMING -2- CSC 2201 Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Mathematics

2 2 History of Computers 2600 (BC) Abacus Simple addition and subtraction

such as roots, logarithms and trigonometry, but is not

3 1621 Slide Rule 3 The slide rule is used primarily for multiplication and division, and also for functions such as roots, logarithms and trigonometry, but is not normally used for addition or subtraction. William Oughtred

4 1642 Pascaline Calculator 4 Addition with carry, subtraction with borrow Blaise Pascal Pascal programing language (1970)

5 1671 Leibniz Wheel 5 Multiplication, Division, Square Root operations Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

6 1801 Weaving Loom 6 Punched Cards Joseph Marie Jacquard

Charles Babbage 1791-1871 7 English mathematician, engineer, philosopher and inventor.

7 Charles Babbage English mathematician, engineer, philosopher and inventor. Originated the concept of the programmable computer, and designed one. Charles Babbage "Grand Father" of the computer.

8 1822 Difference Engine 8 Numerical tables were constructed by hand using large numbers of human computers (one who computes). Annoyed by the many human errors this produced, Charles Babbage designed a difference engine that could calculate values of polynomial functions. It was never completed, although much work was done and money spent.

9 1830 Analytical Motor 9 Charles Babbage first described a general purpose analytical engine in 1837, but worked on the design until his death in It was never built. As designed, it would have been programmed using punchcards and would have included features such as sequential control, loops, conditionals and branching. If constructed, it would have been the first computer as we think of them today.

10 Augusta Ada Byron King, Countess of Lovelace 1815-1852 Created a program for the (theoretical) Babbage

10 10 Augusta Ada Byron King, Countess of Lovelace Created a program for the (theoretical) Babbage analytical engine which would have calculated Bernoulli numbers. Widely recognized as the first programmer.

Kurt Gödel 1906-1978 11 Famous for his incompleteness theorem This theorem implies

11 Kurt Gödel Famous for his incompleteness theorem This theorem implies that not all mathematical questions are computable (can be solved). Kurt Gödel

12 Alonzo Church 1903-1995 American mathematician and logician. Developed lambda calculus, directly implemented by LISP and other functional programming languages.

12 12 Alonzo Church American mathematician and logician. Developed lambda calculus, directly implemented by LISP and other functional programming languages. Showed the existence of an undecidable problem. Lambda calculus was proven to be equivalent to a Turning Machine by Church and Turing working together. Alonzo Church

13 Alan Turing 1912-1954 British mathematician and cryptographer. Father of theoretical computer science.

13 13 Alan Turing British mathematician and cryptographer. Father of theoretical computer science. Contributions include: Turing Machine Turing Test (for AI) First detailed design of a stored program computer (never built) The Turing Machine is a simpler version of Kurt Gödel's formal languages. Halting problem is undecidable. Alan Turing

14 1936 Konrad Zuse Z1 Computer 14 First freely programmable computer, electromechanical punch tape control.

15 1944 MARK-1 15 First digital computer Logarithm/ Trigonometry Slow-80 hertz/sec. Multiplication 6 sec. Divide 15 sec. Log /Trigonometry more than 60 sec.

16 1946 ENIAC (Electrical Numerical 16 Integrator And Computer) Military use Can perform in 1 sec addition/subtraction 385 multiplication 40 divide 3 square root 30 tons 167 m 2

1951 UNIVAC 17 25 feet by 50 feet in size 5,600 tubes, 18,000 crystal diodes 300 relays Internal storage capacity of 1,008 fifteen bit

17 1951 UNIVAC feet by 50 feet in size 5,600 tubes, 18,000 crystal diodes 300 relays Internal storage capacity of 1,008 fifteen bit words was achieved using 126 mercury delay lines. First commercial computer - Between 1951 and 1958, 47 UNIVAC I computers were delivered.

18 1951 UNIVAC Mercury delay unit (1 of 7) UNIVAC mercury delay units containing 18 delay

18 UNIVAC Mercury delay unit (1 of 7) UNIVAC mercury delay units containing 18 delay lines, each of which stored 120 bits. Total of 2,160 bits, or 144 fifteen bit words per memory unit.

19 1951 UNIVAC 19 UNIVAC tape units.

20 1951 UNIVAC 20 UNIVAC tube board and individual vacuum tube.

21 1953 IBM 701 EDPM Computer 21 IBM enters the market with its first large scale electronic computer. It was designed to be incomparable with IBM's existing punch card processing system, so that it would not cut into IBM's existing profit sources.

Grace Hopper 1906-1992 22 Developed the first compiler (A-0, later ARITH-MATIC, MATH-MATIC and

22 Grace Hopper Developed the first compiler (A-0, later ARITH-MATIC, MATH-MATIC and FLOW-MATIC) while working at the Remington Rand corporation on the UNIVAC I. Grace Hopper

23 Grace Hopper Rear Admiral Grace Hopper, US Navy, and other programmers at a UNIVAC console Grace Hopper (January 1984)

24 1954 FORTRAN 24 John Backus & IBM invent the first successful high level programming language, and compiler, that ran on IBM 701 computers. FORmula TRANslation was designed to make calculating the answers to scientific and math problems easier.

25 First commercial transistorized computers DEC introduced the PDP-1and IBM released the 7090 which was the fastest in the world.

26 1962 First computer game & word processor Steve Russell at MIT invents Spacewar, the first computer game running on a DEC PDP-1.

26 First computer game & word processor Steve Russell at MIT invents Spacewar, the first computer game running on a DEC PDP-1. Because the PDP-1 had a typewriter interface, editors like TECO (Text Editor and Corrector) were written for it. Steve Piner and L. Peter Deutsch produced the first word processor called Expensive Typewriter (MIT's PDP-1 cost $100,000).

tail. SRI (Stanford Research Institute) received a patent

27 1964 The mouse and window concept 27 Douglas Engelbart demonstrates the worlds first mouse, nicknamed after the tail. SRI (Stanford Research Institute) received a patent on the mouse in 1970, and licensed it to apple for $40,000.

28 Intel 1103 Dynamic Memory Chip Worlds first commercially available dynamic memory chip, 1024 bytes or 1KB

29 1971 Intel 4004 Microprocessor 29 Worlds first microprocessor with 2,300 transistors, had the same processing power as the 3,000 cubic-foot ENIAC.

1973-1976 Ethernet 30 Robert Metcalfe at Xerox invents Ethernet so that multiple computers can talk to a new laser printer.

30 Ethernet 30 Robert Metcalfe at Xerox invents Ethernet so that multiple computers can talk to a new laser printer. Originally, Ethernet used a large coaxial cable and ran at 3Mbit/sec. Ethernet today runs over twisted pair (usually CAT5, or CAT6) and can achieve speeds of 10Megabit/sec to 1Gigabit (1000 Mbit/sec).

31 1974/1975 Personal Computers 31 Scelbi Mark-8 Altair and IBM 5100 computers are first marketed to individuals (as opposed to corporations). They are followed by the Apple I,II, TRS-80, and Commodore Pet computers by 1977.

32 1981 IBM PC 32 The IBM PC is introduced running the Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) along with CP/M-86. The IBM PC's open architecture made it the de-facto standard platform, and it was eventually replaced by inexpensive clones. CPU: Intel 4.77 MHz RAM: 16 kb ~ 640 kb Price: $5,000 - $20,000

33 1984 Apple Macintosh 33 Apple introduces the first successful consumer computer with a WIMP user interface (Windows Icons Mouse & Pointer), modelled after the unsuccessful Xerox Alto computer. Motorola 128KB Ram US$1,995 to US$2,495

34 1989 The Difference Engine (#2) is built Using Charles Babbage's original plans and 19th century

34 The Difference Engine (#2) is built Using Charles Babbage's original plans and 19th century manufacturing tolerances, the London History Museum built two functioning replicas of the Difference Engine.

35 History of Computers 35 1 st generation ( ): Vacuum tubes as memory devices, large size, very costly, used the assembly language for programming. 2 nd generation ( ): Transistors replaced vacuum tubes. 3 rd generation ( ): Integrated circuits replaced transistors. Became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. 4 th generation (1972-Present): The microprocessors. 5 th generation (Present-Beyond): Artificial intelligence technologies.

36 Buying a Computer Core 4 Quad - i7 2.66GHz or AMD Phenom II X GByte RAM 1 TByte Hard Disk 22 LCD Monitor 1 Gbyte Display Adapter Wireless Modem Blu-Ray Disc Windows 7 or Mac OS X Lion 2008 Core2 Duo 2.4 GHz 1 GByte RAM 320 GByte Hard Disk 19 TFT Monitor 512 Mbyte Display Adapter Wireless Modem DVD-RW Windows Vista or XP DX 40 MHz 512 KByte RAM 100 MByte Hard Disk 14 CRT Monitor 32 KByte Display Adapter 56 Kbit/sn Modem Floppy Disk Driver MS DOS + Windows 3.1

37 Computer 37 How does a computer use to operate? Electricty What is the language of computer? Binary system 0 or 1 Bit (Binary digit) 8 Bit = 1 Byte

38 Binary System 38 1 Byte = 8 bits 2 10 Bytes = 1024 Byte = 1 KiloByte = 1 KByte 2 20 Bytes = 1024 Kbyte = 1 MegaByte = 1 MByte 2 30 Bytes = 1024 MByte = 1 GigaByte = 1 GByte 2 40 Bytes = 1024 GByte = 1 TeraByte = 1 TByte 2 50 Bytes = 1024 Tbyte = 1 PetaByte = 1 PByte 2 60 Bytes = 1024 Pbyte = 1 ExaByte = 1 EByte

39 Exercise Convert 39 3 Byte =??? 24 Bit MByte =???? KByte 10x1024x1024x8 10 MByte =????? Bit

A Short History of Computing 09/03/13

A Short History of Computing 09/03/13 A Short History of Computing 1 Jacques de Vaucanson 1709-1782 Gifted French artist and inventor Son of a glove-maker, aspired to be a clockmaker 1727-1743 Created a series of mechanical automations that