Electrical power consumption of the Internet: use cases and sustainability challenges. ENCOS workshop David Bol

Transcription

1 Electrical power consumption of the Internet: use cases and sustainability challenges ENCOS workshop David Bol April 24, 2018

2 4 Worldwide IP data traffic More than 80% are consumer data 2

3 The dark side of the Internet Data center Backbone Access Terminal 3

4 Internet data traffic WiFi > 50% Mobile ~ 20% in 2021 (high growth rate) 4

5 Cooper s law Since 1900, wireless communication capacity has doubled every 2.5 year M. Cooper (ex. Motorola, founder of Arraycom) demonstrated the first cellular phone call on April 3, 1973 with the Motorola DynaTAC 1.1 kg, 35-minute talk time ( longer than you can hold the phone ) 5

6 Bottom-up energy consumption model Section Electrical power 2013 [MJ/GB] [1,2] Electrical power 2017 [MJ/GB] (extrapolation) Data center Backbone Ethernet access Wifi access Cellular access Smartphone Laptop PC Desktop PC Note: carbon footprint of electrical energy depends on the production method Country GWP [2] [gco2e/mj] Belgium 61 EU USA 145 China 213 World 157 [1] S. Baudoin, Modélisation de la consommation énergétique de l'internet selon une approche ascendante, TFE (Supervision: ), UCL, [2] E. Taylor, The environmental impact of smart grids communication systems: a case-study approach, TFE (Supervision and E. De Jaeger, UCL, 2015) 6

7 Video Application breakdown of IP traffic 7

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9 Application #1 Watching videos Watching a series episode on laptop in bed Application Data rate Access Instantaneous power (total) Equivalent appliance DVD / USB stick 25 Mbps (UHD 4K) 5 Mbps (HD 1080p) 10 Mbps (HD 1080p) WiFi 4500 W HVAC WiFi 750 W Microwave - 100W Ceiling fan Assumptions: Total power includes the full connection (data center + backbone + access + terminal) Caution to avoid car transport for DVD rental or copying files on USB stock 9

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11 Application #2 Listening to music 8-hour music playing at work App Data rate Volume Access 2.5 Mbps (HD 720p) 160 kbps (normal) 160 kbps (normal) 9 GB Desktop + Ethernet 0.58 GB Smartphone + Cellular 0.58 GB Desktop + Ethernet Use GWP [kgco 2 e] Equivalent cardriven distance km km m Assumptions: Carbon footprint expressed in terms of Global Warming Potential (GWG) Car driving GWP = 200 g CO 2 e / km Electricity production GWP = 560 g CO 2 e / kwh = 160 g CO 2 e / MJ (world average) Use GWP includes the full connection (data centers + backbone + access + terminal) 11

12 2 Life cycle of electronic systems Energy Materials Water Wafer production CMOS processing Chip assembly Application assembly Emissions Waste Inputs/outputs to the Earth ecosystem Use End of life [, S. Boyd and D. Dornfeld, «Application-aware LCA of semiconductors: life-cycle energy of microprocessors from high-performance 32nm CPU to ultra-low-power 130nm MCU», in Proc. IEEE ISSST, 2011] Midis de l Éthique 12

13 Carbon footprint model Terminal type Production GWP [kg CO 2 e] (Apple data) Equivalent car-driven distance Use GWP [kgco 2 e/gb] (extrapolation) Breakevent Smartphone km 0.41 (cellular) 150 GB Laptop PC km 0.24 (WiFi) 2.5 TB Desktop PC km 0.23 (Ethernet) 6.0 TB Assumptions: Carbon footprint expressed in terms of Global Warming Potential (GWG) Car driving GWP = 200 g CO 2 e / km Electricity production GWP = 560 g CO 2 e / kwh = 160 g CO 2 e / MJ (world average) Use GWP includes the full connection (data centers + backbone + access + terminal) 13

14 The Internet-of-Things? 14

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16 Application #3 Home camera 100% 10% 0.2 Mbps 65 GB/month 1.2 Mbps 390 GB/month 1% Sustainable operation Home cameras per household 16

17 Can we connect trillions of IoT smart sensors in a sustainable way? Five challenges for a sustainable Internet-of-Things [ et al, «Can We Connect Trillions of IoT Sensors in a Sustainable Way? A Technology/Circuit Perspective» (invited), IEEE S3S, 2015] 17

18 A sustainable IoT? Making a sustainable use of a system S with regard to a function F and a time horizon L means to use S today in a way that does not compromise its ability to fulfill F for a period L Sustainable IoT The Earth Connecting all Things Generations² [Hilty and Aebischer, ICT for Sustainability: An Emerging Research Field, 2014] 18

19 1 Carbon footprint of WSN production Carbon footprint [% household] Sustainable deployment IoT sensors per household A 3-year lifetime is required for massive deployment [ et al, «Green SoCs for a Sustainable Internet-of-Things», IEEE FTFC, 2013] 19

20 2 Avoiding RF spectrum congestion Gap! Trillion Sensor Roadmap, 2013, 20

21 2 Avoiding spectrum congestion Co-existence of many different standards 21

22 Mobile communications Video (69%) 3 Limiting mobile data traffic Source : Cisco VNI, 2014 M2M: 6% Data: 12% 22

23 4 Embedding security 23

24 4 Embedding security Security pitfalls of IoT nodes Critical functionality: nodes controlling transportation infrastructure, the utility grids, communication systems Huge replication Wrong security assumptions Not easily patched Long life cycle up to 20 years Proprietary/company-specific protocols Deployed outside of company security zone Source: 24

25 5 Limiting battery replacement Replacement rate [battery/month] IoT sensors per household 10-year autonomy required Maximum 100 sensors per household Not mentioning the eco-toxicity of the batteries! Sustainable maintenance limit (1 battery/month) 25

26 Challenges for a sustainable IoT: 5 Energy harvesting & low-power design d ΔT Sensing IoT smart sensor Power management year system Deployment: carbon footprint & natural resource pressure, ecotoxitiy Operation: spectrum congestion data deluge security flaws Maintenance: battery replacement 2 Agile RF communications Data processing RF 3 Compression and classification Computationallyand physicallysecure operation et al., Can We Connect Trillions of IoT Sensors in a Sustainable Way? A Technology/Circuit Perspective, in Proc. IEEE S3S Conf.,

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28 What about the blockchain? 28

29 Source: 29

30 Bitcoin mining annual energy demand Data as of January 2018 Source 1 Source 2 Source 3 Results vary by 2.5 depending on the estimation method Source 1: 30

31 Bitcoin mining energy demand trend Source: 31

32 Bitcoin mining energy demand trend CAGR: + 200%! Source: 32

33 Bitcoin transaction energy cost Source: bitcoinenergyconsumption.com 33

34 Take-away messages High growth rate of mobile Internet data traffic (+40-50% / year) High electrical power consumption of the communication infrastructure for videos Carbon footprint ~0.4 kg CO 2 e / GB Impact of production and disposal proportionally significant for low-power devices (e.g. smart phones) Emerging app categories: IoT and blockchain User recommendations: Prefer local data over Ethernet/WiFi over Cellular Avoid wasting data traffic Protect the screen of your smartphone 34

35 No exponential is forever but Forever can be delayed! Gordon E. Moore,

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37 Is our use of Internet socially responsible? Thank you! Any questions? Acknowledgements: PhD researcher from ECS group working on IoT smart sensors The work of is supported by: the Walloon Region of Belgium, the F.R.S.-FNRS of Belgium, the EU commission. 37