Guide for The C Programming Language Chapter 1. Q1. Explain the structure of a C program Answer: Structure of the C program is shown below:
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1 Q1. Explain the structure of a C program Structure of the C program is shown below: Preprocessor Directives Global Declarations Int main (void) Local Declarations Statements Other functions as required A sample C program is shown below: #include <stdio.h> Preprocessor directive to include standard input/output functions int main (void) printf( Hello World!\n); return 0; Q2. List rules on the variables names in C language. Variable is a storage area to hold data. To identify the storage area, each variable is associated with a unique name known as identifier. Variable names are symbolic representation of memory location. Rules for naming a variable in C: (i) A variable name can have letters (both uppercase and lowercase letters), digits and underscore only. (ii) The first letter of the variable should be either a letter or an underscore. However, variable name that starts with underscore can conflict with system name and may cause error. (iii) There is no rule on the length of variables. However, only the first 31 characters of a variable are checked by the compiler. (iv) Keywords like if, else, int, float etc. are reserved. These cannot be used as variable names Q3. What are the basic data types available in C? Write the significance of each data type. following are the basic data types in C: (i) char: a single byte, capable of holding one character in the local character set. int: an integer, typically reflecting the natural size of integers on the host machine. float: single-precision floating point double: double-precision floating point In addition, number qualifiers short and long can be applied to integers. short: No longer than int long: no shorter than int Page: 1
2 Q4. What is an assignment statement? Give the general form of an assignment statement. An assignment statement assign a value to a variable. For example, x=1; This particular assignment statement puts 1 into the storage location associated with variable x. In this assignment statement, the symbol = is the assignment operator in C. General form of an assignment statement: varname=expr; The expression expr on the right-hand side is evaluated and this value is stored in the variable varname on the left-hand side. Q5. Explain with example, the various constants available in C program. Constants are data values that cannot be changed during execution of a program. Following are the different constants in C program: Boolean constants: A Boolean data type can take only two values: 0(false) and 1(true). Character constants: Character constants are enclosed between two single quotes (apostrophes). Integer constants: An integer constant is an int. A long constant is written with a terminal l or L, as in L. Unsigned constants are written with terminal u or U. Suffix ul or UL indicates unsigned long. Real constants: Floating-point constants contain a decimal point (123.4) or an exponent (1e-2) or both. Default is double. The suffixes f or F indicates a float constant. L or L indicates a long double. String constant: A string constant is a sequence of zero or more characters enclosed in double quotes., h, Hello World\n Coding constants: Literal constants: A literal constant is an unnamed constant to specify data. For example literal 5 is used in the following statement. a=b+5; Defined constants: Constant to use the preprocessor command define. It is prefaced with the # sign. For example, #define TAX_RATE Memory constants: Memory constant use a C type qualifier, const, to indicate that the data cannot be changed. const type identifier=value; const float cpi= Q6. List and explain operators used in C programming language. Arithmetic operators: The binary arithmetic operators are +,-,*, / and modulus operator %. % operator cannot be applied to float or double. The binary + and operators have the same precedence, which is lower than the precedence of *, / and %. Relational operators: The relational operators are == Equal to! = Not equal to > Greater than Page: 2
3 >= Greater than or equal to < Less than <= Less than or equal to All have same precedence. Logical operators: The logical operators are && and. Increment and Decrement operators: The increment operator ++ adds 1 to its operand, while the decrement operator subtract 1. Bitwise operators: & Bitwise AND Bitwise inclusive OR ^ Bitwise exclusive OR << Left shift >> right shift ~ one s complement(unary) Compound assignment operator are +=, -=, *=, /= and %= number+=1 means number=number+1 Q7. Define an algorithm. Write an algorithm to find the area and perimeter of a rectangle. An algorithm is step-by-step instructions to solve a problem. Step 1: Start Step 2: Input length, breadth Step3: Calculate area=length*breadth Step 4: Calculate perimeter=2*(length + breadth) Step 5: Print area, perimeter Step 6: Stop Q8. Convert the following mathematical expression into C equivalent: ( i) area s( s a)( s b)( s c) ( ii) x 2 b b 4ac 2a (i) area=sqrt(s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c)) (ii) x=(-b+sqrt((b*b) (4*a*c)))/(2*a) Q9. Explain different types of input output functions in C with syntax and examples. Input functions: scanf(): used to take input from user. Example: scanf( %d, &i); //Reads the integer value entered by used. i is declared integer variable Page: 3
4 getchar(): Reads a character from the terminal. This function reads only one character at a time. Example: c=getchar(); //take a character as input and store it in the variable c gets(): Reads a string into the buffer pointed by pointer. Example: gets(str);//take a string into buffer pointer by str string. Output functions: printf(): used to display output on the screen. Example: printf( Hello World ); //print Hello World on the screen putchar(): Displays the character passed to it. Example: putchar(c); //Display the character stored in the variable c. puts(): Displays string of characters pointed by pointer Example: puts(str); //Display the string pointed by the pointer str. Q10. Explain the following operators: (i) Unary (ii) Bitwise (iii) Conditional (i) Unary operator: Unary operators operate upon one operand only.! Logical negation ~ One s complement or bitwise negation & address of ++ preincrement -- predecrement sizeof (type) cast operator (ii) Bitwise operator: & Bitwise AND Bitwise inclusive OR ^ Bitwise exclusive OR << Left shift >> right shift ~ one s complement(unary) (iii) Conditional operator (or ternary operator): Conditional operators return one expression if the condition is true, otherwise returns another expression if the condition is false. For example: Syntax: expr1? expr2:expr3 The expression expr1 is evaluated first. If it is non-zero(true), then the expression expr2 is evaluated, otherwise expr3 is evaluated. z=(a>b)? a:b; If a>b, then z=a otherwise z=b Page: 4
5 Q11. Draw a flowchart and write a C program to compute simple interest. Flow chart to compute simple interest: Start Input P, R,T SI=(P*R*T)/100 Display SI Stop #include <stdio.h> void main() float rate; float time; float amount, float interest; printf( \nenter the Principal amount: ); scanf( %f,&amount); printf( \nenter the Rate of Interest: ); scanf( %f,&rate); printf( \nenter the Period: ); scanf( %f,&time); interest=(amount*rate*time)/100; printf( \n Simple Interest:%f, interest); Q12. Define Pseudocode. Write a Pseudocode to find sum and average of given three numbers. Pseudocode is an informal problem description that does not contain code syntax. Pseudocode helps programmer to translate an English-language description of a problem to a program written in C. Get three numbers Compute the addition these three numbers and store it to variable sum Compute the (sum/3) and store it to the variable average Print sum,average Page: 5
6 Q13. What is an identifier? What are the rules to construct identifier? Classify the following as valid/invalid Identifiers. (i) num2 (ii) sum1 (iii) +add (iv) a_2 Rules for naming an identifier in C: (i) Identifier name can have letters (both uppercase and lowercase letters), digits and underscore only. (ii) The first letter of the identifier should be either a letter or an underscore. However, identifier name that starts with underscore can conflict with system name and may cause error. (iii) Keywords like if, else, int, float etc. are reserved. These cannot be used as identifier names (i) nam2 (ii) sum1 (iv) a_2 are valid identifier but (iii) +add is invalid identifier. Q14. Write a C program to find area of rectangle. #include <stdio.h> #define PI void main() float radius; float area; printf( Enter the radius of the circle: ); scanf( %f, &radius); area=pi*radius*radius; printf( \narea of the circle:%10.2f,area); Q15. Explain printf and scanf functions with examples. printf function: The printf function converts the data stored into output to the monitor. The printf function takes a set of data values, converts to a text stream using formatting instructions contained in a format control string and sends the resulting to the monitor. For example, int num1=24; char ch1= d ; float num2=4.2; printf( %d %c %f,num1,ch1,num2); Output: 24 d Scanf function: The scanf function is the standard input formatting function in C. This function takes a text stream from the keyboard and formats the data according to a format control string and then stores the data in specified program variables. For example, int num1 ; float num2; scanf( %d %f,&num1,&num2); Page: 6
7 16. Write the output of the following code: (i) void main() int a=5, b=2,res1; float f1=5.0, f2=2.0,res2; res1=5/2.0+a/2+a/b; res2=f1/2*f1-f2; printf( res1=%d res2=%f,res1,res2); (ii) void main() int i=5,j=6,m,n; m=++i+j++; n=--i+j--; printf( m=%d n=%d,m,n); (i) res1=6 res2= (ii) m=12 n=12 Page: 7
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