Preliminary findings

Transcription

1 Preliminary findings Rohan Samarajiva 9 December 2011, Bangkok The work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada ( and UKaid from the Department for International Development, UK (

2 Understanding emerging Asian BOP's use of ICTs (mostly phones) via studies Multi-country studies conducted in 2005, 2006, 2008, 2011 Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia (Java), Philippines, Thailand Quantitative (representative survey) and qualitative research conducted Target group: BOP teleusers aged BOP defined as Socio-Economic Classification (SEC) groups D and E Teleusers defined as having used any phone in previous three months Different methodology and target group (USD1.25/day group) in Java 2

3 SEC D+E vs. USD2/day comparison Actual population proportions SEC D+E (% of population) Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand Less than USD2 per day (% of population) Year Source: World Resources Institute

4 Focus on productive use of ICTs in 2011 Representative sample of BOP teleusers (6 countries) Questions on productive use of ICTs; perceptions of economic benefits, etc. Non-representative sample of agricultural microentrepreneurs: Growers (farmers) & non-growers (4 countries) Questions on knowledge and information needs, sources, uses, etc., as well as ICT use

5 Sample sizes 2011 BOP teleusers Margin of 95% CL (%) Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka [1] Java [2] Thailand Total 2,050 1,835 3,181 1,200 1, , % + 2% + 2% + 3% + 2% + 4% 5 [1] Sri Lanka: Includes North and East [2] Java region only; separate sampling procedures and BOP definition used

6 Multi-staged stratified sampling by probability proportionate to size to ensure representation of target group Primary sampling units (Regions/states/provinces/districts) randomly selected in 2006; kept the same for comparison in 2008 and Within selected PSUs, urban and rural centers randomly selected Within selected urban and rural centers, starting points randomly selected Number of starting points within each center determined in proportion to its population 10 HH per starting point selected using right-hand rule Kish grid used to select from eligible respondents within HH

7 Study locations Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand Dhaka 697 Sindh 421 Uttar Pradesh 853 Western 169 Jakarta 58 Chiang Mai 85 Chittagong 111 Punjab 1062 Harayana 114 Central 162 Banten 144 Pisanulok 86 Sylhet 154 Baluchistan 96 Assam 146 Southern 131 West Java 253 Suratthani 36 Rajshahi 623 Khyber Paktoon Khuwa 254 Tirupura 18 North Western & North Central 203 Central Java 284 Songklah 37 Khulna 303 West Bengal 440 Uva & Sabaragamuva 231 Yogyakarta 34 Nakornrachasima 218 Barisal 161 Bihar 448 Northern & Eastern 304 East Java 315 Khonkaen 215 Rajasthan 294 Nakornsawan 63 Gujarat 268 Chonburi 59 Tamil Nadu 326 Karnataka

8 AGENDA SAMPLE PROFILE ACCESS MOBILE OWNERSHIP AND USE MORE-THAN-VOICE PERCEIVED BENEFITS QUALITY OF SERVICE SUMMARY 8

9 Findings SAMPLE PROFILE 9

10 Sample profile Gender Age Location Male (%) Female (%) Mean SD Urban (%) Rural (%) Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand

11 Majority either have no, or irregular, personal incomes Personal income status (% of BOP teleusers) 27% 28% 56% 54% 5 65% 41% 4 24% 9% 41% 1% 38% 1% 9% 31% 25% 21% 23% 5% 6% 5% Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand No personal income Irregular personal income Regular and irregular personal income Regular personal income 11

12 Primary occupation (% of BOP teleusers) Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand Other Unemployed, retired Housewife Student Agriculture sector worker (incl. farmers) Clerk, supervisor, office executive Shop owner, businessman, selfemployed Petty trader Skilled worker Unskilled worker 12

13 Most of BOP only have primary education Highest educational achievement (% BOP teleusers) 1% 2% 2% 2% 3% 1% 2% 6% 15% 7% 17% % University 5 51% 39% Diploma, technical/vocational education 69% 71% 67% Secondary schooling primary schooling 33% 38% 4 No formal schooling 1 6% 5% Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand 13 Among BOP teleusers

14 Findings ACCESS 14

15 89-99% of BOP have used a phone in previous 3 months Used a phone in the last 3 months (% of BOP) Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand % 96% 86% 88% - 77 % % 96% 89% % 15 Among BOP (OUTER SAMPLE)

16 More 7 of BOP has made a call during the last week, except in IN 10 Last time respondent used a phone (% of BOP teleusers) months ago % 5 85% 7 85% 1-2 months ago 3-4 weeks ago 2-3 weeks ago 1-2 weeks ago In the last week Today / Yesterday 1 Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand 16 Among BOP teleusers

17 2008 vs 2011: % of BOP who made a call on the "day" of the survey increased in all countries Last time respondent used a phone (% of BOP teleusers) % 81% 85% 7 69% 62% 66% 45% 48% Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand About 2-3 months ago About 1-2 month ago About a month ago About 2-3 weeks ago About 1-2 weeks ago During the last one week Yesterday / Today 17 Among BOP teleusers

18 Urban vs rural: Urban BOP call more regularly, except LK & Java (marginally) Last time respondent used a phone (% of BOP teleusers) 85% 83% 86% 91% 74% 8 68% 67% 71% 6 52% 5 Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand Between 2-3 months ago Between 1-2 months ago Between three to four weeks ago Between 2-3 weeks ago Between 1-2 weeks ago During the last one week Today / Yesterday 18 Among BOP teleusers

19 > 75 % of BOP have access within the household Most frequently used phone (% of BOP teleusers) Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand Public access phones A friends or relatives phone ** A neighbours phone * Other household members personal phone I use the household (common) phone I use my own phone 19 Among BOP teleusers

20 vs 2011: Fall in public phone and increase in household/personal access at BOP 32% 2 43% 6% 8% 24% 13% 48% 32% 3% 37% 1% 13% 16% 65% 33% 13% 7% 17% 36% 37% 8% 7% 24% 1 39% 31% 3% 3% 7% 6% 5% 3% 9% 16% Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand I use my own phone Most frequently used phone (% of BOP teleusers) Other household members personal phone A friends or relatives phone My work place / Office phone/employers phone 71% I use the household (common) phone A neighbours phone Public access phones 81% 88% 20 Among BOP teleusers

21 Male vs female: Greater dependence by BOP females on household phones & others' phones within household, except in TH 11% 8% 66% 36% 17% 31% Most frequently used phone (% of BOP teleusers) 4% 86% 19% 25% 11% 5 11% 57% 34% 21% 21% 15% 76% 17% 68% 3% 4% 86% 91% Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand I use my own phone Other household members personal phone A friends or relatives phone I use the household (common) phone A neighbours phone Public access phones 21 Among BOP teleusers

22 Urban vs rural: Greater reliance on other peoples' phones in rural BOP Most frequently used phone (% of BOP teleusers) Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand I use my own phone Other household members personal phone A friends or relatives phone My work place / Office phone/employers phone I use the household (common) phone A neighbours phone Public access phones 22 Among BOP teleusers

23 Mobile dominates; "Fixed" phones popular only at LK BOP Household phone ownership (%of BOP teleusers' households) 51% 34% 1% 62% 12% 15% 24% 3 2% 11% 4% 1% 49% 64% 1% 36% 49% 65% 85% Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand Own mobile Own mobile and fixed Own fixed Own nothing 23 Among BOP teleusers households

24 Phones have overtaken radio at BOP everywhere except LK (but some mobiles are used as radios) Electricity Mobile or fixed phone Phone Television Radio Computer Electricity Phone Television Household access (% of BOP teleusers) Radio Computer Electricity Phone Television Radio Computer Electricity Phone Television Radio Computer Electricity Phone Television Radio Computer Electricity Phone Television Radio Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand Computer 24 Among BOP teleusers

25 Access to household phones greater than to motorized transport at BOP, other than in TH 10 Household access to phones vs transport (% of BOP teleusers) Incl. motor bike, three-wheeler, scooter, tractor, etc Motorized transport Bicycle Phone Motorized transport Bicycle Phone Motorized transport Bicycle Phone Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand Motorized transport Bicycle Phone Motorized transport Bicycle Phone Motorized transport Bicycle Phone 25 Among BOP teleusers

26 Computer use at BOP low overall % 16% Usage of computers (% of BOP teleusers) % 74% 76% 96% 83% 81% 17% 21% 22% 5% 4% 2% Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand Don't know what a computer is NoNot used a computer in last 12 months Can't remember when, but I have used one before Yes Used a computer in last 12 months Among BOP teleusers

27 Internet use at BOP similarly low; sig. lack of awareness at BD & IN BOP 17% 82% 98% Internet use (% of BOP teleusers) 24% 74% Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand 89% 78% I haven't heard of the internet No Can't remember when, but i have used it before Less than once a month At least once a month At least two to three times a month At least once a week At least two times a week At least once a day Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand Use the Internet (% of BOP teleusers) 2% 2% 1% 9% 21% Among BOP teleusers

28 Non-phone owners with no need for a phone increasing 10 Main reason for not owning a phone (% BOP who do not own phone) % 24% 4 51% 6 57% 57% 4 32% 57% 89% Don't know to operator Can't get a connection where I live (service not available) I am restricted from purchasing a phone by a particular pers I don't see a need to have my own phone It is too expensive for me to afford 1 11% Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand 28 Among BOP who don t own a phone

29 Findings MOBILE OWNERSHIP AND USE 29

30 Significant increases in BOP mobile ownership in Sri Lanka and Pakistan Mobile phone ownership individual (% of BOP teleusers) % 71% 68% 76% 9 89% 43% 49% 38% 4 23% 9% 37% 22% 36% Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand 30 Among BOP teleusers

31 Male vs female: Gender gap continues in BOP mobile ownership in sub-continent. Flipped in TH Mobile ownership - individual (% of BOP teleusers) Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand Male Female 31 Among BOP teleusers

32 Urban vs rural BOP: Urban mobile ownership higher than rural except in Java Mobile ownership - individual (% BOP teleusers) Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand Urban Rural 32 Among BOP teleusers

33 Most BOP phones have radio; 14% have a browser & 5% touch screen (perceived) Features present on mobile handset (% of BOP mobile owners; all countries except Java) Alarm clock Calendar SMS Games Calculator Color Screen FM Radio Torch Music player Camera Video recorder and player MMS Bluetooth /USB Converter Download feature Browser Touch Screen Infa-red 5% 3% 16% 15% 14% 22% 22% 27% 38% 35% 52% 48% 72% 92% 9 86% 86% 83% Among BOP mobile owners

34 : Dramatic drop in multiple SIM ownership at PK BOP; Sig. increase at BD BOP Multiple SIM ownership (% of BOP mobile owners) 25% % 1 5% Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand Multiple SIM ownership higher among males than females 34 Among BOP mobile owners

35 Cheaper on-net calls the main reason for multiple SIM ownership at BOP To get low local call charges within each network Reason for multiple SIM ownership (% BOP MSOs) To get free services (e.g., calls, SMS, etc) One for business, the other for personal In case one runs out of credit Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand To get coverage everywhere 35 Among BOP multiple SIM owners

36 Most BOP owners have one handset currently, but are on their second (except in Java) Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand No. of handsets owned currently (mean) No. owned until now (mean)

37 What they do with mobile phones at BOP Among BOP mobile owners % of BOP mobile owners B desh Pakistan India S Lanka Java Thailand Make phone calls Receive phone calls Send/receive missed calls Send/receive SMS Send/receive MMS Send/receive Browse the Internet Take photos/video Play games Listen to radio Listen to music Share that you have content created Send/receive or download/upload other content Use as an organizer Check my bill/credit Send/receive talk time/load Access facebook Access other social networking or blog applications 2 1

38 What they did in 2008 % of BOP mobile owners Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand Taking phone calls Receiving phone calls Sending/receiving missed calls / beeps/ flashes / ring-cuts Sending/receiving SMS Sending/receiving MMS Sending/receiving s Browsing the Internet Taking photos /video clips To play games by myself To listen to the radio To listen to music To share content that you have created To send or receive or download or upload other content As an organizer To check my bill / credit balance Sending/receiving talk-time/load

39 Male vs female: No big difference in SMS use frequency amongst those who text at BOP 10 SMS frequency (% mobile owners who use SMS) Less frequently than once a week Once or twice a week Several times a week Once or twice a day Several times a day 1 Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand 39 Among mobile owners who use SMS

40 Top reasons for not using SMS: Don't know what it is; it's too confusing; too difficult to type Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand I don't know what it is Using SMS is too confusing to me It is too difficult for me to go through menu and open it It is too difficult for me to type It is too expensive for me It takes too much time to do it I cannot read or write (my language) SMS is not available in my own language I don't see any benefits of using it SMS does not fit into my lifestyle I don't trust SMS in delivering what I want to say I'm afraid if it fails to deliver my message No one has sent me an SMS before I don't know anyone I can send SMS to People in my community don't like SMS Among BOP mobile owners who don t use SMS

41 Postpaid at BOP only in Sri Lanka and Thailand Primary mobile connection (% BOP mobile owners) Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand Pre paid Post paid Among BOP mobile owners

42 Top-up cards still most popular in Sri Lanka and India Method of top-up (%BOP mobile owners with prepaid connections) Top-up cards/scratch cards SMS top-up or reload from a shop/agent/dealer SMS top-up or reload from others (family members/friends) Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand I dont know how 42 Among BOP mobile owners with prepaid connection

43 Majority at BOP don't use mobiles for financial, business or work communication, except in Java Use of phone for financial, business or work related communications (% of phone owners) 46% 74% 64% 62% 27% 68% Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand I do not use for these purposes Less than once a month Once a month Two to three times a month Once a week Two times a week Everyday 43 Among BOP who own personal or household phones

44 Business people and petty traders are heaviest business users at BOP Use of the phone for financial, business or work-related purposes (% of BOP teleusers) Unskilled worker Skilled worker Petty trader Shop owner, businessman, self-employed Clerk, supervisor, office executive Agriculture sector worker (incl. farmers) Student Housewife Unemployed, retired Other job expector Everyday Two times a week Once a week Two to three times a month Once a month Less than once a month I do not use for these purposes 44 Among BOP who own personal or household phones

45 Findings MORE-THAN-VOICE 45

46 Awareness of entertainment & competition polls at BOP highest in Sri Lanka Banking and financial services Awareness of MTV services that can be accessed through phone or computers (% of BOP teleusers) Making or receiving payments Governmental services Health Services Competition polls or participation Entertainment related information services Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand Livelihood related information Other general information Among BOP teleusers

47 2008 vs 2011: Awareness of some MTV services has declined in some countries Banking and financial services 2008 vs 2011 Awareness of MTV services available on phones and computers (% of BOP teleusers) Payment services Government services Health services Voting, competitions, reality shows, etc Entertainment information services Livelihood information services Other general information services At least one MTV service Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand Among BOP teleusers

48 BOP is not taking up MTV services MTV service usage through phone or computer (% BOP aware of services) Banking and financial services Payment services Government services Health services Voting, competitions, reality shows, etc Entertainment information services Livelihood information services Other general information services Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Java Thailand Among BOP who are aware of MTV services

49 2008 vs 2011: MTV usage at BOP has fallen 4 More-than-voice usage, 2008 vs 2011 (% of BOP teleusers who are aware of those services) 35% 3 25% 2 15% 1 5% Banking and financial services Payment services Government services Health services Voting, Entertainment Livelihood Other general competitions, reality information services information services information services shows, etc Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand Among BOP teleusers who are aware of MTV services

50 Findings PERCEIVED BENEFITS 50

51 Main economic benefit of phone is reducing travel Benefits of phones (%BOP teleuser) 1=No change 5=Improved greatly Access to finance Ability to contact people related to your work or job Thailand Sri Lanka India Pakistan Bangladesh Efficiency of your day to day work Ability to reduce travel Among BOP teleusers

52 The phone mainly benefits personal life Benefits of phones (%BOP teleuser) 1=No change 5=Improved greatly Social status/ recognition in the community relationships with family and friends Thailand Sri Lanka India Pakistan Bangladesh Ability to act or contact others in an emergency Among BOP teleusers

53 Findings QUALITY OF SERVICE 53

54 Sri Lankan BOP owners complain less than subcontinent BOP owners % 78% 81% 81% 77% 77% 77% 75% 76% 75% 7 73% Often cant get signal, or signal strength is weak Mobile quality problems (% of BOP mobile owners) 48% 47% 45% 39% 4 41% Often cant get a call through (network is busy) Connection not clear Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand 34% 35% Calls get dropped (cut off) 54 Among BOP mobile owners

55 Sri Lanka performs best on perceptions of how frequent quality problems are faced by BOP Frequency of the problem faced (among mobile owners that face the problem) 0 = Never, 4=Always Often cant get signal, or signal strength is weak Often cant get a call through (network is busy) Connection not clear Calls get dropped (cut off) Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand 55 Among BOP mobile owners

56 Over 5 of BOP handsets were brand new when obtained (PK BOP highest with 2 nd hand) How handsets were obtained (%BOP mobile owners) Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand Brand new Second hand Gifted or handed over 56 Among BOP mobile owners

57 Male vs female: Males more often obtained brand new handsets in sub-continent How main handset was obtained (%BOP mobile owners) Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand Brand new Second hand Gifted or handed over 57 Among BOP mobile owners

58 Thai BOP spends more on handsets Approximate price paid for handset (USD) Mean SD Bangladesh Pakistan India Sri Lanka Thailand Among BOP mobile owners

59 Findings SUMMARY 59

60 Summary Access is improving at both personal and household levels Phones overtaking TV and radio Mostly mobile: majority of BOP own a mobile; many on second handset QOS problems perceived by BOP are moderate Use is still limited to voice (with some SMS, radio, games etc) Little use of mobile for productive purposes; benefits mostly perceived in emergency communication and maintaining relationships Awareness and use of MTV services among BOP has not progressed much since

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