Volume 4. Carlson Hydrology 2007 Carlson Natural Regrade Carlson Software Inc.

Transcription

1 Carlson Software 2007 Volume 4 Carlson Hydrology 2007 Carlson Natural Regrade 2007 Carlson Software Inc. User s manual August 8, 2006

2 Contents Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 1 Surface Menu Overview Universal Soil Loss Watershed Menu Define Runoff Layers Watershed Analysis Run Off Tracking D Polyline Flow Values Rainfall Frequency and Amount Sub-Watersheds By Land Use Curve Numbers & Runoff Calculate C-Factor Time of Concentration (Tc) Peak Flow - Graphical Method Peak Flow - Tabular Hydrograph Method Peak Flow - Rational Method (General) Peak Flow - Rational Method (KYDOT) Watershed Settings (Save and Load) Draw Flow Polylines TR Locate Structures TR Locate Reach Edit Layout Element Hydrograph Development i

3 Single Runoff Hydrograph Draw Hydrograph SEDCAD Draw Flow Polylines SEDCAD Locate Structures SEDCAD Label Structure Layout SEDCAD Prepare HEC-RAS Input File Draw Hec-Ras Watermark Import Flow Velocity Points Import Flow Depth Points HEC2 Programs Prepare HEC2 Input File Draw Watermark Structure Menu Detention Pond Sizing Rectangular Pond Design Design Spillway Drop Pipe Spillway Design Rectangular Weir Design Advanced Weir Design Orifice Design Multiple Outlet Design Input-Edit Stage-Storage Calculate Stage-Storage Draw Stage-Storage Curve Input-Edit Stage-Discharge Draw Stage-Discharge Graph Report Stage-Discharge Contents ii

4 Merge Stage-Discharge Files Channel Design - NonErodible Mannings Equation Channel Design - Erodible Mannings Equation Pipe Culvert Design Sewer Pipe Design: Individual Sewer Pipe Design: Sewer Network Segment Sewer Pipe Design: Read Profile Lift Station Design Network Menu Sewer Network Settings Set Sewer File Set Surface File Plan View Label Settings Save Sewer Network File Import Haestad Network Rainfall Library Inlet Library Sewer Structure Library Pipe Size Library Pipe Manning's N Library Pavement Manning's N Library Drainage Runoff Library HYDRA Processing Edit Sewer Structure Remove Sewer Structure Check Sewer Network Parameters Check Reference Centerlines and Surface Collision Conflicts Check Contents iii

5 Find Sewer Structure Report Sewer Network Sewer Network Hydrographs Spreadsheet Sewer Editor Draw Sewer Network Plan View Draw Sewer Network Centerlines Draw Sewer Network Profile Draw Sewer Network-3DFaces Move Sewer Label Draw IDF Curve Find And Replace Data Values Review Sewer Network Links Review Sewer Profile Links Export To Points Export To Profiles Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 178 Introduction and Overview Problems Addressed by Natural Regrade with GeoFluv The Fluvial Geomorphic Solution Description of Software Links with Other Software Software Compatibility Data Entry Summary Documentation References Natural Regrade Menu Design GeoFluv Regrade Contents iv

6 Contents Natural Regrade File Natural Regrade Global Settings Setup Tab Select GeoFluv Boundary Select Main Channel Data for Main Channel Pre-disturbed Surface Channels Tab Channel Add Channel Delete Channel Name Channel Transition Current Channel Current Channel Settings Data for Current Channel Profile Report Output Tab Preview Data for GeoFluv Work Area Draw Design Surface Save Design Surface Update Cut/Fill Summary Report DWG Tab Draw GeoFluv Contours D GeoFluv Contour Viewer D GeoFluv Surface Viewer v

7 Calculate GeoFluv Volume Cut/Fill Centroids GeoFluv Channel Cross-Section Report GeoFluv Channel Inspector View Longitudinal Profile Edit Longitudinal Profile Auto Longitudinal Profile Reread Valley Bottoms Contents vi

8 Hydrology Module 1

9 Surface Menu Overview Overview The Hydrology Module consists of several routines that work together in sequence. This manual only explains the operation of the commands and not hydrology concepts. For example, you will need to know the storm type and soil type for your area. Some routines are based on the TR-55 programs and the TR-55 manual, Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds, may be useful. The Hydrology Module also links to other hydrology programs including Pizer HYDRA, TR-20, SEDCAD, HEC-RAS and HEC-2. The HYDRA engine from Pizer is a processing method that is available for storm sewer networks. TR-20 is used for hydrograph routing. The SEDCAD links are with capacity files for pond design and by drawing SEDCAD hydrographs. SEDCAD, by Civil Software Design, is used for the computation of flows and sedimentation. The HEC-RAS and HEC-2 programs are prepared by the Corps of Engineers to compute water surface profiles in stream and river channels. Surface Commands The pull-down menu for the Surface commands of the Hydrology module is shown here. Most of these commands are also in the Civil Design module and are described in that manual. These Surface commands are included in Hydrology for preparing the surface models to be used in commands such as watershed modeling. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 2

10 Universal Soil Loss Function This command calculates the volume of sediment that can be expected from a watershed by soil erosion due to precipitation. It allows the user to specify multiple watershed areas, each with its own set of geometric and hydrological parameters. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is used in calculating the soil loss. For each area, the area, slope and length can be manually entered by the user or it can be calculated by the program directly. For direct calculation of the geometric properties of the area, the user must have a grid file that models the surface. This can be created using the Make 3D Grid File command. In addition, the area must be defined by closed polylines for inclusion perimeter. Exclusion perimeters are optional for excluding areas from calculations. The program starts with the dialog below, where the user can add as many areas as needed to include in the USL calculation. Each area added is shown in the list box with all its parameters listed. To add a new area, click the ''Add'' button. To edit the parameters of an existing area, highlight that item and click the ''Edit'' button. To remove an existing area, highlight it and click ''Remove''. The ''Edit'' or ''Add'' button brings up the dialog box shown here, where the various parameters of the area can be specified or edited. The ''Landuse'' is just an identifier for the area and has no further significance. Soil Erodibility, K (tons/acre) is a property of the soil, which determines the amount of sediment resulting from a precipitation event in an area. The rainfall factor, R, is a dimensionless factor that accounts for the relationship between erosive forces of falling rain and runoff. The Cover factor, C, is a dimensionless factor that relates the effectiveness of vegetal cover in reducing erosion. The Topographical factor, Ls, is a dimensionless length slope factor that accounts for variations in length and slope in the area. The (Conservation) Practice factor, P, is a dimensionless factor to determine how landuse effects its erodibility. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 3

11 If the area of the watershed is known and is entered manually, then the length and slope of the area have to be entered manually as well and the Ls factor will be calculated from these geometric properties. The area can also be calculated directly if the boundary is defined as a closed polyline and the grid file that models the surface is also made. The user clicks the button ''Select area'' and the program asks the user to select the grid file as well as the closed polyline representing the area. Then, the Ls factor and the slope are calculated by the program and displayed (the ''length'' is not needed in this case). After filling in all values, click on ''Calculate USL'' to calculate the soil loss rate per unit area for the area selected. The user can change the parameters corresponding to this are and recalculate, if needed. Click ''OK'' to return to the main dialog box. The area should now appear in this dialog box if the parameters as specified. After all required areas are input, the sediment volume can be calculated by clicking the ''Calculate'' button on the main dialog. This brings up the USLE Calculation dialog box as shown here. Specify the Delivery ratio, which determines what portion of the gross erosion is actually left for deposition at the final destination, accounting for losses during sediment transport. Also, specify the Time period for which deposition has occurred. Specify the Density of the sediment, so as to be able to determine the volume of the deposit from its mass in tons. Also, specify the amount of Rainfall (inches or cm) for which runoff volume has to be calculated. The program then calculates the Runoff volume based on the total area and the amount of rainfall. It also calculates the sediment volume, using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and adds it to the sediment volume and reports it as the total pond volume. A report of the form shown below is generated. This report also gives a detailed account of the calculations performed. For further information about the estimation of the various parameters used in this program or about the USLE, please refer to ''Applied Hydrology and Sedimentology for Disturbed Areas'' (1981), Barfield, B.J., Warner, R.C. and Haan, C.T., Oklahoma Technical Press. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 4

12 Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 5

13 Pulldown Menu Location: DTM in Hydrology Keyboard Command: soilloss Prerequisite: Use Make 3D Grid File to create a grid file that models the surface File Names: \lsp\cntr grd.arx, \lsp\peakflow.dcl, \lsp\soilloss.lsp Watershed Menu The Watershed menu is shown below. The first section of commands are for watershed analysis and are primarily based on TR-55. These commands are arranged in the order that they would be applied. The first commands calculate the watershed boundary. Using the watershed area and land use types, the curve number can be calculated, which leads to time of concentration and hydrographs. Then the peak flow can be calculated. The second section of commands are for hydrograph routing using TR-20. The bottom section has commands for linking to SEDCAD, HEC-RAS and HEC-2. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 6

14 Define Runoff Layers Function This command uses layers to assign Rational Method runoff coefficients to closed polylines or to polylines that end on their original starting point. The runoff coefficients are the C-Factors in the Rational Equation Q = C*I*A. Q is flow, I is rainfall intensity and A is area. The Rational Method is often used for urban and residential flow analysis. For example, building layers can be assigned a high runoff coefficent (C factor) such as 0.85 and wooded areas defined by closed polylines can be assigned a low runoff coefficient such as These runoff coefficient area polylines are used to determine the weighted runoff coefficients for drainage areas in commands such as Watershed Analysis and Edit Sewer Structure. The runoff coefficient polylines are automatically clipped by the drainage perimeter polyline to find the coefficient sub-areas within the drainage perimeter. Therefore, it is important to close all polylines, use distinct layers for features that have distinct runoff values, and to assign a runoff coefficient to the unassigned, ''remainder'' areas. It is also important to enclose areas beyond the site with closed polylines and assign runoff coefficients to those layers to account for the off-site water entering the site. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 7

15 For each layer, an area name and runoff coefficient are assigned and can be selected from the library. This library itself is defined under the Network pulldown menu, option Drainage Runoff Library within the Sewer Network Libraries ''flyout''. Each layer also has hatch settings for drawing the runoff areas. The hatch settings include the layer, color, pattern and scale. The Auto Hatch Scale option will size the hatch scale to fit the runoff area. The Hatch All button will hatch all the runoff areas in the drawing as closed polylines and defined in the list. The Hatch Selected will hatch the area of the currently selected layer from the list. The purpose of the hatch functions are for visual checks that the layers and closed polylines are set right. Layers and their runoff coefficient assignments can be edited and deleted. The assignment files can vary from project to project, so it is useful to save and recall the assignments into ''.rcl'' files using the SaveAs and Load options. The currently loaded assignment is applied within the command Watershed Analysis. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 8

16 There are settings for the default area name and default coefficient that are used for any part of the drainage area that is not covered by one of the runoff layer polylines. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 9

17 The runoff polyline areas use region logic where a polyline inside another on the same layer is used as an exclusion. A limitation is that polylines on the same layer must not intersection each other. For polylines on different layers, there can be polylines within other polylines and for any given point, the smallest enclosing polyline is used to determine the runoff coefficient. Example 1: In the example below, the site perimeter polyline is on the Regions layer, the building pads are on the Pads layer and the edge of pavement polylines are on the Roads layer. All these polylines are closed polylines. The areas within the buildings are inside both the Region and Pads polylines and the Pads govern because they are the smaller area. Likewise the road areas are governed by the Roads layer and road interior islands are not counted for Roads because the interior Roads polyline acts as an exclusion perimeter. The rest of the area is set to the Regions layer. Example 2: Consider the subdivision shown below. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 10

18 Buildings, roads, driveways, lot lines and wooded areas are in distinct layers. As soon as the command is selected the dialog below appears. The applicable layers can then be organized as follows within the command. Note that the lot lines do not have any hydrology impact and are not included in the layer-runoff coefficient assignment. Example 1 used the built-in logic to remove closed polylines from outer enclosing closed polylines. So in the example 2 case, the overall property boundary had a runoff coefficient of 0.2 Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 11

19 that was assigned its runoff coefficient by layer, and all other assigned closed polylines found within it (roads, buildings, driveways) will be calculated distinctly. For example 2, the entire ''remainder'' area that is not assigned and is given a default runoff coefficient, such as 0.5 shown above. Therefore, within any site perimeter, both the ''unassigned'' method for remainder areas or the assigned, outer boundary layer method for the remainder areas can by used. When the ''Hatch All'' button is clicked, the drawing will hatch in the defined colors and layers, as shown below: Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: define runoff layers Prerequisite: Closed polylines on different layers for the diffferent areas File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Watershed Analysis Function This command has a collection of tools to analyze the runoff of a surface defined by triangulation. After selecting the triangulation file of the surface, the program docks a dialog on the left side of the drawing window. While the Watershed Analysis dialog is running, other AutoCAD and Carlson commands are not available. To zoom or pan the drawing view, use the buttons at the top of the dialog, or use the middle button of a wheel-mouse. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 12

20 The Process button calculates the flow connections between the triangles and along the edges of the triangulation. Most of the Watershed Analysis functions make use of these flow connections. So running Process is typically the first step. The Rainfall amount is used in the Process function for figuring the runoff volume to determine when the volume is enough to spillover a local depression in the surface. Besides the Rainfall amount, the runoff coefficients as defined in Define Runoff Layers are also used to calculate the runoff volumes. When the local depression is small enough the srunoff will continue through. Otherwise this spot is called a sink for where the runoff stops. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 13

21 The Draw Watersheds function draws the watershed areas using the settings under the Options tab. The back arrow next to the Draw Watersheds button will erase any previous Draw Watershed entities. The Fill Watershed Areas option will solid fill hatch each area using different colors. The Draw Sink Locations setting draws a symbol at the low point for each drainage area. The Draw Pond Areas option draws a solid fill hatch in blue for the area covered by the runoff volume of low points. In the example shown, the Fill Watershed Areas and Draw Sink Locations options are active. The Draw Max Flow Lines option draws polylines for the longest flow line within each watershed. These longest flow polylines can be used to calculate the time of concentration. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 14

22 The Draw Pond Areas button draws solid fill hatch in blue for the areas covered by the runoff volume of low points. This is the same function as the Draw Pond Areas option within Draw Watersheds routine. The Watershed Above Point function reports the watershed data of the current pointer position in real-time as the pointer is moved around. The watershed data is shown in a tooltip next to the pointer position. This data has values for the overall watershed that the position is in including the sink elevation, sink name, drainage area and average slope percent. This data also has values for the watershed above the current point including the drainage area and runoff volume. Plus this data shows the elevation and runoff coefficient at the current point. If the position is picked with the mouse, then the program draws a polyline perimeter for the drainage area above the current point. The Runoff Tracking function draws flow lines that follow the surface. The Single Point Tracking method draws the flow lines starting from the picked high points. The Whole Surface Tracking method draws a flow line starting from the middle of each triangle in the triangulation. The Major Flow Tracking method draws starting in triangles where the drainage area coming into triangle exceeds the specified Cutoff Area Above value. The flow lines can be drawn as either 2D or 3D polylines. For 2D polylines, the linetype can be specified or the special linetype with flow direction arrows can be used. This special flow linetype has controls for the size and Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 15

23 frequency of the flow arrows. The Draw Connections function draws lines with arrows between the triangles for how the program has determined their flow connections. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 16

24 When a triangulation file is processed by Watershed Analysis, some of the flow connection data is stored into the triangulation file to speed up reprocessing. The Reprocess Topo function resets this flow connection data to start the flow calculations from scratch. The Detail Inspector function reports flow connection data at the pointer position in real-time as the pointer is moved. This data includes the current position triangle number, connecting flow triangle number, sink node number, watershed name, border elevation, ridge elevation, low elevation, downstream sink number, number of source triagnles, number of source nodes, current elevation and spillover elevation. The Inspect function reports runoff flow data at the pointer position in real-time as the pointer is moved. The runoff data is shown in a tooltip next to the pointer and in the Data tab. This data has values for the overall watershed that the position is in including the sink elevation, sink name, drainage area and average slope percent. This data also has values for the watershed above the current point including the drainage area and runoff volume. Plus this data shows the elevation and runoff coefficient at the current point. When the Hatch Area Being Inspected option is active, the watershed area for the current position is hatched during inspection. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 17

25 The Watershed Report function runs the report formatter to choose which of the watershed parameters to report. The Pond Report function reports the position and depth of each ponding area. Besides calculating the runoff of the triangulation surface, Watershed Analysis can also process the runoff effects from structures for inlets, storage ponds, culverts and channels. The structures in Watershed Analysis are simply for placement and watershed delineation. These structures do not have design considerations for parameters like pipe size. In the Structure tab, there is a list of the structures to apply with the current surface. The list shows the name, type and drainage area for each structure. The Draw function will draw symbols for each structure. The Inlet structures act as sinks in the watershed and capture all the flow that comes to the inlet point. Each inlet is defined by a single point and a name. The Storage Tank structures also act as sinks and are defined by a single point and name. The Culvert structures route the flow from the culvert inlet to the outlet. The culverts are defined by two points for the inlet and outlet and by a name. The Channel structure is the same as the Culvert except that it can have more than two points to define the flow path. The structure data can be stored to a Watershed Structure File (wst) using the Save button. The Load button can read the structure data from either a wst file or from a sewer network file (.sew). Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 18

26 Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: watershed Prerequisite: Triangulation File File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Run Off Tracking Function This command draws 3D polylines starting at user picked points downhill until they reach a local minimum or the end of the grid or TIN. In effect it simulates the path of a rain drop. The surface is modeled by a grid file as created by Make 3D Grid File or a triangulation file created by Triangulate & Contour. The program also reports the horizontal and slope distances, average slope, maximum slope, and vertical drop. These values can be used for time of concentration calculations. Runoff tracking is a convenient way to identify distinct watershed areas and is an alternative to the automated Watershed Analysis command. Prompts Enter the run off path layer <RUNOFF>: press Enter Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 19

27 Select Surface Model dialog box Choose the grid file or triangulation file that models the surface. If a grid is selected, it will prompt: Extrapolate grid to full grid size (Yes/<No>)? Yes If the limits of the surface data doesn't cover the entire grid area, then the values for the grid cells beyond the data limit must be extrapolated in order to compute slopes in that area. This prompt only appears if there are grid cells without values. Local pond spillover depth <4.80>: press Enter This allows the runoff line to continue past flat or low points in the grid or TIN, by allowing these area to fill up with water, in essence, up to the specified depth, thus letting the runoff polyline continue on. Draw tracking for all grid cells or pick individuals [All/<Pick>]: press Enter Pressing Enter leads to individual picking of runoff tracking lines, while A for All would fill draw runoff polylines starting from each grid cell or each triangulation triangle. Pick origin of rain drop: pick a point at the top of the run off polyline Pick origin of rain drop (Enter to end): press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: runoff Prerequisite: A.grd file created by Make 3D Grid File or a.flt (TIN) file created by Triangulate & Contour. File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 20

28 3D Polyline Flow Values Function This command simply reports the horizontal and slope distances, vertical drop, maximum slope, and average slope of 3D polylines. The 3D polylines may be created by the Watershed Analysis or Run Off Tracking commands. The reported values could be applied to the Time of Concentration routine. Prompts Select 3D polyline flow line: pick a 3D polyline Horiz dist: , Slope dist: , Vertical drop: Average slope: 8.82%, Maximum slope: 17.68% Select 3D polyline flow line or Enter to end: press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: flowvals Prerequisite: 3D polyline File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Rainfall Frequency and Amount Function This command allows you to view rainfall maps while entering the rainfall amount to be used by other hydrology commands. First choose a storm and duration from the list. Then choose your location from the state list or pick your location on the map. You can enter the rainfall amount in the box in the lower left or pick your location on the map. Reference maps based on TP-40 and TP-47 are provided for all fifty states for the different storm intervals. You can also setup user-defined lookup tables for up to five areas. For each area, you can specify a name and rainfall amounts for each storm interval. The first time the you select a user-defined storm interval, the rainfall amount will be blank. Enter in the rainfall amount and the next time that interval is selected, your entered value will be there. All rainfall amounts are in inches. The user-defined values are stored in a file called rainmap.ini in the Carlson USER Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 21

29 directory. Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: rainmap Prerequisite: None File Names: \lsp\rainmap.lsp, \sup\slides\*.sld Sub-Watersheds By Land Use Function This command divides land-use polylines into closed polylines within a watershed polyline. The closed land-use polylines inside the watershed can then be used to determine the area of each land-use for the watershed. The Curve Numbers & Runoff command has an option to select closed polylines for determining the weighted average curve number from the polyline areas. Prompts Select closed polyline of watershed: pick the polyline Select land-use closed polylines. Select objects: pick the polylines Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 22

30 Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: landarea Prerequisite: Closed polylines for the watershed and land-use areas. File Name: \lsp\mineutil.arx Curve Numbers & Runoff Function This command calculates the weighted curve number (CN) as used by the SCS Method of runoff calculation. It will also calculate total, potential runoff from an area. The curve number is used by routines based on the TR-55 program. The weighted curve number is a weighted average of the curve numbers for each subarea of the watershed. The weights are based on the areas. The Description and Soil Type fields are used in the report. Shown here is the table from which to select curve numbers: The most efficient approach is to first select the curve numbers from the table using the Select CN button, then click on the Select Areas button and select all the subarea closed polylines. These polylines can be generated by the Sub-Watershed by Land Use command. The program will sum the polylines that are selected for a total area. If you click on the Select Areas button first, you will be prompted to either enter the curve number or type T to select a curve number from the table. The areas and curve numbers selected in this procedure overwrite any previous entries. When all the land-use curve numbers and areas are entered, click on the Calc CN button to calculate the weighted curve number. This curve number can then be used in the Time of Concentration and Peak Flow commands. You can also save the table entries to a curve number (.cn) file and reload these values later. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 23

31 To calculate the runoff given the weighted curve number, enter the rainfall for the storm in question and then click on the Calc Runoff button. The Runoff Volume equals the Runoff Q times the total area. A typical Report is shown here: Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: curveno Prerequisite: None File Names: \lsp\cntr grd.arx, \lsp\hydro.dcl Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 24

32 Calculate C-Factor Function The C-Factor is the C in the Q=CIA (quantity of flow = C * Intensity of Runoff * Area). This is known as the Rational Method of flow calculation, and is often used in smaller, urban areas, as opposed to the SCS Method which involves curve numbers (CN), and which typically applies to agricultural and rural settings. However, both methods are used for flow calculations for all varieties of applications. The C factor is a maximum of 1 if all the water runs off (e.g. from a non-porous surface). C factors are very low for wooded, leafy, flat terrain (water is absorbed into the ground). For a site of mixed use, with roads, houses, driveways, lawns and woods, it is necessary to compute the net C factor as a weighted C factor based on the respective areas of distinct surface types. This routine calculates the weighted C factor by permitting selections of C-Factors and polylines, as shown in the dialog here: Referring to the subdivision drawing shown here, the fastest way to compute the overall C factor for this site, is to first select a C factor for a category (like the woods), and then click your cursor into the area column, then select all closed polylines for wooded areas (2 in this case), to complete the first line of entries. Repeat the process for the 14 roofs, by selecting the roofs from the C factor table of options (Select C-factor button), then click into the Area column and select all 14 roofs. Repeat for driveways and for the roads. For the remainder portion (lawns), it is advised that you Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 25

33 determine ahead of time the overall site area, subtract the area of the special features above, and then hand-enter the area after selecting the appropriate C factor. If you select the area first, you will be prompted Table/<C-Factor>: at the command line. Click the Calc CF button to calculate the weighted C factor, and click Report to fill out a report for the project, which appears in the text editor as shown here: Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 26

34 Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: calc cfactor Prerequisite: None File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Time of Concentration (Tc) Function This command calculates the time of concentration (Tc) by either the TR-55 method, Rational method or the SCS method from A Method of Estimating Volume and Rate of Runoff in Small Watersheds. The Tc value is used in the Hydrograph and Peak Flow commands. Time of concentration is the time required for water to flow from the most distant point in the watershed to the measurement point. The rational method calculates based on the curve factor, length of flow and average slope. These values are set in the dialog shown. The formula is: Tc = (1.8 * (1.1 - cf) * sqrt(length)) / (slope ˆ0.33) The SCS method calculates based on the curve number, length of flow, and average slope. The curve number defaults to the weighted curve number from the Curve Numbers & Runoff routine. When the three inputs are entered, click on Calculate to compute the Tc. Choose Select Flow Line from Screen to use a 3D polyline in the drawing. This sets the length of flow and average Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 27

35 land slope. A 3D polyline that models the flow can be created with the Watershed Above Point or Run Off Tracking commands. While reading in the 3D polyline, the Tc is calculated by adding the Tc's for each segment of the polyline. This yields a different and more accurate Tc than using the average slope with the Calculate button. The TR-55 method divides the type of flow into sheet, shallow concentrated and channel flow. The time of concentration is the sum of the times for the three types. This method also allows for selection of a 3D polyline with precise segment calculations of Tc, for the channel flow portion. The Manning's n for the sheet and channel flow can be chosen from a table by clicking the Select from Table button. Rational method dialog Dialog for Tc by SCS method Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 28

36 Dialog for Tc by TR-55 method Tc by TR-55 method report: Time of Concentration (Tc) or Travel Time (Tt) Project: Parking By: TW Date: Location: West Checked: Date: Developed Tc through subarea 1 Sheet flow (Applicable to Tc only) Segment ID: AB 1. Surface description... : Dense Grass 2. Manning's roughness coeff. (n)... : Flow length, L (total L < 300 ft)... : ft 4. Two-yr 24-hr rainfall, P... : 3.60 in 5. Land slope, s... : 0.010ft/ft 6. Tt... : hr Shallow concentrated flow Segment ID: BC 7. Surface unpaved 8. Flow length, L... : ft 9. Watercourse slope, s... : 0.010ft/ft 10. Average velocity, V... : 1.60 ft/s 11. Tt... : hr Channel flow Segment ID: CD 12. Cross sectional flow area, a... : ftˆ2 13. Wetted perimeter, Pw... : ft 14. Hydraulic radius, r... : 0.96 ft 15. Channel slope, s... : 0.005ft/ft 16. Manning's roughness coeff. (n)... : Velocity, V... : 2.05 ft/s Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 29

37 18. Flow length, L... : ft 19. Tt... : hr 20. Watershed or subarea Tc or Tt... : hr Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: flowtc Prerequisite: None File Names: \lsp\cntr grd.arx, \lsp\hydro.dcl Peak Flow - Graphical Method Function This command calculates peak flow using the graphical method from the TR-55 program. The program is run through the dialog shown below. The inputs in the top section default to the values from the Curve Numbers & Runoff and Time of Concentration routines. When all the inputs are entered, click on the Calculate button to obtain the peak flow at the bottom line. The peak flow value can then be used for Detention Pond Sizing or Channel Design. Graphical Peak Discharge Project: Parking By: TW Date: 11/13/95 Location: West Checked: Date: Developed 1. Data: Drainage area:...a = Acres Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 30

38 Runoff Curve Number:...CN = 70 Time of Concentration:...Tc = Frequency...yr = Rainfall,P(24-hour)...in = Initial abstraction, Ia... = Compute Ia/P... = Unit peak discharge, qu...csm/in = Runoff,Q...in = Pond & swap adjustment factor,...fp = Peak Discharge,qp...cfs = Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: peakflow Prerequisite: None File Names: \lsp\peakflow.lsp, \lsp\peakflow.dcl, \lsp\cntr grd.arx Peak Flow - Tabular Hydrograph Method Function This command calculates peak flow using the tabular hydrograph method from the TR-55 program. The program is run through the dialog shown below. The Curve Numbers & Runoff and Time of Concentration routines can be used to calculate the subarea input values. When all the inputs are entered, click on the Calculate button. The input values can be saved to a file by clicking the Save button. Then the Load button can be used later to recall these entered values. The peak flow report lists the flow for each subarea at different time. The peak flow value is listed at the end of the report. This value can then be used for Detention Pond Sizing or Channel Design. See the TR-55 manual for more details on this routine. One difference between Carlson and the TR-55 example is that Carlson interpolates the flow for the subarea Ia/P between the two nearest table Ia/P values whereas TR-55 uses the one closest Ia/P table entry. Consider a subarea with an Ia/P value of 0.14 and table entries of 100 cfs at 0.1 Ia/P and 75 cfs at 0.3 Ia/P. TR-55 would use 100 cfs from the nearest 0.1 Ia./P entry. Carlson would interpolate between 100 and 75 cfs resulting in 95 cfs. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 31

39 Peak Flow Tabular Hydrograph Method Subarea Drainage Time of Travel Downstream Travel Rainfall Curve Runoff name area concen- time for subarea time number (sq. mi.) tration subarea names summation ,5, ,5, , , Time Subarea Discharge (cfs) Total Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 32

40 Time Subarea Discharge (cfs) Total Time Subarea Discharge (cfs) Total Time Subarea Discharge (cfs) Total Peak Discharge: 692 cfs Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 33

41 Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: peakflow Prerequisite: None File Names: \lsp\peakflow.lsp, \lsp\peakflow.dcl, \lsp\cntr grd.arx Peak Flow - Rational Method (General) Function This command calculates peak flow using the rational method, Q=CIA. The program is run through the dialog shown below. Depending on your area, there are different methods for determining the Intensity of Rainfall which you will need to know for this routine. The weighted Runoff Coefficient or C-factor can be calculated by the Curve Number & Runoff routine. The peak flow value can then be used for Detention Pond Sizing or Channel Design. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 34

42 Peak Flow Rational Method Report: Rational Peak Discharge Project: Parking By: TW Date: 11/13/95 Location: West Checked: Date: Developed 1. Data: Drainage area:...a = Acres Weighted Runoff Coefficient:...C = Intensity of Rainfall:...I = 2.10 in/hr 2. Peak Discharge,...cfs = Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: peakflw3 Prerequisite: None File Names: \lsp\peakflw3.lsp, \lsp\hydro.dcl, \lsp\cntr grd.arx Peak Flow - Rational Method (KYDOT) Function This command calculates peak flow using the rational method, Q=CIA, with rainfall intensity coefficients specific to regions of Kentucky. The program is run through the dialog shown below. The weighted Runoff Coefficient or C-factor can be calculated by the Curve Number & Runoff routine. The peak flow value can then be used for Detention Pond Sizing or Channel Design. Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 35

43 Keyboard Command: peakflw2 Prerequisite: None File Names: \lsp\peakflw2.lsp, \lsp\hydro.dcl, \lsp\cntr grd.arx Watershed Settings (Save and Load) Function These commands save and load watershed parameters to a data file with a.hyd file name extension. The watershed values include settings from the commands in the top portion on the Watershed menu such as rainfall, storm type, weighted curve number. These commands allow you to recall these values after reloading the drawing at a later time. Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Commands: saveshed, loadshed Prerequisite: none File Names: \lsp\loadshed.lsp, \lsp\saveshed.lsp Draw Flow Polylines TR20 Function This command draws polylines that represent flow lines. When drawing a network of flow lines, first draw the main branch. Then begin drawing the other flow lines from the top of flow and use the Join option to connect onto the main branch. Always draw the flow polylines from the highest to lowest elevation (in the direction of flow). Draw Flow Polylines is the first command in a series that produce the watershed schematic for TR-20 Hydrograph Development. These flow polylines only represent the layout of the watershed and they do not need to be drawn to scale. After each flow polyline is drawn, the program prompts for the drainage area, curve number and time of concentration of the branch associated with that flow polyline. This data is used in the RUNOFF statement in TR-20. The flow polyline label shows the area over the curve number and time of concentration. Prompts Text size <4.0>: press Enter This will be the text size for the flow polyline labels. End/Pick point: pick a point Undo/End/Join/Pick point: pick a point Undo/End/Join/Pick point: pick a point Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 36

44 Undo/End/Join/Pick point: press Enter Drainage Area Dialog Draw another flow polyline (<Yes>/No)? press Enter End/Pick point: pick a point Undo/End/Join/Pick point: pick a point Undo/End/Join/Pick point: Join Select flow polyline at place to join: pick the main branch at the junction Drainage Area Dialog Draw another flow polyline (<Yes>/No)? No Main flow polyline with one branch Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: trflow Prerequisite: None File Name: \lsp\poly3d.arx Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 37

45 Locate Structures TR20 Function This command places a structure on a flow polyline of the watershed schematic for TR-20 Hydrograph Development. The program prompts for elevation, discharge and storage data for the structure which is equivalent to the TR-20 STRUCT table data. At the bottom left of the dialog, the Water Elevation at T=0 is the water-surface elevation at the structure at the beginning of the storm. A triangle structure symbol that contains the structure data is drawn on the flow polyline. The File button can be used to read the stage-discharge in.stg files and the stage-storage in.cap files. The storage or discharge in the file is added to the table. Stage-storage files can be created with the Bench Pond Design, Valley Pond Design and Calculate Stage-Storage commands. Stage-discharge files can be created with the Drop Spillway, Design Channel and Design Culvert routines. The Stage-Discharge Curve button shows a graph of stage-discharge for the current entries. The TR-20 processing engine limits the number of stage-storage-discharge entries to twenty. Also the initial discharge must be zero due to the TR-20 engine. Prompts Symbol size <4.0>: press Enter Pick location on flow polyline for structure: pick a point on a polyline Structure Data Dialog Pick location on flow polyline for structure: press Enter Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 38

46 Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: trstruct Prerequisite: flow polylines File Names: \lsp\hydro1.lsp, \lsp\hydro.dcl, \lsp\poly3d.arx Locate Reach Function This command places a reach on a flow polyline of the watershed schematic for TR-20 Hydrograph Development. The program prompts for the reach length, end area coefficient and exponent M. These variables are explained in the TR-20 manual. A square reach symbol that contains the reach data is drawn on the flow polyline. The reach labels show the length above the end area coefficient and exponent M. Prompts Symbol size <4.0>: press Enter Pick location on flow polyline for reach: pick a point on a polyline Reach Data Dialog Pick location on flow polyline for reach: press Enter Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 39

47 Reach on flow polyline Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: trreach Prerequisite: Flow polylines File Names: \lsp\hydro1.lsp, \lsp\hydro.dcl, \lsp\poly3d.arx Edit Layout Element Function This command allows you to edit the data stored with a part of the watershed schematic. For flow polylines the area, curve number and time of concentration can be changed. For structures the elevation, discharge and storage can be changed. For reaches, the length, end area coefficient and exponent M can be changed. Prompts Select flow line, structure or reach to edit: pick a flow polyline, structure symbol, or reach symbol Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: tredit Prerequisite: Flow polylines File Names: \lsp\hydro1.lsp, \lsp\hydro.dcl, \lsp\poly3d.arx Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 40

48 Hydrograph Development Function This command routes runoff through branches, structures and reaches. The dialog first prompts for storm data. Descriptions of these variables are in the TR-20 manual. After the dialog, select the flow lines, structures and reaches that were created by the Draw Flow Polylines, Locate Structure and Locate Reach commands. The program then creates a TR-20 input file called temp.dat in the Carlson exec directory and runs TR-20. The output can be sent to a file, printer or screen from the report viewer. The routine supports the older and newer versions of TR-20 that are more Windows-compatible. Hydrographs are created at each flow line junction, structure and reach. The hydrographs are stored in files with a.h1 extension. These files are named automatically and placed in the Carlson data directory. Hydrographs entering a structure start with an 'S' and then the structure number. The structure number is labeled next to the structure symbol. Hydrographs entering a junction start with a 'J' and then the junction number. The junction number is also labeled next to the junction. The next part of the file name is either 'RUN' for runoff, 'OUT' for the hydrograph at the end of the Watershed schematic with two flow lines, one structure and two reaches to be used as input for Hydrograph Development structure, 'REA' for the end of a reach, or 'ADD' for the combination of two hydrographs. A more detailed description of the hydrograph is in the third line of the hydrograph file. The Hydrographs can then be plotted using Draw Hydrograph. Prompts Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 41

49 Calculate Hydrographs Dialog Select flow polylines, structure and reach symbols. Select objects: pick the objects Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: runtr20 Prerequisite: A flow polyline. Structures and reaches are optional. File Names: \lsp\runtr20.lsp, \lsp\poly3d.arx, \lsp\hydro.dcl, \exec\tr20.exe Single Runoff Hydrograph Function This command creates a hydrograph for the runoff of one drainage area. The Use TR-20 toggle in the upper left chooses between using TR-20 and using the SCS method from A Method for Estimating Volume and Rate of Runoff in Small Watersheds. The hydrograph is stored in a file with a.h1 extension that can be drawn with the Draw Hydrograph command. Storm types include 24-hour, 48-hour and emergency 6-hour. Prompts Calculate Hydrograph Dialog Select Hydrograph File Dialog Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 42

50 Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: calchgrf Prerequisite: None File Names: \lsp\calchgrf.lsp, \lsp\poly3d.arx, \lsp\hydro.dcl, \exec\tr20.exe Draw Hydrograph Function This command draws a hydrograph from a hydrograph file (*.h1) that is created by SEDCAD, the Hydrograph Development, or the Single Runoff Hydrograph command. Multiple hydrographs can be drawn on the same grid by first running Draw Hydrograph with the Draw Grid option on. Then run Draw Hydrograph for each additional hydrograph with the Draw Grid option off and pick the same starting time and same lower left grid corner. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 43

51 Prompts Range of Times: < > Starting time <0.0>: press Enter When plotting more than one hydrograph on the same graph as above, it is best to reference all starting times to 0. Some starting times will begin at 6 hours or other value, but if they share a zero reference, they can be overlaid correctly by picking the same lower left corner of the horizontal and vertical axes. Ending time <49.998>: press Enter Draw Hydrograph settings dialog box. Because the vertical axis is typically very closely spaced Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 44

52 in the hydrograph output files, it is recommended to set the vertical axis grid interval at 5 times the vertical scale, as shown in the dialog. For many cases, horizontal scaling of 1 and vertical scaling of 1,5,1 in that order, work well for plotting. Pick starting point for axis <0.0, 0.0>: pick a point Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: hydrogrf Prerequisite: A hydrograph file File Names: \lsp\hydrogrf.lsp, \lsp\makegrid.lsp, \lsp\hydro.dcl SEDCAD Draw Flow Polylines Function This command draws polylines in the SEDCAD layer that represent flow lines. When drawing a network of flow lines, first draw the main branch. Then begin drawing the other flow lines from the top of flow and use the Join option to connect onto the main branch. Draw Flow Polylines is the first command in a series that produce the Junction, Branch, and Structure labels for SEDCAD. Prompts End/Pick point: pick a point Undo/End/Join/Pick point: pick a point Undo/End/Join/Pick point: pick a point Undo/End/Join/Pick point: press Enter Draw another flow polyline (<Yes>/No)? press Enter End/Pick point: pick a point Undo/End/Join/Pick point: pick a point Undo/End/Join/Pick point: Join Select flow polyline at place to join: pick the main branch at the junction Draw another flow polyline (<Yes>/No)? No Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed > SEDCAD Structure Layout Keyboard Command: sedcad1 Prerequisite: None File Name: \lsp\poly3d.arx SEDCAD Locate Structures Function Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 45

53 This command is the second step for creating the SEDCAD layout. Locate Structures places triangle symbols on flow polylines that represents structures for SEDCAD. Prompts Symbol size <4.0>: press Enter Pick location on flow polyline for structure: pick a point on a polyline Pick location on flow polyline for structure: pick a point on a polyline Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed > SEDCAD Structure Layout Keyboard Command: sedcad2 Prerequisite: flow polylines File Name: \lsp\hydro1.lsp SEDCAD Label Structure Layout Function This command is the third and final step for creating the SEDCAD layout. Label Structure Layout draws text labels for the junctions, branches, and structures in the network. A junction, branch, and structure report is also generated. Flow polylines and structure symbols must be drawn before running this routine. This command uses the labeling rules as described in the SEDCAD manual. Prompts Symbol size <4.0>: press Enter Junction offset tolerance <10.0>: press Enter Flow lines that meet the main branch within this distance of each other are considered the same junction. Select flow polylines and structure symbols. Select objects: pick the polylines and symbols J5,B1,S1 J4,B2,S1 J4,B1,S1 J3,B2,S1 J3,B1,S2,S1 J2,B2,S1 J2,B1,S2,S1 J2,B3,S1 J2,B1 Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 46

54 J1,B2,S1 J1,B3,S1 J1,B4,S1 J1,B1 Write report to file (Yes/<No>)? press Enter Write report to printer (Yes/<No>)? press Enter Example of labeled SEDCAD structure layout Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed > SEDCAD Structure Layout Keyboard Command: sedcad3 Prerequisite: flow polylines and structure symbols File Name: \lsp\poly3d.arx SEDCAD Function Civil Software Design is the author of SEDCAD, which is sold separately from Carlson. SED- CAD is a comprehensive hydrology and sedimentology package, useful for all varieties of runoff and sediment control design calculations. SEDCAD can be run directly from the Carlson Hydrology menu. The directory where SEDCAD is installed must be defined in the Configure command. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 47

55 Prepare HEC-RAS Input File Function This program reads cross-section files and the corresponding MXS files (please see the material on Sections in Chapter 6 of this manual) and creates input files that can be used to run the HEC- RAS program for river analysis. The HEC-RAS program could be considered to be an advanced Windows-based version of the HEC-2 program. This program makes it easier for CADD and GIS systems to import their data directly for river network analysis. It is also very convenient because the output from the program can be exported directly to CADD programs where this data can be used to create water surface models for inundation mapping. Data Format HEC-RAS input files consist of three data sections: * A header, containing data relevant to all sections of the data in the file. * A description of the stream network, containing reach locations and connectivity. * A description of the model cross-sections, containing cross-section location and geometric data as well as additional HEC-RAS modeling information. The header information is mainly for the purpose of identifying the project and is mostly not used by the program. The only important information needed by the program is the ''Units'' section and the value must be ''ENGLISH'' or ''METRIC''. The network is modeled as a set of interconnected streams. Each stream is a set of interconnected reaches. Each reach, hence, MUST have a unique Stream ID and Reach ID. The Stream Network section contains a series of Point Numbers and the corresponding coordinates. In addition, this section has information pertaining to each Reach. For each Reach, the following information is provided: * Stream ID and Reach ID. These are 16 character alphanumeric strings. Together these two items uniquely identify a Reach. * Starting (FROM or upstream) point and ending (TO or downstream) point of the Reach. The FROM point and TO point here are given by their Point Numbers, as identified above. * The coordinates on the Centerline of the Reach, starting with the FROM point coordinates and ending with the TO point coordinates. The Cross-Sections portion of the input file contains data describing the geometric properties at each cross section in the network. The following information is provided at each Cross-Section: * Stream and Reach ID, to identify which Reach the Cross-Section is on. * Station, position of the Cross-Section, relative to the Stream. The Station is taken as the dis- Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 48

56 tance from the current station to the end of the stream. For this purpose, the stream MUST be drawn Downstream to Upstream. THIS IS THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT OF THE PROGRAM. If the Stream is drawn in the other direction, then, it must be reversed using the command Reverse Polyline under Edit>Polyline Utilities * Cut Line: Series of point coordinates, identifying the surface line of the Cross-Section. HEC- RAS identifies the cross-sections as going from left to right as seen from upstream to downstream. The user only needs to make sure that the stream network is drawn in the right direction (downstream to upstream); all other conventions are taken care of by the program. Modeling Guidelines Some additional guidelines in drawing the river network in the CAD so as to model correctly for HEC-RAS: * All the Reaches in the Stream Network must be connected at common End Points; disjointed Stream Networks are not allowed; Reaches must also NOT cross each other. * Streams cannot contain parallel flow lines. If three reaches connect at a node or End Point, at the most TWO of them can have a common Stream ID. (Please note that a Reach is uniquely identified by a Reach ID and a Stream ID.) * Cross-Section lines can cross a Reach line only once and cannot cross other X-section lines. Program Execution Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 49

57 Before starting the ''Prepare HEC-RAS Input File'' command, all the SCTfiles and their corresponding MXS files should have been created for every Reach. Points where two streams meet would form a node in the stream network. Sections of a stream between such nodes should be modeled as a Reach. and drawn as a separate polyline. Now, change to the Civil Design Menu. The MXS file for each Reach is created using the command Input Edit Section Alignment under the Sections pulldown menu. Based on any of the methods for creating section files (described in chapter 6 of this manual), the Section file for the Reach is created. The user must manage the.mxs file and the.sct file corresponding to each Reach. At this point, a Stream ID and Reach ID may be assigned to every Reach, based on a convenient naming convention, which is entirely up to the user. These IDs would be needed when creating the HEC-RAS input file. The program starts by asking the user for the Header information. The user can input as much information in this dialog box as possible. The ''Units'' can be ''Metric'' or ''English''. Next, the user will be prompted to enter the.mxs and.sct file names, the Stream ID and Reach ID for each Reach that you wish to add to your model. The user can enter data (IDs and file names) for as many Reaches as wished. That is, the user can create input files for each Reach individually and import them individually into HEC-RAS or create a combined input file for all the Reaches in the Stream Network. This makes it very convenient to add more Reaches to the HEC-RAS model at a later stage or do the analysis for various sections separately. After entering as many Reaches as needed, the user presses ''Exit'' to stop entering any further Reaches and to continue with the program execution. On pressing ''Exit'', the user is prompted for the Input HEC-RAS file to be created. HEC-RAS input files have a.geo extension. When the file is chosen at the prompt, the program creates the input file for HEC-RAS. This file can be used to import geometric data into HEC-RAS, as described below. You must have HEC-RAS version 2.0 or higher installed on your computer. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 50

58 HEC-RAS After starting HEC-RAS, select ''Geometric Data'' from under the ''Edit'' pulldown menu. This brings up a Geometric data editor, complete with a CAD screen and various options. From the ''File'' pulldown menu of the Geometric data editor, choose the ''Import Geometric Data > GIS Format'' command. This brings up a file browser and allows you to choose a geometric data file. Choose the.geo file just created. This should load the geometric data into HEC-RAS, which is then converted into a CAD format drawing and shows up in the Geometric Data Editor in the form of a Stream network, with EndPoint, Stream ID and Reach IDs, Cross Sections stationing information, along with directions of in each Reach. At this point, the user can edit several aspects of the data where Carlson only provides default values. Specifically, the Bank Positions and overbank reach lengths can be adjusted here. In addition, the Manning's coefficient has to be entered for all the cross-sections for all the left, right and center flows. As of HEC-RAS release 2.0, there is no way to input a default value for the Manning's coefficient, but this situation may improve in future releases of HEC-RAS, in which case the Carlson program will be modified immediately. Other data that needs to be modified is the location of the left and right banks. By default, the left bank is given to be at 0.45 times the cross-section length and the right bank is given to be at 0.55 times the cross-section length. In order to correctly model the channel geometry, the location Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 51

59 of the banks must be accurately defined for each cross-section. This can be done by clicking on the ''Cross-Sections'' icon in the ''Geometric Data Editor'' or by clicking with the left mouse on the cross-section to be edited. This brings up all the geometric data related to that particular cross-section, which may be edited as required. The left and right overbank lengths are defaulted to equal the centerline length ( which may not be equal in the case of a sharp bend in the stream). These values can also be edited in the same cross-section editor as mentioned above. Geometric data can be stored by running ''Save Geometric Data'' from the ''Geometric Data Editor''. The file extension assigned for Geometric data files is *.g*, which means that successive geometric data files will be given file extensions in a numeric sequence, beginning with *.g01. Information specific to each analysis can be entered in the ''Steady Flow Data Editor'', which can be brought up by selecting ''Steady Flow Data'' from the Edit pulldown menu of the main HEC-RAS window. The data that can be selected here are the number of profiles that need to be run, flow in each reach for each profile simulation and the Hydraulic boundary conditions at each Reach for each Profile simulation. This information is stored in a file with the extension *.f01 and so on for successive files. Once all the geometric data and Steady flow data has been entered, the simulation can be run by selecting ''Steady Flow Analysis'' from the ''Simulate'' pulldown menu in the main HEC-RAS window. After selecting the type of flow condition (sub-critical, super-critical or mixed), the user selects the ''Compute'' button to complete the analysis. If there are errors or serious warnings, the program reports them in a text editor. Otherwise, the program shells out to a DOS screen and completes all the necessary calculations. Several options are available for viewing and editing output from the HEC-RAS program, which are best explained in their manual. Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed->HEC-Ras Water Surface Model Keyboard Commands: sct2ras Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 52

60 Prerequisite: Section data (.sct) File Names: \lsp\sct2ras.lsp, \lsp\regrade.arx Draw Hec-Ras Watermark Function This routine takes an SDF output file from HEC-RAS and plots the high-water mark in plan view on the drawing. The procedure is to load the SDF file (.SDF), and if the output file contains more than one reach, you select which reach you wish to plot, from the dialog shown here: Shown next is an example HEC-RAS watermark plot based on a run of HEC-RAS using the file Hydrolesson.dwg, and using an input flow rate of 20,000 cfs, a Manning's n of for the left and right bank conditions, and with the boundary condition set to critical depth: Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 53

61 You will note that the vertices of the drawn polylines for the left and right bank high watermark are exactly at the sections used to create the HEC-RAS input file, using the command Prepare HEC-RAS Input File. The more sections, the smoother the watermark polyline. You need to purchase a copy of HEC-RAS from the Corps of Engineers or other sources in order to use the input file and create the ''.sdf'' output to process in this routine. Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed->HEC-RAS Water Surface Model Keyboard Command: drawras Prerequisite: Prepare HEC-RAS Input File, and the program, HEC-RAS or programs that duplicate the output of HEC-RAS File Names: \lsp\drawras.lsp, \lsp\regrade.arx Import Flow Velocity Points Function This function extracts the flow velocity distribution from the HEC-RAS output report file (.REP). The velocity points are extracted at every cross section along the river channel. All points are imported to a Carlson coordinate file (.CRD) and can be plotted in a TIN. Running HEC-RAS Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 54

62 In order to get the flow velocity at all cross sections, some guide lines in running HEC-RAS are provided as below. 1. From the Watershed > HEC-RAS Water Surface Model menu in the Hydrology Module, choose Prepare HEC-RAS Input File command to make a HEC-RAS geometry file (.GEO), which contains the cross section data of one or more reaches. Then in HEC-RAS, in Geometric Data dialog, select Import Geometry Data of GIS format from File menu and load the.geo file. 2. When running Steay/Unsteady Flow Analysis, in the Steady/Unsteady Analysis dialog, choose Flow Distribution Locations command from the Options menu. This command allows you to subdivide the left bank, channel and right bank. Specify as many subsections as needed. You can define up to 45 subsections. HEC-RAS: Flow Distribution Dialog 3. After finishing the flow analysis, select Generate Report command from File menu to display the Report Generator dialog. In the Output field, make sure to check the Flow Distribution check box and set the Summary Tables to Standard Table 1. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 55

63 HEC-RAS: Report Generator Dialog Importing Velocity Points Select Import Flow Velocity Points from Watershed > HEC-RAS Water Surface Model menu. This command takes the HEC-RAS output file (.REP) and displays the Reaches list and Profiles list in the Import Hydraulic Depth Points dialog. In the Reach Section and Alignment File boxes, type or select a section file(.sct) and the corresponding section alignment file (.MXS) that have been used to generate HEC-RAS input file (.GEO). In the Import to Flow Velocity CRD File box, type or select a CRD file. In the Starting Point Number box, enter the starting point number, the default number is 1. In the Reach and Profile lists, choose the reach and profile that you want to output, and then click OK button to extract the flow velocity distributions and write data to the.crd file. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 56

64 Import Hydraulic Velocity Points Dialog Prompts Import Flow Velocity Points dialog: Fill in values. Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed > HEC - RAS Water Surface Model > Import Flow Velocity Points Keyboard Command: crdrasvt Prerequisite: HEC-RAS output report file (.REP) and the corresponding section file (.SCT) and section alignment file (.MXS) File Name: \lsp\regrade.arx Import Flow Depth Points Function This function extracts the flow depth distribution from the HEC-RAS output report file (.REP). The depth points are extracted at every cross section along the river channel. All points are imported to a Carlson coordinate file (.CRD) and can be plotted in a TIN. Running HEC-RAS In order to get the flow depth at all cross sections, some guide lines in running HEC-RAS are provided as below. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 57

65 1. From the Watershed > HEC-RAS Water Surface Model menu in the Hydrology Module, choose Prepare HEC-RAS Input File command to make a HEC-RAS geometry file (.GEO), which contains the cross section data of one or more reaches. Then in HEC-RAS, in Geometric Data dialog, select Import Geometry Data of GIS format from File menu and load the.geo file. 2. When running Steay/Unsteady Flow Analysis, in the Steady/Unsteady Analysis dialog, choose Flow Distribution Locations command from the Options menu. This command allows you to subdivide the left bank, channel and right bank. Specify as many subsections as needed. You can define up to 45 subsections. HEC-RAS: Flow Distribution Dialog 3. After finishing the flow analysis, select Generate Report command from File menu to display the Report Generator dialog. In the Output field, make sure to check the Flow Distribution check box and set the Summary Tables to Standard Table 1. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 58

66 HEC-RAS: Report Generator Dialog Importing Depth Points Select Import Flow Depth Points from Watershed > HEC-RAS Water Surface Model menu. This command takes the HEC-RAS output file (.REP) and display the Reaches list and Profiles list in the Import Hydraulic Depth Points dialog. In the Reach Section and Alignment File boxes, type or select a section file(.sct) and the corresponding section alignment file (.MXS) that have been used to generate HEC-RAS input file (.GEO). In the Import to Flow Depth CRD File box, type or select a CRD file. In the Starting Point Number box, enter the starting point number, the default number is 1. In the Reach and Profile lists, choose the reach and profile that you want to output, and then click OK button to extract the flow depth distributions and write data to the.crd file. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 59

67 Import Hydraulic Depth Points Dialog Prompts Import Flow Depth Points dialog:fill in values. Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed > HEC - RAS Water Surface Model > Import Flow Depth Points Keyboard Command: crdrasdt Prerequisite: HEC-RAS output report file (.REP) and the corresponding section file (.SCT) and section alignment file (.MXS) File Name: \lsp\regrade.arx HEC2 Programs Function The HEC-2 programs include HEC-2, EDIT-2, PLOT-2, and SUMPO. These programs were developed by the Corps of Engineers and their documentation is separate. The programs are distributed with the Hydrology module and are placed in the Carlson EXEC directory. The HEC-2 programs can be placed in another directory and run from Carlson by setting the HEC-2 directory in the Configure command. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 60

68 Prepare HEC2 Input File Function This command is designed to allow the user to create HEC-2 input files. HEC-2 is a computer program prepared by the Corps of Engineers to compute water surface profiles in non-prismatic stream and river channels. The bulk of the input to the HEC-2 program consists of cross-sectional data of the stream and adjacent flood plain. It is in the preparation of this data that Carlson can be of real assistance. The Prepare HEC-2 Input File routine converts *.sct files prepared in Carlson to HEC-2 input data. The files are given the same name as the *.sct file used to make them and are given the *.h2i file extension. Each line in the HEC-2 text file begins with a two letter identifier, followed by the corresponding data in a fixed format. Each segment of the stream is represented by a group of lines. The header for the section is the ''X1'' line. On this line is recorded the general information about the section and the channel reach. The ''X1'' line may be preceded by several change channel lines. ''NC'' cards are the only representative of the change lines in this routine. This line defines the stream frictional resistance by the Manning's n. The ''X1'' line is followed by a series of ''GR'' lines representing the ground at the section. This representation is a list of elevations and distances from a baseline. The baseline is on the left side facing downstream and the distances are positive values, increasing as the section is read from left to right. Sections are identified in HEC-2 by a 6 character identifier on the ''X1'' line. The sct2hec conversion program uses the integer value of the centerline station as the identifier for the section. This allows sections at stations up to 9, This corresponds to study reaches of 189 miles. For the sake of standardization horizontal distances along the section are taken to the even foot and elevations to the 0.1 foot. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 61

69 The next piece of information on the ''X1'' line is the number of points on the following ''GR'' cards. The limit of 100 points in HEC-2 is checked and an alert box generated if applicable. The next two items of data on the ''X1'' card are the stations of the left and right banks of the stream. In HEC-2 the points must be points on the GR cards. Therefore these entries are made by selecting points from the list of points. The last data on the ''X1'' line is the lengths of the channel and overbanks within the reach from the prior section to the current section. The distance between the sections is determined by the difference in stations of the sections on the *.sct file. This distance is presented as the default value for the length of both overbanks and the channel. On the first section these three values are 0, which tells HEC-2 to begin a profile. If the original polyline defining the *.xms file was along the thalweg of the channel then the channel length default is correct. The overbank lengths should be edited for curves in the channel. A Carlson *.sct file may be made by any one of the seven methods listed on the Sections pulldown of the Civil Design module. A *.sct file made by any of these procedures can be converted to a *.h2i file. The procedure to create an *.sct file from a surface model begins with establishing a polyline as the centerline by which the sections will be oriented and spaced. This should be along or near the thalweg, or center of flow, of the stream and drawn in an upstream direction. From this polyline a *.mxs file is created. The width and location of sections at regular intervals and at special stations are defined in this step. It is this *.mxs file which Carlson uses to define the inundated regions latter in the hydrology modeling. Then the sections are cut and the *.sct file created by the normal means in Carlson. Carlson allows limiting the number of points in the section. Since HEC-2 has a limit of 100 points in a section, that limit should be observed when cutting the sections. Prompts When running the convert a *.sct file to a *.h2i file, an input *.sct file is first requested by a file selection dialog box. Then a ''Basic Applications for Hec-2'' dialog appears requesting information useful for preparing the *.h2i output file. Then a dialog presenting each section as stations appears (shown above). The horizontal distances, called stations in HEC-2, along the cross-section must all be positive numbers increasing across the section. The HEC-2 section represents the ground as a left to right section looking downstream. For the HEC-2 computations the sections are read from the downstream end working upstream. Thus the need to begin the *.mxs file at the downstream end of the stream reach. (The preceding applies to the predominate case of subcritical flow and is reversed for analysis of supercritical flow.) As each section is read the user is presented with a dialog box to edit data specific to each section. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 62

70 In the right half of the dialog box are edit boxes for the channel and overbank reach lengths. The distance between sections is used as the default in all three boxes. The user may edit these values to correspond to channel curvature or other conditions as hydraulically warranted. If the channel curves left, then the left overbank distance would be smaller and right overbank distance would be larger. There are also input boxes for the Manning's n coefficients for the channel and overbanks. The Manning's n values may be edited just like any edit box. The top of bank stations are assigned values by selecting points from the list of all the points in the section displayed along the right of the dialog box. The first station selected is assumed to be the left bank and the second the right bank. If the user changes his mind about the bank station, after the first two selections from the list the user can select either right or left bank. These boxes do not update their display until the user has selected another box to edit. The top of bank stations must correspond to points on the following ''GR'' cards, which is why user entry of any number is not allowed. The bank stations are used by HEC-2 to apply the Manning's n values assigned by the user. A complete, but minimal, input file is created by this conversion routine. Certain default values were selected and written to the output file to make it a complete file. These are: Begin computations using the slope/area method with 0.01 '/' slope; Only a single profile will be computed; On the ''T2'' card the input *.sct file is recorded; At each section the default top of bank stations are the first and last points. The user will normally need to edit the *.h2i file to represent the flows and conditions to model and the type of output desired. Other parameters which may be added to the input file (a few of which are included in the initial opening dialog) are: Contraction and expansion coefficients for energy loss, Multipliers to Manning's n, Call printer plots, Channel modifications, Bridges by normal or special methods, Custom output formats, Ice conditions and Encroachments. All of these items can be entered into the file on the appropriate cards using the DOS Edit program, the Display-Edit selection in Carlson or a similar editor. The output of the conversion is in the fixed 80 column format expected by the HEC-2 program. If the user is making significant changes or additions to the data it may be advisable to use the FREE format option for hand entered data. The default values for Manning's n are in the channel and for both overbanks. These can be edited for the first section and the edited values will apply to all following sections. Editing Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 63

71 the values in latter sections will create a new ''NC'' line to be written ahead of that section. The availability of easy input data to the HEC-2 program will change the way engineers use HEC- 2. In the past the location and number of sections was carefully considered to get the best result with the fewest, most representative, sections. Now a common topographic survey of the channel reach can provide easily sections at close intervals. Changes to the stream geometry can be easily modeled in the site plan and converted to HEC-2 data for analysis. This practically eliminates the need for channel improvement ''CI'' lines. Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: sct2hec Prerequisite: Cross section.sct file File Names: \lsp\sct2hec.lsp, \lsp\hydro.dcl Draw Watermark Function This command draws a closed polyline representing the high watermark as calculated by HEC-2. The program uses the water depth at each station from the HEC-2 output file, the existing section file and a centerline polyline or MXS file to locate the cross sections. A report is displayed after the watermark polylines are plotted successfully. Prompts Select Section File Cross-sections of the surface Select HEC-2 Output File This is a user-specified file created in HEC-2 Align sections by centerline polyline or MXS file [MXS/<CL>]: press Enter Select centerline polyline: pick the polyline Enter starting station of centerline <0.0>: press Enter Pulldown Menu Location: Watershed Keyboard Command: drawhec Prerequisite: A section file, HEC-2 output file, and a centerline polyline File Name: \lsp\regrade.arx Structure Menu Shown here is the Structure pulldown menu that contains commands for hydraulic structures including ponds, channels, pipes and outlets. The Design Bench Pond and Design Valley Pond Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 64

72 commands are described in the Civil Design manual. Detention Pond Sizing Function This command calculates the runoff and storage volumes for a detention pond. The program uses the method from the TR-55 program as described in the Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds manual. The command is run through the dialog box shown here. When the input values are filled in, click on the Calculate button to obtain the output values. The drainage area can be either entered directly or selected from AutoCAD by clicking on the Select Area button and then selecting the closed polyline from the screen. The peak inflow will use the value calculated in the Peak Flow- Graphical Method command. Likewise the runoff Q will use the value from the Curve Numbers & Runoff routine. The output of this command, the storage volume value, can be applied to the Design Bench, Valley or Rectangular Pond routines. There is also an option to generate a TR-55 6A report. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 65

73 Pulldown Menu Location: Structure in Hydrology Keyboard Command: dpond Prerequisite: None File Name: \lsp\det pond.lsp Rectangular Pond Design Function This program will draw rectangular ponds and calculate storage at any level in the pond corresponding to top of pond, emergency spillway, principal spillway and sediment (cleanout) level. Elevations can be ''reverse-calculated'' based on requested storage amounts. All calculations derive from input length-width and slope ratio values. Only one common ratio is used for the interior pond slopes (e.g. 1:1 or 2:1, etc.). The program will output scaled and fully annotated plan view, section A-A and section B-B drawings, complete with principal and emergency spillways. For simplicity, the principal spillway is considered to be a pipe spillway, and the emergency spillway is considered to be a flat-bottom weir spillway. If the pond in question has only one spillway, then the appropriate spillway elevation is entered in the dialog box, and the other spillway option is left blank. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 66

74 There are two other output options available. The user can produce a table of storage values as an ASCII file output by selecting ''Write Report''. This will include the ''Required Freeboard'' and ''Peak Storm Event'' values, which are used for the ASCII file output only. This information, in turn, can be read back into the drawing and plotted beside the pond details using TEXT IMPORT located under the Draw pulldown menu. The last output option is the ''Pond Capacity File'', which creates a.cap file which can be plotted using the file option within the POND STAGE STORAGE CURVE routine located under the POND pulldown menu. The net effect of the Rectangular Pond Design routine is that you can calculate necessary pond storages, plot the pond detail drawings, write out and import the ASCII text summary and plot the pond stage-storage curve, all in about 3 minutes. There are ways to use the routine in ''shortcut'' form to draw ponds. Simply by completing 3 dialog entries (base width, base length and total depth) the user can draw the plan view, section A-A and section B-B. This is why the Pond Elevation items are considered ''optional''. The programs can also be used as a pond storage calculator. Any of the Pond Elevation options (excepting peak stage), when completed will lead to recalculated storage values. Storage values can likewise be altered and will lead to recalculated elevations. The act of pressing enter inside a dialog box activates the calculation process. If there is no need to plot the pond detail drawings, the cancel ''button'' in the dialog can be selected following calculations. Prompts Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 67

75 The program begins by presenting the dialog. One effective way to fill out the dialog boxes is to pick the upper left box and work down and through the options by pressing the tab key after each entry. If all items are filled out as shown, the following prompts will appear: Path/File Name for Report: POND.TXT Path/File Name for Pond: POND Enter Scale Factor for Pond Drawing(s) <1>: press Enter Draw Plan View: (<y>/n): press Enter Pick Lower Left Corner: Plot Cleanout and Spillway Lines (<y>/n): press Enter Pick Location of Principal Spillway: Draw Section A-A Horizontal (y<n>): y Pick Left Location of Section A-A: Pick Right Location of Section A-A: Draw Section B-B Vertical (y/<n>): y Pick One Side of Section B-B: Pick one Side of Section B-B: Pick Upper Left Corner for Section A-A: Plot Cleanout and Spillway Lines (<y>/n): press Enter Pick Upper Left Corner for Section B-B: Plot Cleanout and Spillway Lines (<y>/n): press Enter If no Section A-A or Section B-B identifier lines are drawn, no section A-A or Section B-B details will be drawn. Thus if you want Section A-A only, say ''y'' to Draw Section A-A Horizontal but ''n'' or Enter to Draw Section B-B Vertical. If you entered only length, width and depth in the original dialog, the resultant prompting would be: Enter Scale Factor for Pond Drawing(s) <1>: press Enter Draw Plan View? (<y>/n): press Enter Pick Lower Left Corner: Draw Section A-A Horizontal (y/<n>): y Pick Left Location of Section A-A: Pick Right Location of Section A-A: Draw Section B-B Vertical (y/<n>): y Pick One Side of Section B-B: Pick Other End of Section B-B: Pick Upper Left Corner of Section A-A: Pick Upper Left Corner of Section B-B: Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 68

76 Plots produced by the entries in the preceding dialog Keep in mind that the scale factor, if other than 1, will enlarge or reduce the size of the detail drawings to suit the users needs, yet will annotate dimensions correctly in all cases. The imported text based on the output ASCII file POND.TXT (located in \SCADXML\WORK by default) would appear as follows: Top of Pond Elevation: feet Peak Stage (25th year-24 hour Storm Event): feet Includes 1.00 feet of Freeboard Emergency Spillway Elevation: Emergency Spillway Bottom Width: Principal Spillway Invert Elevation: feet Principal Spillway Diameter: in. Principal Spillway Slope: 2.00 % Sediment Pool (Cleanout) Elevation: feet Bottom of Pond Elevation: feet Storage Volume at Emergency Spillway: ac.ft. Storage Volume at Principal Spillway: ac.ft. Storage Volume at Sediment Pool: ac.ft. The routines are fully metric and will substitute meters and cubic meters appropriately for feet and acre-feet. Pipe sizes, however, will default to diameters in inches. Pulldown Menu Location: Structure in Hydrology Keyboard Command: rpond Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 69

77 Prerequisite: None File Names: \lsp\drawpond.lsp, \lsp\drawpond.dcl Design Spillway Function This command creates a spillway with 3D polylines in the drawing. The program uses a surface model of the area for the spillway, a spillway centerline and spillway dimensions (width, elevation, etc.). The surface model of the area can be defined by contour polylines, points and 3D polylines or can be created by the Design Bench or Valley Pond commands. The spillway dimensions can be calculated by the Design Channel commands to meet the desired discharge. The amount of cut required to make the spillway is calculated and reported. Prompts Source of surface model (File/<Screen>)? press Enter Use the File option to select a.grd file. Pick Lower Left limit of surface area: pick lower left Pick Upper Right limit of surface area: pick upper right Be sure to pick these limits well beyond the area of the spillway centerline in order to make room for the outslopes. Make GRiD File Dialog After selecting the limits of the disturbed area the program will generate a 3D grid that represents the surface. Specify the grid resolution desired and select OK. Pick the spillway centerline: select polyline that crosses the dam Pick a point within the pond: pick a point The program needs to know which end of the spillway centerline is within the pond. Enter slopes as percent grade or slope ratio (Percent/<Ratio>)? press Enter Enter the side slope ratio <1.0>: press Enter Enter the flow slope ratio <100.0>: press Enter Range of existing elevations along spillway centerline. Enter spillway elevation <1476.5>: This is the entrance elevation of the spillway Enter the spillway width <10.0>: press Enter Spillway Report: Spillway inlet elevation: Spillway outlet elevation: Spillway width: Side slope percent grade: , slope ratio: 1.00 Flow slope percent grade: 1.00, slope ratio: Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 70

78 Spillway EarthWork Volumes Total cut: C.Y., C.F. Spillway added to valley pond Pulldown Menu Location: Structure in Hydrology Keyboard Command: spill Prerequisite: Surface entities that model the pond File Name: \lsp\pond.arx Drop Pipe Spillway Design Function This program calculates the spillway discharge at different water elevations. As the water elevation initially rises above the riser, the flow is controlled by weir flow. At higher water elevations the flow is under orifice control. When the barrel flows full, the flow is controlled by full pipe flow. Given the water elevation and spillway dimensions, the program calculates the type of flow and discharge. The Calculate button will read the values in the dialog, calculate the flow and report this flow value at the bottom of the dialog. The Report button will generate a report of the input values and calculated flows. The File routine will create a stage-discharge (.STG) file. The Draw function will draw and label the drop pipe spillway in the drawing at the specified scale. The Graph button creates a stage-discharge graph. Data: Pool elevation:... = ft Top of riser elevation:... = ft Bottom of riser elevation:.. = ft Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 71

79 Outlet elevation:... = ft Diameter of riser pipe:... = in Diameter of culvert pipe:... = in Length of culvert:... = ft Entrance loss coefficient:.. = Friction coefficient:... = Weir coefficient:... = Orifice coefficient:... = Spillway discharge: Weir Flow Discharge... = CFS Orifice Flow Discharge... = CFS Full Pipe Flow Discharge... = CFS Spillway discharge... = CFS Pulldown Menu Location: Structure in Hydrology Keyboard Command: spillway Prerequisite: None File Name: \lsp\spillway.lsp Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 72

80 Rectangular Weir Design Function This program calculates the dimensions of a rectangular weir given the outflow discharge. The default discharge uses the value from the Detention Pond command. The weir width and depth are two free variables. Enter a value for one and press Enter. Then the value for the other is calculated. The weir design may optionally be applied to a pond design. First enter a Required Storage Volume which can come from the Detention Pond command. Then click Apply to Actual Pond and choose a Storage Capacity File (.CAP). This.cap file can be created by Bench or Valley Pond Design and by the Stage-Storage command. The program then computes the elevation at the required storage volume and the corresponding elevation for the bottom of the weir given the weir depth. When the Draw Spillway Detail option is checked, a drawing of the weir is created as shown below. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 73

81 Pulldown Menu Location: Structure in Hydrology Keyboard Command: weir Prerequisite: None File Name: \lsp\spilweir.lsp Advanced Weir Design Function The Advanced Weir Design uses the methodology described in HEC-22 Manual. The weir flow is determined as: Q = C w L H 0.5 for the Rectangular Weir without Contracted End Q = C w (L H) 0.5 for the Rectangular Weir with Contracted End where: Q = discharge, ft 3 /s (m 3 /s) C w = weir coefficient, 3.33 in English units (1.84 in Metric units) L = weir length, ft (m) H = head above weir crest, ft (m) Q = C w [L H tan(ø/2)] 1.5 for Trapezoidal Weir where: Q = discharge, ft 3 /s (m 3 /s) C w = weir coefficient, 3.33 in English units (1.84 in Metric units) L = weir length, ft (m) Ø = internal angle of the two sides, degrees H = head above weir crest, ft (m) Q = C w tan(ø/2) H 2.5 for V-Notched Weir where: Q = discharge, ft 3 /s (m 3 /s) C w = weir coefficient, 2.5 in English units (1.38 in Metric units) Ø = angle of v-notch, degrees H = head above weir crest, ft (m) This command designs a weir structure and calculates its stage-discharge curve. Select Weir Design from the Structure menu in the Hydrology Module to display the design dialog. Select the Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 74

82 Type of the weir, Rectangular, Trapezoidal or V-notched. Enter the dimension for the weir. In the Invert Elev box, type the absolute elevation at which the weir will be attached to a reservoir. The attachment point is at the bottom of the weir. In the Coefficient box, type a weir coefficient value. In the Number of Openings box, enter the number of weirs you want to combine. In the Headwater box, type the absolute headwater surface elevation.click on the Calculate button, the maximum discharge and flow velocity through the weir would be computed and displayed. Click on the Stage-Discharge Result button to display the stage-discharge curve in the Stage- Discharge Result Dialog. This dialog allows you to write the stage-discharge data to a stagedischarge file(.stg), and draw the stage-discharge curve on the screen. From the Stage-Discharge Curve Draw Settings dialog, you can specify how to draw the curve. Advanced Weir Design Dialog Stage-Discharge Limits Dialog Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 75

83 Stage-Discharge Result Dialog Prompts Advanced Weir Design dialog: Fill in values. Pulldown Menu Location: Structure > Advanced Weir Design Keyboard Command: weir Prerequisite: None File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Orifice Design Function The Orifice Design uses the methodology described in HEC-22 Manual. determined as: Q = C o A o (2 g H o ) 0.5 The orifice flow is where: Q = discharge, ft 3 /s (m 3 /s) C o = orifice coefficient, unitless ( ) A o = area of orifice, ft 2 (m 2 ) Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 76

84 H o = effective head on the orifice measured from the centroid of the opening, ft (m) g = gravitational acceleration, 32.2 ft/s 2 (9.81 m/s 2 ) This command designs an orifice structure and calculates its stage-discharge curve. Select Orifice Design from the Structure menu in the Hydrology Module to display the design dialog. Select the Section Type of the orifice, Circular or Rectangular. Enter the dimension for the orifice. In the Invert Elev box, type the absolute elevation at which the orifice will be attached to a reservoir. The attachment point is at the bottom of the orifice. In the Coefficient box, type a roughness coefficient for the orifice. The coefficient ranges from 0.4 to 0.6 (HEC-22). In the Number of Openings box, enter the number of orifices you want to combine. In the Headwater and Tailwater boxes, type the absolute headwater surface elevation and tailwater surface elevation respectively. Click on the Calculate button, the maximum discharge and flow velocity through the orifice would be computed and displayed. Click on the Stage-Discharge Result button to display the stage-discharge curve in the Stage-Discharge Result Dialog. This dialog allows you to write the stage-discharge data to a stage-discharge file(.stg), and draw the stage-discharge curve on the screen. From the Stage-Discharge Curve Draw Settings dialog, you can specify how to draw the curve. Orifice Design Dialog Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 77

85 Stage-Discharge Limits Dialog Stage-Discharge Result Dialog Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 78

86 Stage-Discharge Curve Draw Settings Dialog Prompts Orifice Design dialog: Fill in values. Pulldown Menu Location: Structure > Orifice Design Keyboard Command: orifice Prerequisite: None File Name:\lsp\cntr grd.arx Multiple Outlet Design Function Multiple Outlet Design attaches multiple outlet structures to a detention pond and computes the stage-discharge data. All design parameters are stored in a combo outlet file (.COT). This command allows you to add, edit and remove outlet structures attached to a pond, and you can see how different combinations of structures affect the stage-discharge calculation. There are five types of outlet structures: culvert, drop pipe, orifice, weir and user defined stage-discharge curve. Please refer to the documentation of Culvert Design, Drop Pipe Spillway Design, Orifice Design, Weir Design and Input-Edit Stage-Discharge for the details. From the Structure menu in the Hydrology Module, choose Multiple Outlet Design command to open the design dialog. You need to specify an existing or a new combo outlet file (.COT) to load it into the design dialog. The dialog has two edit fields: Outlet and Detention. Outlet field displays a list of outlet structures that are attached to the detention pond. By highlighting a structure, you can edit its parameters and see the stage-discharge calculations. In the Invert Elev box, type the absolute elevation at which the highlighted structure will be attached. The attachment point for a structure is at the bottom of the structure. In the Detention field, you can specify the base elevation and the water surface elevation of the detention pond, and the total discharge will be calculated and displayed. Click on Add button to display the New Outlet Structure dialog. Enter the structure name and select a structure type, then click the OK button to display the outlet design dialog for that structure. Configure the structure in the design dialog and then click OK to exit the dialog and come back to the main dialog, which highlights the new structure and indicates its parameters Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 79

87 and the stage-discharge result. The Edit and Remove buttons allow you to edit and remove the highlighted structure. The Stage- Discharge Result button computes the discharges at each stage from the minimum water elevation to the maximum, and displays the result in the Stage-Discharge Result Dialog. The Report button reports the design parameters and the discharge results in the standard Carlson report display window, from where the information can be edited, saved, and printed to a printer or to the screen. The Load button allows you to load other combo outlet files (.COT) for editing. The Save and SaveAs buttons save the current design parameters to a outlet file. Multiple Outlet Design Dialog New Outlet Structure Dialog Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 80

88 Stage-Discharge Result Dialog Prompts Multiple Outlet Design dialog: Fill in values. Pulldown Menu Location: Structure > Multiple Outlet Design Keyboard Command: poutlet Prerequisite: None File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Input-Edit Stage-Storage Function This command allows you to define a reservoir by entering stage/storage data in four ways: stage/storage or stage/area data, stage/contour area data, rectangular/trapezoidal pond definition and underground pipe definition. From the Structure > Stage-Storage menu in the Hydrology Module, choose Input-Edit Stage- Storage to open the design dialog. Enter the pond name in the Structure Name box. There are four Storage Methods: User Defined Storage allows you to manually enter stage-storage or stagearea data, Irregular Shape allows you to select the contours of a surface model from a drawing, Rectangular Shape is used to define a rectangular or trapezoidal pond and Underground Pipe is Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 81

89 used to define pipe shape reservoirs. Stage-Storage Data section displays the stage-storage curve data. Click on the Edit Detention Structure button to create/edit the stage-storage input. Load, Save and SaveAs buttons allow you to load and save the stage-storage data. User Defined Storage Input-Edit Stage-Storage In the spreadsheet, you can enter elevations and corresponding cumulative volumes, or elevations and the corresponding areas. Before entering data, set the Storage Unit to Cumulative Volume or Area, depending on what type of data you have. The area data represents the areas at the specified elevation while the volume correlate to the volume between the first elevation and the current elevation. The first entry always contains the lowest elevation in your reservoir, the cumulative volume should be 0.0, or the area should be the area of the reservoir bottom if the Storage Unit is area. All the elevation entries are in the increasing order. In the Base Area box, enter the area at the lowest elevation. Insert and Delete buttons allow you to insert and deleter a row at the cursor. Click on OK button to save the stage-storage data. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 82

90 User Defined Storage Irregular Shape This method allows you to define an irregular shape pond from the contour polylines of a surface model, and generate the stage-storage data automatically. In order to use this method, you must have the surface drawing open, which contains the contours that you want to use to define the reservoir. Click on the Select Pond Contours and select as many contours as you need, the stage/storage and stage/area relationship will be then determined and displayed in the Stage- Storage Data table, starting from the lowest elevation to the maximum. Click on OK button to save the data. Rectangular Shape Irregular Pond Design This method allows you to define a rectangular box or trapezoidal shape reservoir. Enter values in the Top Elevation, Base Elevation, Base Length and Base Width boxes. If you want to define a Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 83

91 trapezoidal shape reservoir, enter the Length Slope Ratio and Width Slope Ratio. You also need to specify the Stage Increment. Click on OK button to save pond parameters. Underground Pipe Rectangular Pond Design This method allows you to specify a reservoir as a pipe. Pipes come in circular and rectangular shapes. Enter the pipe dimensions and the Invert Elev at which the pipe is located. Specify the Number of Barrels and the Stage Increment. Click on OK button to save the pipe parameters. Stage-Storage Curve Underground Pipe Design When you click on the Graph button, the Stage-Storage Curve dialog displays. A image is shown for you to view the stage vs. storage, stage vs area plot for the reservoir. The graph can be plotted into the CAD graphic by clicking on Draw button. When you click on the Draw button, the Stage- Storage Curve Settings dialog displays from where you can define how to plot the text and graph on screen. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 84

92 Stage-Storage Curve Stage-Storage Curve Draw Settings Prompts Input-Edit Stage-Storage dialog: Fill in values. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 85

93 Pulldown Menu Location: Structure > Stage-Storage > Input-Edit Stage-Storage Keyboard Command: edit stage store Prerequisite: a stage-storage file (.CAP) File Name: \lsp\cntr grd16.arx Calculate Stage-Storage Function This command calculates stage-storage values for a pond that is already drawn in the drawing. Before running this routine, the surface model for the pond must be created as a grid file with Make 3D Grid File. A closed polyline for the perimeter of the pond is also required. It has the option to save a stage-storage capacity file, in one of 2 forms (Carlson for readability, or Sedcad form, for importing into Sedcad). The type of file stored is set in Configure, Hydrology Module. Prompts Choose Grid File Select the.grd file that models the pond surface. Pick the top of dam polyline: pick the closed polyline perimeter Choose method to specify storage elevations (<Automatic>/Interval/Manual)? Manual Range of pond elevations: 1202 to 1220 Sediment Elevation (Enter for none): 1206 Enter stage elevation (Enter for none): 1206 Enter stage elevation (Enter for none): 1210 Enter stage elevation (Enter for none): 1215 Enter stage elevation (Enter for none): 1220 Enter stage elevation (Enter for none): press Enter Pond Storage Volumes Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 86

94 Write stage-storage to file (Yes/<No>)? press Enter When saving a stage-storage capacity file, to be drawn in the Draw Stage-Storage Curve command, it is a good idea to limit the number of stages to a reasonable number, such as 6 to 12 stages. More than 12 will plot off the page in a long list, unless you use the option ''Skip Every 2nd Table Entry''. If the stages are at odd intervals, the Draw Stage-Storage Curve command will interpolate additional stages, so reducing the number of stages used works best for plotting. Typical Pond for Calculate Stage Storage Pulldown Menu Location: Structure in Hydrology Keyboard Command: postpond Prerequisite: Surface entities that model the pond File Name: \lsp\makegrid.arx Draw Stage-Storage Curve Function This routine draws a pond stage storage curve with pond elevation on the vertical axis and acre-feet of storage on the horizontal axis. It will plot and label the emergency spillway, principal spillway and cleanout levels and will produce a table of storage data. The program will read and write a.cap file of pond storage, based on areas at each stage or elevation. CAP files (short for ''capacity'') are made by Bench Pond Design, Valley Pond Design, Rectangular Pond Design, Calculate Stage Storage and by the Stage Storage Curve program itself. These programs output Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 87

95 two types of CAP files, one which is read by SEDCAD, a popular hydrology and sedimentology program, and another which is a simple comma-delimited file for easy viewing in spreadsheets or text editors. In addition to file-based inputs, the user can enter pond dimensions directly by length-width, area at each stage, or volume at each stage. The above drawing was created by the entry of widths and lengths at increasing elevation, entered within the routine itself. Also shown at the bottom is the default certification, obtained by clicking on the certification option. All text is editable. If stage-storage curves are loaded from file, which contains only volumes at different stages, then the width and length columns are filled in as ''N/A'' (not applicable). Since volume-based entry does not include area information, no CAP files are stored with this option. However, the curves plot in all cases. Plots are sized to fit on 8.5 x 11 sheets at the selected scale for plotting. They are particularly suited for permit applications, so the program will prompt for permit number and page. Prompts The program is dialog-driven. The first dialog controls file loading and some pre-calculation options, and is shown below: Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 88

96 In this case we have loaded a stage-storage curve from a stored capacity file. The program will automatically display the top of structure. If your goal is to set the emergency spillway at an elevation with storage 5.5 acre-feet, you can enter the storage in the lower left and calculate the appropriate elevation. You can also compute permanent pool elevations by entering runoff quantities. A total runoff of 3.5 acre feet, subtracted from the acre-feet at the principal spillway, will set the recommended elevation of the ''clean out level''. If the pond silts up above that level, then the silt needs to be removed. In Kentucky, for example, the minimum vertical separation between principal spillway and clean out level is 1.5 feet. If you choose to manually enter the pond area, dimensions or volume at increasing stages (elevations), then all the options in the lower portion of the dialog ''ghost'' and are not available, since the pond characteristics are not yet known. Then prompting appears as shown below: Prompts Input (A)rea, Length/Width (D)imensions or <V>olume: D Stage No. 1 Elevation: 940 Width: 20 Length: 60 Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 89

97 <Enter> for more, (R) to Revise, (E) to exit entry: If you made a mistake, you could enter R and then enter a revised Elevation, Width and Length. Otherwise, press Enter to continue. Stage No. 2 Elevation: 945 Width: 30 Length: 70 <Enter> for more, (R) to Revise, (E) to exit entry: press Enter Stage No. 3 Elevation <950.00>: The program defaults to the last interval. Width: 40 Length: 80 <Enter> for more, (R) to Revise, (E) to exit entry: E to exit A table appears, similar to the following: Elev Width Length Area Interval Avg. Area Inc. Vol Acc. Vol Stage (Ft) (Ft) (Ft) (Acre) (Ft) (Acre) (Acre Ft) (Acre Ft) Areas are in acres. If the area method of entry were chosen instead, the user would have been prompted for area at each elevation (stage), and the summary table would be blank under the width and length columns. Similarly, if entry was by volume (in cubic feet), all width, length and area columns would be blank. Calculate Storage or Elevation Points (y/<n>): y Known (E)levation or known <S>torage: Storage (e.g. 0.2 or %60 for 60% of total): %60 Storage: 0.30 Elevation: Calculate Storage or Elevation Points (y/<n>): press Enter This allows you to move on. The advantage of this option is the ability to find exact spillway and cleanout levels by experimenting with needed storages or desired elevations. For example, sediment cleanout levels are often set at 60% of total storage, which would be in this case Elevation of Top of Structure: 950 Elevation of Emergency Spillway: Elevation of Principal Spillway (Enter if same): press Enter Elevation of Cleanout Level: Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 90

98 Is Above Data OK (<y>/n): press Enter n leads to re-entry of above 4 items Regardless of whether the stage-storage information was hand-entered or loaded from a capacity file, you are in all cases led to the next dialog, which governs the drawing and labeling of the stage-storage curve graph and text: Note that it is often beneficial to ''skip every 2nd table entry'', since the table of text for each stage may exceed the space alloted to it. You can also plot a ''Stage-Area Curve'' as well as a Stage-Storage Curve, with the Stage-Area horizontal access scale information plotted on the top of the graph. A business address or typed-in certification can be entered here as well. Prompts Pick Starting Position: pick lower left corner of stage storage curve on screen Company Name: Maysville Survey & Engineering Address Line 1: 105 W. 2nd Street Address Line 2: Maysville, KY Address Line 3: Store Pond Capacity File (y/<n>): y This prompt appears if you hand-enter stage-storage information without the routine and is followed by the normal store file dialog. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 91

99 Note that if Drawing Setup is set to metric, the stage-storage curve is calculated in cubic meters and all entries are in meters. The final result of a typical combined Stage-Storage and Stage-Area plot is shown below: Pulldown Menu Locations: Structure in Hydrology, Surface in Mining Keyboard Command: stage Prerequisite: None File Name: \lsp\stage.lsp Input-Edit Stage-Discharge Function This command allows you to manually input and edit the discharge data at specific elevations. A rating curve is created between the minimum and maximum elevations. Insert Row and Delete Row buttons insert and delete rows at the cursor. Load, Save and SaveAs buttons allow you to load and save the stage-discharge data. Click on the Graph button to open the Stage-Discharge Curve dialog to view the stage-discharge data. After viewing the data, you can plot the graph into the CAD graphic by clicking on Draw button. When you click on the Draw button, the Stage- Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 92

100 Discharge Curve Settings dialog displays from where you can define how to plot the text and graph on screen. Input-Edit Stage-Discharge Stage-Discharge Curve Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 93

101 Stage-Discharge Curve Draw Settings Prompts Input-Edit Stage-Discharge dialog: Fill in values. Pulldown Menu Location: Structure > Stage-Discharge > Input-Edit Stage-Discharge Keyboard Command: edit stage discharge Prerequisite: a stage-discharge file (.STG) File Name: \lsp\cntr grd16.arx Draw Stage-Discharge Graph Function This program draws a stage-discharge graph with the stage (water elevation) on the Y-axis and the discharge on the X-axis. The data to graph is read from a stage-discharge (.stg) file which can be created by several routines including Design Channel, Drop Spillway, etc. First you are prompted to select a STG file to draw. Then the program asks for the ending discharge for the graph which defaults to the highest discharge in the file. Next this dialog is displayed to enter the graph scale and intervals. The height of the annotation equals the horizontal scale times the Axis Text Scaler. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 94

102 Pulldown Menu Location: Structure in Hydrology Keyboard Command: stage2 Prerequisite: Stage-Discharge file (.stg) File Names: \lsp\hydrogrf.lsp, \lsp\hydro.dcl Report Stage-Discharge Function Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 95

103 This command simply loads and presents a stage-discharge file, for review and printing. The procedure is to load the file from the normal file loading dialog, then review, edit or print it as shown below: Pulldown Menu Location: Structure in Hydrology Keyboard Command: stg report Prerequisite: Creation of Stage-Discharge File in Pipe, Channel and Spillway Design routines File Name: \lsp\poly3d.arx Merge Stage-Discharge Files Function This command combines two or more stage-discharge files into a single, merged file. Ponds with two or more spillways (for example, a principal and emergency spillway) will outlflow increasing volumes of water at higher elevations (stages) in the pond. In many ponds, a principal spillway allows baseline, non-storm flow to exit the pond, and an emergency spillway, placed at a higher elevation, permits storm flows to exit the pond as the water in the pond rises. Because flows increase for virtually all spillway types with increasing water elevation above the spillway, stagedischarge files (.STG files) will show increasing flow at increasing elevation. For ponds with more than one spillway, it is necessary to combine or merge the flows from the multiple spillways as they are encountered at higher elevation. The most typical application is to merge the flow from the principal and emergency spillways that are used on most pond designs. (See graphic in Draw Stage-Storage Curve.) These merged stage-discharge files are then used in the command Locate Structures, found under the Watershed pulldown menu. This command will also merge multiple selections of single stage-discharge files, or will accept a ''pre-merged'' stage-discharge Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 96

104 file. In combination with the pond stage-storage files, the structures in a watershed layout will be used to compute hydrographs and determine the impact of pond placement and spillway design on reducing storm flows. Prompts The command is dialog-driven, in this order: First Stage-Discharge File to Merge. (It is recommended to load the lowest elevation spillway file, typically the principal spillway stage-discharge file.) Next Stage-Discharge File to Merge. (Here you would typically load the emergency spillway stage-discharge file.) Merge Another Stage-Discharge File? Yes/No. Click Yes if there is another stage-discharge file, otherwise click No. Choose the Output Stage-Discharge File. Name the ouput stage-discharge file. Pulldown Menu Location: Structure in Hydrology Keyboard Command: merge stg Prerequisite: Spillway design routines that create Stage-Discharge Files, such as Drop Pipe Spillway Design, Pond Weir Spillway Design, Open Channel (Manning's Eq) and Pipe Culvert Design. Channel Design - NonErodible Mannings Equation Function This will compute channel depth, flow and velocity based on channel parameters such as side slopes, base dimensions and Manning's n value. It handles triangular, trapezoidal, rectangular and irregular channels. Entry of a depth leads to calculation of flow and velocity. Entry of one of the other items (flow or velocity) will lead to calculation of the remaining items. In addition to functioning as a channel calculator, the program will output a typical section or detail of the channel as well as a report of the channel output. The routine also works in metric units. It applies to non-erodible channels, primarily. The user can select to output an ASCII file report of the channel input and output values as well as a standard detail shown below for the above example. Prompts When the routine is selected, the dialog box shown below appears. Select, for example, a trapezoidal channel, equal sides, with side slopes of 3 (for 3:1) and a base dimension of 16. Enter the Manning's n value and channel slope as shown. Note that 0.1, in English units, means 0.1 foot Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 97

105 drop per 100 foot of length. Then at the lower right, plug a value of 4.5 for the depth. This will calculate a flow of 862 CFS and a velocity of 6.5 fps, as shown below. If the channel is divided into two types of materials (paved lower portions and vegetated upper portion), you can specify a second Manning's n for the upper banks, as shown in the dialog. To use the routine as a calculator, enter the known value in the lower right area of the dialog (flow, depth, or velocity), then press enter while still in the entered item. The other two items are then calculated. Note that the routine will default to the last values used during the current Carlson work session, and will capture the flow values calculated in Water Runoff under the Watershed Pull-down. When entering the Manning's n value, a table of n values can be brought up and an appropriate Manning's selected. Among the output options is ''Draw Channel Detail'', which will draw and annotate as shown below. Since Open Channels are often used as emergency spillways, the Write Stage/Discharge File will output an.stg file for use in the command Locate Structure under Watershed, for pond design and storm routing and hydrograph calculations. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 98

106 Pulldown Menu Location: Structure in Hydrology Keyboard Command: channel1 Prerequisite: Use Drawing Setup to activate Metric or English outputs. If English is configured, the formula v=(1.486/n)(rˆ2/3)(sˆ1/2) is used, where n is the Manning's value, R is the water cross section divided by the wetted perimeter and s is the slope ratio. If Metric is configured, the formula becomes v=(1.0/n)(rˆ2/3)(sˆ1/2) and outputs are in meters. To test metric, set to metric in Drawing Setup. Then for a rectangular, concrete open channel of 12.0 meters width, slope of 0.28%, Manning's n of and depth of 2.5 meters, you should compute a velocity of 5.94 m/s and Q (flow) of 178 cubic meters/second. File Names: \lsp\channel.lsp, \lsp\hydro.dcl Channel Design - Erodible Mannings Equation Function This command uses the same Manning's equations as non-erodible channel design. In this case, the discharge and velocity are known. The velocity must be less than a maximum to prevent erosion. The program calculates the channel dimensions that meet the requirements. First choose the channel and water type. Then either enter the Manning's n, velocity, and tractive force or select them from a table of channel types by clicking Select from Table. Also fill in the slope and discharge. Finally, choose either Calc Base or Calc Ratios to compute the channel dimensions. The Standard Parameters are used in drawing the channel detail. When OK is selected, the routine ends and the channel is drawn if Draw Channel Detail is checked. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 99

107 When choosing Calc Base or Calc Ratios, there will be a message Error: unable to solve these parameters on the top line if the design parameters never reach erosion conditions for any channel dimension. Consider an extreme error case with a discharge of 1 cfs, a slope of 0.1%, and a velocity of 5.0 fps. There are no dimensions that meet these requirements. So, for this case, the channel dimensions can be set anyway to avoid erosion. Pulldown Menu Location: Structure in Hydrology Keyboard Command: channel2 Prerequisite: None File Names: \lsp\chan erd.lsp, \lsp\hydro.dcl Pipe Culvert Design Function A culvert is a hydraulically short conduit, which can be used to convey stream flow underground through a roadway embankment or other flow obstructions, or used as an outlet structure attached to a detention pond. Culverts come in circular and rectangular cross sections, and concrete, corrugated steel, aluminum and plastic materials. The hydraulics of a culvert are complex since several flow control types may exist. The methods Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 100

108 that Pipe Culvert Design uses are from FHWA Hydraulic Design Series No. 5 (HDS-5), Hydraulic Design of Highway Culverts. There are two flow controls: inlet control and outlet control. Under inlet control, the culvert's entrance characteristics determine it's capacity, and the culvert is capable of conveying a greater discharge than the inlet will accept. With outlet control, the inlet can accept more flow than the culvert can carry because of the head loss due to the friction along the barrel or the high tailwater elevation. Furthermore, because culverts are generally not long enough to achieve uniform flow, the flow profile inside is often gradually or rapidly varied flow. In Pipe Culvert Design, bother inlet control and outlet control calculations are performed, along with the gradually varied flow analysis. The worst-performing control condition is then used to evaluate the proposed design, i.e. the greater of the inlet control headwater and the outlet control headwater is the controlling headwater. Please refer to HDS-5 for details. From the Structure menu in the Hydrology Module, choose Pipe Culvert Design to display the design dialog. Click on Load button to load an existing culvert file to view or modify it, or a new file to start a fresh design. From the Solve For list, select the value that you want to calculate. The available values are: Discharge, Headwater and Size. Culvert Section Culvert Design Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 101

109 From the Shape list, select the type of culvert that you want to define. The available shapes are Circular and Box. From the Material list, select the material for the culvert, the available options are Concrete or CMP/Aluminum. If you don't solve for the culvert size, enter the values in the Diameter box or Height and Width boxes depending on the culvert shape. In the Manning's n box, type a Manning's n roughness coefficient for the culvert. You can also click on Select button to select a coefficient from the Manning' n Library. Please refer to Pipe Manning's N Library for defining Manning's n values. In the Number of Barrels box, enter the number of barrels for the culvert. Culvert Inlet The Inlet list contains the different inlet types available for the current culvert shape. It updates with different culvert shape that is chosen. All the inlet types are specified in HDS-5. Ke is the entrance loss coefficient, which is depending on the culvert shapes and inlet types. It'll update with different chosen culvert shape and inlet type, you can also type the value in the box. Culvert Inverts Inlet Invert is the elevation of the bottom of the culvert at the upstream end, while Outlet Invert is the elevation of the bottom of the culvert at the downstream end. In the Length box, enter the true culvert pipe length. The culvert slope will be calculated after entering the above three values and displayed in the Slope box. You can also change the outlet invert by entering a slope for the culvert. Calculation In the Discharge box, enter the rate of flow in the culvert. In the Headwater Elev box, enter the water surface elevation at the upstream end of the culvert. If you are solving for either discharge or headwater, the corresponding box will be disabled. In the Tailwater Elev box, enter the water surface elevation at the downstream end. Section Size Library allows you to specify as many as available pipe sizes for solving for culvert size. After the hydraulic calculation, the smallest, large enough, available pipe size will be chosen. Please refer to the Pipe Size Library command for defining pipe sizes. Click on Solve button, depending on Solve For selection, the headwater, discharge, culvert size are calculated and displayed in the dialog correspondingly. The Outlet Velocity and Flow Depth are calculated and shown, and the Control Type is also illustrated. Outputs Click on the Stage-Discharge Result button to display the stage-discharge curve in the Stage- Discharge Result Dialog. From this dialog, you can view the stage-discharge curve, write the Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 102

110 result to a stage-discharge file(.stg), and draw the graph into the CAD graphic. When you click on the Draw button, the Stage-Discharge Curve Settings dialog displays from where you can define how to plot the text and graph on screen. Stage-Discharge Limits Stage-Discharge Dialog Click on Generate Report button, the program will present a report screen that contains detailed information regarding the design parameters and the calculations. The report window provides the options of printing, drawing the report in AutoCAD or storing the report to a file. Shown below is an example. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 103

111 Culvert Report A rating table presents the discharge-headwater relationship in the tabular form. It can be displayed in a Microsoft spreadsheet or a standard report. Click on Generate Rating Table button to open Rating Limits dialog. In the Variant list, select the independent variable. The available variables are Discharge and Headwater. Enter data in the Minimum, Maximum and Increment boxes. Enter the Tailwater Elev and select the decimal setting from the Decimals list. When you finish entering data, click on OK button to calculate the rating table. A rating table example is shown below in the standard report format. The first column Discharge is an independent variable, and the other columns are computed variables. Culvert Rating Table Limits Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 104

112 Culvert Rating Table in Report Format Generate Sedcad File button produces a file with a.cvt extension that can be used as one of the building blocks for the SedCad Program ( a third hydrology and sedementology stand-alone software package). The file is identical to what is produced within SedCad by its utilities program. Draw Pipe Detail button plots a fully annotated standard detail, with user-controlled inlet and outlet slope entries and scaling. Prompts Draw Pipe Detail Settings Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 105

113 Culvert Design dialog: Fill in values Pulldown Menu Location: Structure > Pipe Culvert Design Keyboard Command: culvert Prerequisite: a culvert file File Name: \lsp\cntr grd16.arx Sewer Pipe Design: Individual Function This command calculates the travel time, flow depth, and velocity for a section of pipe. It calculates for one pipe section using the dialog shown here. Pipe sections can be entered as upstream/downstream stations and elevations, or as length and slope. Clicking Calculate will give you Design Output data based upon your input. Follow up Calculate by clicking Report, which will give you the Standard Report Viewer. Even after reviewing the information in the viewer and clicking on the viewers' Exit button, or its other output buttons, you still have the opportunity to change your original dialog box entries. This is because the command cycles from the viewer back into the dialog box for modifications. The Draw Pipe button draws the pipe details on the screen. The Exit within the dialog ends the command. Prompts Sewer Pipe Design: Individual Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 106

114 Sewer Pipe Design dialog Fill in variables. Click Calculate, then click Report. Report results from the Standard Report Viewer: Sewer Design Upstream Station: Invert Elev: Downstream Station: Invert Elev: Flow Rate (GPM): Pipe Diameter (in): 8.00 Manning's n: Length (ft): Slope (ft/ft): Travel Time (min): 3.86 Flow Depth (in): 1.92 Velocity (fps): 1.73 Pulldown Menu Location: Structure > Sewer Pipe Design > Individual Keyboard Command: swrpipe Prerequisite: None File Name: \lsp\swrpipe.lsp Sewer Pipe Design: Sewer Network Segment Function This command reads a sewer network and displays every pipe segment in the Sewer Pipe Design dialog. From the Structure > Sewer Pipe Design menu in the Hydrology Module, select Sewer Network Segment. The function reads a sewer network file, conducts the hydraulic calculations and displays pipe parameters and results in the dialog. Pipes list contains all pipe segments, you can select any one of them to display its data. Return Period list allows you to specify different rainfall conditions for different hydraulic results. The pipe parameters are shown in the middle part of the dialog, and the results are shown in the bottom table. Load button loads another sewer network file, Report button reports current pipe information to the standard Carlson report, and Report All button reports all pipe data to the standard report. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 107

115 Sewer Pipe Design: Sewer Network Segment Prompts Sewer Network Segment dialog: Fill in values. Pulldown Menu Location: Structure > Sewer Pipe Design > Sewer Network Segment Keyboard Command: swrpipe3 Prerequisite: a sewer file (.SEW),...\USER\RainLib.dta,...\USER\inlet.dta,...\USER\pipesize.dta (mpipesize.dta in Metric unit) File Name: \lsp\cntr grd16.arx Sewer Pipe Design: Read Profile Function This command calculates the travel time, flow depth, and velocity for a section of pipe. It reads the stations and elevations of a sewer or pipe profile (.PRO) created by the Design Sewer/Pipe Profile command in the Civil Design module. Pipe sections can be entered as upstream/downstream stations and elevations or as length and slope. Prompts Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 108

116 Flow rate units [<GPM>/CFS]? press Enter Flow rate <0.0>: 50 Manning's n for pipe <0.020>:.02 Specify a Profile File dialog select existing sewer or pipe.pro file Number of decimal places <2>: press Enter Report results from the Standard Report Viewer: Profile Report Sewer Profile Station Invert-IN Invert-OUT Distance Slope Width(in) Depth(in) Time(min) Velocity(fps) % % % Flow rate: 50.0 (GPM) Manning's n for pipe: Total travel time: 6.23 (min) Pulldown Menu Location: Structure > Sewer Pipe Design in Hydrology Keyboard Command: swrpipe2 Prerequisite: None File Name: \lsp\swrpipe.lsp Lift Station Design Function This command aids in the design of duplex sanitary or storm sewage lift stations. The program assumes a duplex station, with the second pump used solely fro backup. That is, there are no provisions for multiple pump operation. The system head curve and pump curve are calculated using the least squares method of curve fitting through three points. To calculate the three points input the length of the force main (length of pressurized pipe), an assumed low-level wastewater surface elevation in the wet well, the elevation of the static lift in the force main, the sum of minor loss coefficients in the force main, and three flow rates that adequately cover the desired range of pump operation. The total dynamic head is calculated for each of the three flow rates by adding the static head, friction losses, velocity head, and minor losses that are calculated by the program from the input data. The next step is the calculation of the pump curve. The user should select one Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 109

117 or more pumps from a manufacturer's catalog that will produce the desired operating conditions. The input data consists of the pump shutoff head (flow rate equal to zero), a head and flow rate near the desired operating point, and a head and flow rate beyond said operating point of the pump curve. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 110

118 The system head curve and the pump curve are then intersected to produce preliminary operating point results. If the user is not happy with the results, click the Edit Input Values button and change any of the parameters. When the user attains the desired results then proceed with the wet well design by clicking OK. Input for the wet well design includes type of wet well, wet well dimensions, invert elevation of the lowest line entering the wet well, and minimum wastewater depth in the wet well (usually specified by the pump maker). The lead pump's wet well volume is calculated using a formula from Metcalf & Eddy's Wastewater Engineering: Collection and Pumping of Wastewater: V = CT/4, where V equals required volume in gallons, C equals pump capacity (GPM), and T equals minimum time in minutes of one pumping cycle. After wet well design the program assigns a new low level wastewater surface elevation in the wet well, and then recalculates the system head curve and final operating point. At this point the user may change any or all of the input parameters. If no changes are needed then click OK to show the Final Results report. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 111

119 Pulldown Menu Location: Structure in Hydrology Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 112

120 Keyboard Command: LIFTSTA Prerequisite: None File Names:\lsp\liftstat.lsp, \lsp\liftstat.dcl Network Menu The Network pull-down menu has commands for layout and analysis of storm sewer networks. Sewer Network Settings Function This command sets the options for how to update the sewer network if the reference surface or centerline changes. Each structure has the option to assign a reference centerline and the structure will record the station and offset from this centerline. When the reference centerline of a structure changes, the structure can be moved to the position of the recorded station and offset along the modified centerline. If the reference surface changes, the structure rim elevation can be updated and there are two options for updating the invert elevation. One method is to hold the structure depth and change the invert elevation. The other method is to hold the invert elevation and change the depth. The structure updates for reference surface or centerline changes can be turned off, prompted or automatic. If the updates are turned off, then the Check Reference Centerlines and Surface can be used to compare the sewer network with the references file. Also Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 113

121 the structures can be updated manually with Edit Sewer Structure. If the update is set to prompt, then each time that the reference files are changed, the program will prompt whether to update the structures. If the update is set to automatic, then the structures will update along with the labels. Pulldown Menu Location: Network Keyboard Command: setconfig Prerequisite: none File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Set Sewer File Function This command sets a sewer network file as the current file. The other sewer network commands will reference this file. Either a new file can be created or an existing sewer file can be modified. The sewer network file stores all the sewer structure data (elevation, flow) and all the network connection data (slopes, pipe sizes). This file has a.sew file extension. Pulldown Menu Location: Network Keyboard Command: setswr Prerequisite: none File Name: \lsp\pswrfile.lsp Set Surface File Function Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 114

122 Use this command to set the grid or triangulation file to be used to compute sewer manhole surface elevations and minimum cover along pipe lengths, within the Sewer Network commands, and in particular the command Create Sewer Structure. A dialog will appear requesting the name of the surface file to be used. Pulldown Menu Location: Network Keyboard Command: setgrd Prerequisite: None File Name: \lsp\hydro1.lsp Plan View Label Settings Function This command sets the drawing format for sewer pipeline and inlet/manhole annotations drawn for the sewer network. The settings are entered in a dialog with tabs for Structure Labels, Pipe Labels and General Settings. Shown below is the manhole or inlet name, along with rim elevation, invert elevation and the Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 115

123 labelling of the sewer pipe itself. Under Structure Labels, you can choose whether to label the structure name, rim elevation, invert-in elevation or invert-out elevation. There are settings for the prefix and suffix for each of these labels. The invert elevations can be positioned either above the structure or along the associated pipe direction. The Add Quadrant option adds the bearing quadrant of the associated pipe direction to the invert label prefix. The option to Use Structure Data Table will put the labels is a block as shown below instead of regular text entities. There are settings for the size of the block columes and the block label justification. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 116

124 Under Pipe Labels, you can choose whether to label the pipe size, material, length or slope. For each label, there are settings for the prefix and suffix and for whether to put the label above or below the pipeline. The Pipe Direction Label has two styles for flow direction arrows. The Draw Line Type sets the method for drawing the pipelines as 2D polylines, 3D polylines or parallel 2D polylines set apart with the width of the pipe. Under General Settings, there are controls for the layers, styles, decimal places, sizes and linetypes. The linetype is only used when the pipe is draw as a 2D polyline. You are free to move the text anywhere desired for better appearance after it plots. The labelling will change automatically on the drawing if any of the sewer network information is edited or if the label settings are changed. This automatic redraw will put the labels back in their origrinal positions if you moved the labels with standard drafting edit tools. If the Move Sewer Label command is used, the labels will stay at their modified position even after the automatic redraw. The labelling and manhole itself will be removed from the screen by the command Remove Sewer Structure, along with connecting pipe sizes and invert elevations of the immediate upstream and downstream manholes. The command Draw Sewer Network Plan View will also redraw and label the sewer network that is ''set'' and current, according to the annotation parameters of this command. Pulldown Menu Location: Network Keyboard Command: swrsetup Prerequisite: None Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 117

125 File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Save Sewer Network File Function This routine re-saves the current sewer network file in another name, which can act as a backup file or ''snapshot'' of the sewer network design at a certain point in time. The file can be re-loaded later and re-used. Pulldown Menu Location: Network Keyboard Command: save sewer Prerequisite: Sewer network (.SEW) file File Name: \lsp\scadutil.arx Import Haestad Network Function This routine converts Haestad files into Carlson sewer files. Haestad sewer network files have fourteen pieces of information in an ASCII text file. Unfortunately, they do not contain twodimensional coordinates of the manholes locations. Therefore, the routine must assume locations along some arbitrary datum. Examine the example output below. The program searches for the longest path along the sewer network, and places it on the X axis. The next longest set(s) of network traces branch from the longest path. The process is repeated until the last upstream manhole on the network tree branches is encountered. While true coordinate locations of the manholes is unknown, additional hydraulic analysis of the system can be made on this Carlson pseudo-layout. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 118

126 Pulldown Menu Location: Network->Sewet Network Setup Keyboard Command: ha2csnet Prerequisite: Haestad file File Names: \lsp\ha2csnet.lsp, \exec\ha2csnet.exe Rainfall Library Function Rainfall is the source of the ground runoff. Along with the watershed conditions, the rainfall that neither infiltrates nor gets trapped in low areas and depressions contributes to the direct surface runoff, upon which the storm drainage system design is based. The Rainfall Library use IDF curves to provide average rainfall intensity data for particular storm events. With a known rainfall duration and frequency, an intensity is calculated via the IDF curve and applied to the Rational Method to obtain the peak flow for designing the sewer network. There are five methods to input rainfall data: TP-40 rainfall map, Hydro-35 rainfall map, rainfall accumulation, rainfall intensity and IDF equation coefficients. Rainfall maps provided by government organizations are practical rainfall data resources for engineering design. TP-40 maps show precipitation depths in the US for storm durations from 1 hour to 24 hours and for recurrence intervals from 1 to 100 year. Hydro-35 maps are for the central and eastern US, and provide rainfall data for durations as short as 5 minutes. Please refer to HEC-12 for details on methodology for computing IDF curves from rainmaps. In addition to TP-40 and Hydro-35 method, you can input rainfall accumulations or intensities at various storm durations to define IDF curves. If you already have the IDF equation coefficients calculated, you can enter the Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 119

127 coefficients directly to define the IDF curves. The IDF curves are interpolated linearly between the data points. The IDF equation for a given return period is defined as follows. The coefficients A, B and M are calculated by log-log regression of the rainfall intensity and (t + B). I = A / (t + B) M where: I = rainfall intensity (in/hr, or mm/hr in metric) A, B, M = equation coefficients for a given return period t = rainfall duration (min.) The Rainfall Library stores rainfall data in a library file under the...\user folder and is available for all projects. From the Network > Sewer Network Libraries menu in the Hydrology Module, select the Rainfall Library to open the library dialog to edit rainfall data. The dialog lists all rainfall entries by their ID and their input/edit method. New button creates a new rainfall through one of the five methods: TP-40, Hydra-35, Rainfall Accumulation, Rainfall Intensity and IDF Equation Coefficients. Edit button allows you to modify an existing rainfall, and the Delete button removes the highlighted rainfall from the library. Load and SaveAs buttons allow you to load and save the rainfall data. Rainfall Library Dialog Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 120

128 New Rainfall Dialog Rainfall Total 2/100 Year (TP-40) The TP-40 method is used to define IDF curves for the Western states in the US. It requires rainfall accumulations of 6-hour and 24-hour storm durations for the 2-year and 100-year storms, and the elevation of the location. In the TP-40 dialog, type the rainfall name in the Rainfall ID box. The rainfall depth can be entered either manually or from the TP-40 maps. Click on Map button to open the rainfall map, pick a state on the map to zoom in to the state map, and then pick a location to get the rainfall depth of 6-hour and 24-hour duration for 2-year, 5-year, 10-year, 25- year, 50-year and 100-year storm events. In the Elevation box, enter the surface elevation at the design location. Computation button computes the rainfall intensities and the IDF coefficients, and displays the result in the Rainfall Intensity dialog. Click on OK button to commit the rainfall entry. TP-40 Rainfall Data Dialog Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 121

129 TP-40 Rainfall Map Rainfall Intensity Results Rainfall Total 2/100 Year (Hydro-35) The Hydro-35 method is used to define IDF curves for the Central and Eastern states in the US. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 122

130 It requires rainfall accumulations of 5-min, 15-min and 60-min storm durations for the 2-year and 100-year storms. In the Hydro-35 dialog, type the rainfall name in the Rainfall ID box. The rainfall depth can be entered either manually or from the Hydro-35 maps. Click on Map button to open the rainfall map, pick a state on the map to zoom in to the state map, and then pick a location to get the rainfall depth. Computation button computes the rainfall intensities and the IDF coefficients at 2-year, 5-year, 10-year, 25-year, 50-year and 100-year return periods, and displays the result in the Rainfall Intensity dialog. Click on OK button to commit the rainfall entry. Hydro-35 Rainfall Data Hydro-35 Rainfall Map Rainfall Accumulation This method allows you to enter the rainfall accumulations of various durations for 2-year, 5-year, Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 123

131 10-year, 25-year, 50-year and 100-year return periods for computing the IDF curves. Add a Duration button adds new duration entry to the spreadsheet. For the accuracy, three or more durations are required. Delete a Duration button deletes the highlighted duration entry. Computation button computes the rainfall intensities and the IDF coefficients, and displays the result in the Rainfall Intensity dialog. Click on OK button to commit the rainfall entry. Customed Rainfall Accumulations New Duration Entry Rainfall Intensity This method allows you to enter the rainfall intensities of various durations for 2-year, 5-year, 10- year, 25-year, 50-year and 100-year return periods for computing the IDF curves. Add a Duration button adds new duration entry to the spreadsheet. For the accuracy, three or more durations are required. Delete a Duration button deletes the highlighted duration entry. Computation button computes the rainfall intensities and the IDF coefficients, and displays the result in the Rainfall Intensity dialog. Click on OK button to commit the rainfall entry. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 124

132 Enter IDF Equation Coefficients Customed Rainfall Intensities When you have the coefficients calculated, you can use this method to enter the coefficients to obtain the actual IDF curve equation. In the following spreadsheet dialog, enter the known coefficients A, B and M to create the IDF equation. Computation button computes the rainfall intensities and displays the result in the Rainfall Intensity dialog. Click on OK button to commit the rainfall entry. Prompts Rainfall Library dialog: Fill in values. IDF Equation Coefficients Pulldown Menu Location: Network > Sewer Network Libraries > Rainfall Library Keyboard Command: rainlib Prerequisite: None File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx, \lsp\pond.arx Inlet Library Function Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 125

133 In storm sewer systems, inlets are the surface components that gather the ground runoff and convey it in the subsurface pipe network. The inlet capacities should be sufficient to intercept the flows that the sewer system can handle. In Carlson Hydrology Module, There are four types of inlets: Grate, Curb, Slotted and Combo. Inlets can be located on grade or in Sag locations. Inlets installed in sag points should be sized to capture the entire runoff approaching them. Inlets on grades may be designed to intercept either all or part of the runoff in the gutter. The longitudinal and cross slopes of the roadway, and the manning's n of the gutter influence the performance of an inlet. These parameters can be obtained automatically in the watershed modeling of the sewer network design. The details of the inlet design procedures can be found in the HEC-22 Manual. The Inlet Library command allows you to make, edit and store inlets. The library data file is stored in the...\user folder and is available for all projects. From the Network > Sewer Network Libraries menu in the Hydrology Module, select Inlet Library to open the Inlet Library dialog. The dialog reads the library file and lists all inlets by their ID, type and profile. New button adds a new inlet, Edit button allows you to modify an existing inlet, and Delete button removes the highlighted inlet from the library. Load and SaveAs buttons allow you to load and save the inlet data. Inlet Dialog Inlet Library Dialog When you create or edit an inlet, the New / Edit Inlet Dialog displays. On the General tab, you define the gutter and the inlet type and profile. In the Inlet ID box, type the inlet's ID. Choose the inlet type and profile. A gutter is a section of pavement adjacent to the roadway, which conveys flow during a storm runoff event. When a grate inlet is used, its width can't exceed Gutter Width. Gutters can have Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 126

134 uniform and composite sections. A uniform gutter has the same cross-slope value as the crossslope of the roadway adjacent to the gutter. A composite gutter section are depressed in relation to the adjacent pavement cross-slope. Therefore, the Local Depression should be entered when using a composite gutter. You can either design or analyze the inlets. When the Design Inlet Length toggle is on, the inlet length is to be calculated based on the maximum allowable ponding width (spread) on the roadway and the interception efficiency. When the toggle is off, the spread and efficiency are to be computed. When the inlet is in a sag, the interception efficiency is always 100%. Click on Symbol button to select a symbol for displaying the inlet in the plan view on the screen. Grate Inlet New / Edit Inlet The Grate Inlet tab allows you to create or edit a grate inlet. Grate inlets perform well on grade where clogging with debris is not a problem. Their capacity decreases as the pavement longitudinal slope increases. Grate inlets are not generally recommended for use in sag locations because of their easily clogging. There are seven types of standardized grates, P-1-7/8 (P-50), P-1-7/8-4 (P-50x100), P-1-1/8 (P- 30), Curved Vane, 45-deg Tilt Bar, 30-deg Tilt Bar and Reticuline. Please refer to HEC-22 for the details. You can also define your own type of grate by selecting Other in the Grate Type list. If you use a non-standard type of grate on grade, you must specify a splash-over velocity. Enter Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 127

135 the grate dimensions in the Grate Length and Grate Width boxes. The grate width should not be greater than the gutter width. If the grate inlet is in a sag, you need to enter the sag related parameters. A grate inlet in a sag operates as a weir at small ponding depths and like an orifice at large depths, which are dependent on the size of the grate. Clogging Ratio is the percent area of the inlet covered by debris. Opening Ratio is the ratio of the open area to the total area, which can be obtained from HEC-22. You need to specify the Opening Ratio if you use a non-standard grate. Curb Inlet Grate Inlet The Curb Inlet tab allows you to create or edit a curb inlet. Curb inlets are less inclined to clog than are grate inlets, and have little interference to traffic operation. When placed on grade, their interception capacity decreases more significantly than that of grate inlets as the pavement longitudinal slope increases. So they are suitable for use in sags and relatively flat roadway. In the Opening Length box, enter the curb opening length. When the curb inlet is in a sag, you need to specify the Throat Type of the inlet opening, the Opening Height, Weir and Orifice Coefficients. A curb inlet in a sag behaves as a weir when the depth of water ponding at the curb is less than or equal to the height of the curb opening, and like an orifice when ponding depth greater than 1.4 times of the height. There are three curb throat types: Horizontal, Inclined and Vertical. Please refer to HEC-22 for details on throat types. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 128

136 Curb Inlet Combo Inlet (Grate Inlet and Curb Inlet together) Combo inlets consist a grate and a curb opening, and offer the advantages of both inlet types. The grate is usually the same length as the curb opening and placed alongside it, called equal length inlet. When the curb opening is longer than the grate, it becomes effective for intercepting trash and debris which may clog the grate. This is called sweeper inlet. In Inlet Library dialog, the Grate Inlet and Curb Inlet tabs together allow you to design a combo inlet. Slotted Inlet The Slotted Inlet tab allows you to create or edit a slotted inlet. Slotted inlets are very effective in intercepting sheet flows due to their long lengths, and are suitable to placed on roadways. They are very sensitive to clogging and therefore not recommended for use in sags and other locations where debris loadings are considerable. When placed on the pavement and along the length of the gutter, and when the slot width is at least 1.75 in (45 mm), the slotted inlet operates similarly to a curb inlet. When installed in a sag, Slotted inlets perform as weirs to depths up to 0.2 ft ( 0.06m), and like orifices when the depths are greater than 0.4 ft (0.12m). Refer to HEC-22 for more information. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 129

137 Prompts Slotted Inlet Inlet Library dialog: Fill in values. Pulldown Menu Location: Network > Sewer Network Libraries > Inlet Library Keyboard Command: inletlib Prerequisite: None File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Sewer Structure Library Function Storm sewer networks consist of pipes and structures. There are three types of sewer structures in Carlson Hydrology Module. Box Structures are usually used to support inlet openings and connect them to the underground piping system. Circular Structures are manholes that provide access to the sewer network for inspection and maintenance. Manholes are usually installed where pipe horizontal direction changes, where pipe slope changes, where two or more pipes join, or where the pipe size changes. Outfalls are outlet structures at the sewer outfalls. A regular outfall may consist of a headwall and two wingwalls, while a funnel outfall consists of a funnel shape Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 130

138 structure. The details of the design and construction of sewer structures can be found in the HEC-22 manual. The Sewer Structure Library command allows you to create, edit and store structures. The library data file is stored in the...\user folder and is available for all projects. From the Network > Sewer Network Libraries menu in the Hydrology Module, select Sewer Structure Library to open the dialog. The dialog lists all sewer structures by their ID, type and dimensions. Click on New button to create a new structure, choose a structure type and click on OK button to open the structure dialog. The Edit button allows you to modify an existing structure, and the Delete button removes the highlighted structure from the library. Load and SaveAs buttons allow you to load and save the structure data. Sewer Structure Library New Sewer Structure Box Structure In the Box Structure dialog, type the name of the structure in the Structure ID box, enter the length and width of the structure and click on OK button to commit the structure entry. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 131

139 Circular Structure Box Structure In the Structure ID box, type the structure name. Select a Taper Format and enter the Bottom Diameter, Top Diameter, Taper Offset and Taper Height of the structure. A graphic box on the right side of the dialog displays the graphic of the currently defined manhole. Click on OK button to commit the structure entry. Outfall Structure Circular Structure In the Structure ID box, type the structure name. For the regular outfalls, enter the dimensions of the headwall and wingwalls. For the funnel type outfalls, enter the length and width of the funnels. Click on OK button to commit the structure entry. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 132

140 Outfall Structure Funnel Type Outfall Structure Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 133

141 Prompts Sewer Structure Library dialog: Fill in values. Pulldown Menu Location: Network > Sewer Network Libraries > Sewer Structure Library Keyboard Command: strlib Prerequisite: None File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Pipe Size Library Function The Pipe Size Library command allows you to store the dimensions of the widely used pipes. There are four pipe sections: box, circular, horizontal ellipse and vertical ellipse. The library file is in the...\user folder and is available for all projects in both culvert design and sewer network design. From the Network > Sewer Network Libraries menu in the Hydrology Module, select Pipe Size Library to open the library dialog. The Section Type list contains four section types. You can select one pipe shape to display all the pipe sizes of that shape in the spreadsheet. In the right column of the spreadsheet, the Available in Design check boxes are listed next to the pipe sizes indicating that whether the pipe sizes are available in the pipe size design or not. New button adds a new pipe size, Edit button allows you to modify an existing pipe size, and Delete button removes the highlighted pipe size from the library. Load and SaveAs buttons allow you to load and save the pipe size data. In order to maintain the minimum velocity for pipe self-cleaning, the pipe size library stores a list of typical minimum slopes for corresponding pipe diameters. For pipes other than circular type, their internal sizes are converted to diameters with the same sectional areas. Click on Set Min Slope button to display the Minimum Pipe Slope dialog, which allows you to edit the values. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 134

142 Pipe Size Library Minimum Pipe Slope Circular Section Size In the Circular Section dialog, type the value in the Diameter box, and then the full cross-section area is calculated and displayed. Click on OK button to commit the pipe size entry. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 135

143 Box Section Size Circular Section In the Box Section dialog, type the values in the Height and Width boxes, and then the full crosssection area is calculated and displayed. Click on OK button to commit the pipe size entry. Box Section Horizontal and Vertical Ellipse Section Size In the Horizontal and Vertical Ellipse Section dialog, type the values in the Rise, Span and Full Area boxes. The Equivalent Diameter is the diameter of a circular section that is equivalent to the ellipse. The Flow Area Factor is the ratio of the calculated full area to the specified full area. A0, A1, A2, A3 and A4 are the five coefficients to the 4th order polynomial equation, which describes the relationship between the wetted perimeter (in) of the ellipse and the depth/rise ratio, as below. p = A 0 + A 1 (d/r) + A 2 (d/r) 2 + A 3 (d/r) 3 + A 4 (d/r) 4 where: p = wetted perimeter (in or mm) d = water depth in the pipe (ft or m) r = pipe rise (ft or m) Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 136

144 Ellipse Section Prompts Pipe Size Library dialog: Fill in values. Pulldown Menu Location: Network > Sewer Network Libraries > Pipe Size Library Keyboard Command: pszlib Prerequisite: None File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Pipe Manning's N Library Function The Pipe Manning's N Library command allows you to store commonly used pipe types and their manning's n values. The library file is in the...\user folder and is available for all projects in both culvert design and sewer network design. From the Network > Sewer Network Libraries menu in the Hydrology Module, select Pipe Manning's N Library to open the library dialog. The Type of Pipes list displays all the stored pipe types and the Manning's n list displays the corresponding manning's n values. New button creates a new pipe manning's n entry, Edit button allows you to modify the highlighted entry, and Delete button removes the highlighted pipe entry from the library. Load and SaveAs buttons allow you to load and save the library data. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 137

145 Pipe Manning's N Library Pipe Manning's N New Entry Prompts Pipe Manning's N Library dialog: Fill in values. Pulldown Menu Location: Network > Sewer Network Libraries > Pipe Manning's N Library Keyboard Command: pipenlib Prerequisite: None File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 138

146 Pavement Manning's N Library Function The Pavement Manning's N Library command allows you to store commonly used pavement types and their manning's n values. The library file is in the...\user folder and is available for all projects. From the Network > Sewer Network Libraries menu in the Hydrology Module, select Pavement Manning's N Library to open the library dialog. The Type of Pavements of Gutter list displays all the stored pavement types and the Manning's N list displays the corresponding manning's n values. New button creates a new pavement manning's n entry, Edit button allows you to modify the highlighted entry, and Delete button removes the highlighted entry from the library. Load and SaveAs buttons allow you to load and save the library data. Pavement Manning's N Library Pavement Manning's N New Entry Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 139

147 Prompts Pavement Manning's N Library dialog: Fill in values. Pulldown Menu Location: Network > Sewer Network Libraries > Pavement Manning's N Library Keyboard Command: pavenlib Prerequisite: None File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Drainage Runoff Library Function The Drainage Runoff Library command allows you to store commonly used drainage area types and their runoff coefficients. The library file is in the...\user folder and is available for all projects in sewer network design. From the Network > Sewer Network Libraries menu in the Hydrology Module, select Drainage Runoff Library to open the library dialog. The Type of Drainage Area list displays all the stored drainage area types and the Runoff Coefficient list displays the corresponding runoff coefficients. New button creates a new drainage runoff entry, Edit button allows you to modify the highlighted entry, and Delete button removes the highlighted entry from the library. Load and SaveAs buttons allow you to load and save the library data. Drainage Runoff Library Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 140

148 Drainage Runoff New Entry Prompts Drainage Runoff Library dialog: Fill in values. Pulldown Menu Location: Network > Sewer Network Libraries > Drainage Runoff Library Keyboard Command: runofflib Prerequisite: None File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx HYDRA Processing Function HYDRA, a software product by PIZER Incorporated, is designed specifically for the analysis, design and management of sewer systems. The HYDRA analysis philosophy has over 30 years of experience in modeling sewer systems. Carlson Hydrology Module uses HYDRA as an alternative method to conduct hydraulic analysis of the existing storm sewer systems. The HYDRA Processing command is integrated into the Create/Edit Sewer Structure command. When you finish creating/editing a sewer network, click on Analyze by HYDRA button on the top of the Create/Edit Sewer Structure dialog to issue the HYDRA Processing. If the HYDRA analysis goes successfully, a standard HYDRA report will be shown and the hydraulic results will be displayed on the dialog. The results from Carlson Storm Sewers and HYDRA Processing are not exactly the same due to some differences in the hydraulic calculation shown as below. 1. Pipes Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 141

149 There are four pipe cross-sectional shapes: circular, box, horizontal ellipse and vertical ellipse. Circular section is defined by its diameter, box section is defined by its hight and width, horizontal and vertical ellipse sections are defined by their rise, span, wetted diameter, equivalent diameter etc. Every cross section has its own hydraulic calculation method. Please refer to the documentation on Pipe Size Library for details. HYDRA considers all cross sections other than circular odd hydraulic cross-section, and defines them with a set of elevation/width pairs. Therefore different hydraulic calculation methods may be used. Generally, when using only circular pipes in the system, the two hydraulic results are more similar. 2. Junction Losses Carlson Storm Sewers has four methods to calculate junction losses: Approximate Method, Dynamic Method, Fixed Head Loss and Energy-Loss Method. For Approximate and Dynamic Methods, you need to specify the loss coefficient. HYDRA uses the same formula as the Dynamic Method, which defines the junction loss as the dowstream velocity head multiplied by the junction loss coefficient, to calculate the energy loss in the manhole resulting from bends and drops. However the loss coefficients are fixed and defined as follows for flat bottom manholes. 0 o 45 o 90 o 135 o 180 o Open Chanel Flow Pressure Flow Starting Hydraulic Grade Line at the Outfall In Carlson Storm Sewers, the computation proceeds from the most downstream point toward the upstream points of the network. At the outfall, if the tailwater elevation is higher than the critical elevation, the starting HGL elevation is set to the tailwater elevation. If the tailwater elevation is lower, the starting HGL elevation is set to the the critical elevation for subcritcial flow, or set to the normal elevation for supercritical flow. In HYDRA processing, if the tailwater elevation is higher than the critical elevation, the starting HGL elevation is set to the tailwater elevation, otherwise the starting HGL elevation is set to the normal elevation. 4. Inlets and Bypassed Flows In Carlson Storm Sewers, the bypassed flow at one inlet goes to the next downstream inlet. In Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 142

150 HYDRA Processing, the bypassed flow doesn't pass over and results in ponding at the inlet. This would lead to a difference in the total flow inside the sewer network. 5. Network Flows In Carlson Storm Sewer, the Rational method is used to compute the catchment peak discharge. Inlet flow is determined as the individual catchment peak flow, i.e. the rainfall intensity is computed using the time of concentration of the individual subbasin. Pipe flow is the runoff from all upstream subbasins. Therefore, when the watershed consists of a few of catchments, only at the most upstream point is the catchment discharge directly used for the pipe flow rate. For the flow in any downstream pipes, the time of concentration is determined as the longest of the travel times to the upstream end of the current pipe, the travel time includes the catchment time and the pipe travel time. This time of concentration is used in the IDF curves to obtain the rainfall inetersity for the Rational formula. In HYDRA Processing, the pipe travel time is not considered. 6. Hydraulic Calculation In Carlson Storm Sewers, the storm sewer network is solved using the standard step gradually varied flow methods. This is an iterative procedure used to determine the energy and hydraulic terms at the end of each pipe. The direction of computation is from the most downstream pipe of the network to the most upstream pipe. HYDRA Processing may have used other methods which could lead to a difference in the result. Prompts Create/Edit Sewer Structure dialog: Fill in values. Pulldown Menu Location: Network > Create/Edit Sewer Structure Keyboard Command: putswr or editswr Prerequisite: a sewer file (.SEW), a surface file (.TIN,.GRD)...\USER\RainLib.dta,...\USER\inlet.dta,...\USER\pipesize.dta (mpipesize.dta in Metric unit),...\user\swrstruct.dta,...\user\paven.dta,...\user\pipen.dta,...\user\runoff.dta File Name: \lsp\cntr grd16.arx Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 143

151 Edit Sewer Structure Function Edit/Create Sewer Structure is a very powerful program for the design and analysis of storm sewer networks. A network is generally made up of pipes, structures and inlets. There may be more than one pipe entering a structure, but only one can exit. This command allows you to construct a graphical representation of a pipe network in active drawing, which contains all your design data, such as pipe and structure data, inlet characteristics, watershed information, and rainfall details. The following is an sewer network example. The Edit/Create Sewer Structure dock dialog is on the left, while the network plan view in the active drawing is on the right with current structure and pipe highlighted. When you modify the edit fields on the dock dialog and click on Apply button, the network plan view will be updated automatically. Furthermore, you are allowed to work on the active drawing while the dock dialog is open. Edit/Create Sewer Structure Dialog and Dynamic Editing in the Active Design Drawing The storm sewer network is solved using the standard step gradually varied flow methods. This is an iterative procedure used to determine the energy and hydraulic terms at the end of each pipe. The direction of computation is from the most downstream pipe of the network to the most upstream pipe. The following steady state energy equation is used between the upstream and downstream ends of every pipe. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 144

152 Z u + V u 2 / 2g = Z d + V d 2 / 2g + H f where: Z u = upstream water surface elevation V u 2 / 2g = upstream velocity head Z d = downstream water surface elevation V d 2 / 2g = downstream velocity head H f = friction loss The Manning's equation is applied to determine the friction slope. Q = (M/n) A R 2/3 S f 1/2 where: Q = discharge M = 1.49 for English unit, 1.0 for Metric units n = Manning's roughness coefficient A = cross-sectional area R = hydraulic radius S f = friction slope Then the friction loss along the pipe is computed by the following equation: H f = S f L where: L = pipe length With the friction loss calculated, the elevation of the upstream water surface can be determined. 1. Dock-Dialog Components First set up a sewer file and surface model for current project. The sewer file can either be an existing file or a new one. From the Network > Sewer Network Setup menu in the Hydrology Module, choose Set Sewer File and Set Surface File. From the Network menu in the Hydrology Module, select Edit/Create Sewer Structure. If you are creating a sewer structure, pick a location in the plan view where you want to locate the structure, otherwise click on an existing structure Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 145

153 symbol. After a structure has been located, the dock dialog displays, and the current structure symbol is highlighted in the drawing. Following is an example of the dock dialog. Edit/Create Sewer Structure This dialog window has four tabs, Structure, Drainage, Pipe and Hydraulic Calc, which are used to enter structure data, watershed information, pipe data and display hydraulic calculation results respectively. The rainfall information is displayed on the top of the dialog. The following is the description of the functionalities of the buttons for designing sewer network. Rainfall Library: This function allows you to choose a rainfall from the rainfall library. Please refer to the documentation on Rainfall Library for details. Settings: A function that opens the settings dialog to set up the sewer network design and display settings. Design: After constructing the sewer network, this function designs the sewer lines, such as pipe inverts and sizes, depending on the given information and design settings. Analysis: This function conducts a hydraulic calculation on the existing sewer network. Analyze by Hydro: A Hydro Processing method from Pizer is used to perform a hydraulic analysis on the existing sewer network. Please refer to the documentation on Hydro Processing. Add: Adds a new structure to the network at the location you pick in the plan view. Then the new structure will become the active structure for editing. Edit: This function allows you to pick an existing structure symbol in the plan view to make the structure active for editing. Remove: This function removes the structure that you pick, and also removes the corresponding Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 146

154 pipes and then reconstruct the network. Apply: Save the changes of sewer network. Up: Moves to the upstream structure and makes it active. Down: Moves to the downstream structure and makes it active. Close: Quit the sewer network dock dialog. 2. Settings The sewer network settings should be set up before starting the construction of a sewer network. The design and pipe settings will determine how the network is laid out. Click on Settings button, the Settings dialog displays. 2.1 Design Settings Sewer Network Settings Design Direction: The network can be designed from downstream to upstream or vice verse. If the design direction is from downstream to upstream, the first structure defined is generally the outfall, and the current structure and its downstream pipe are highlighted in the plan view; otherwise the network is designed from one of its entrances to the outfall, and the current structure and one of its upstream pipes are highlighted. Auto Set All Sewer Pipe Sizes: This toggle will disable the pipe size edit fields. When designing the network, if this toggle is on, all the pipes will be sized automatically to the closest available Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 147

155 pipe sizes. Auto Set All the Invert Elevation: This toggle will disable the pipe and structure invert elevation edit fields. When designing the network, if this toggle is on, all the pipe and structure inverts will be set automatically. Minimize Pipe Sizes in Design: If pipe sizes are being designed, toggling this option will insure the pipes are not over sized. Extra calculation iteration are performed. Automatic Watershed Analysis: Enables the automatic watershed analysis when adding and editing the sewer components. Friction Slope Averaging Method: Available methods are Arithmetic, Conveyance and Geometric. Tailwater Elevation At Outfall: Enter the water surface elevation at the outfall. 2.2 Pipe Settings Minimum and Maximum Cover: Enter the minimum and maximum depth of cover, which is the minimum or maximum distance from the surface elevation to the crown elevation all along the pipe. Minimum and Maximum Velocity: The minimum velocity is about 2 to 3 ft/s (0.6 to 0.9 m/s) when the pipe is flowing full for self-cleansing. The maximum velocity should be less than approximately 15 ft/s (4.5 m/s) to prevent erosion of the pipe interior by suspended sediment and debris. Minimum and Maximum Slope: The minimum slope should be sufficient to maintain the minimum velocity, and the maximum slope is related to the maximum velocity. Normal Slope: The normal slope is the initial slope used to place a pipe in the network. Maximum Length: This is the maximum length of pipes that could be used in the network. A warning would pop up when this setting is violated. Pipe at Junction Match by: Two methods are available to align the pipes at the junctions: Inverts elevation and Crown elevation. Drop Across Inverts: This is the drop across inverts inside of a junction. The upstream inverts in the junction are raised by the value entered here. 2.3 Rain Settings Rainfall Return Period: The available options are 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 Year. This value is used to obtain the corresponding IDF curve for calculating intensities. Rainfall Duration: The available options are 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 hour, which is used to generate the rainfall hyetograph. 2.4 Display Settings Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 148

156 Display Slope In: An option to display slope either in ft/ft (m/m) format or % format. 3. Structure The structure data is entered through the Structure tab. Structure Name: An identical name for the structure in the network. System Name: A name for current network. All the structures in the same network have the same system name. Structure ID: This is the ID of a predefined structure in the structure library. The Library button next to it allows you to select or define a sewer structure in the structure library. Once you select the structure, the dimension of the structure are retrieved from the library. Please refer to the documentation of the Sewer Structure Library for details. Inlet: This is the ID of a predefined inlet in the inlet library. The Library button next to it allows you to select or define an inlet in the inlet library. Once you select the inlet, the parameters of the inlet are retrieved from the library. Please refer to the documentation of the Inlet Library for details. Reference CL: The reference centerline is used to locate the structure by station/offset of the centerline points, and align the structure symbol in the graphic. The Select button allows you to select a centerline from either a centerline file or a polyline. Location: This button allows to relocate the structure by pick a position in the drawing. Symbol Name: This is the name of the symbol that represents the structure in the network plan view. The Symbol button allows you to select a symbol from a list of symbols. Symbol Rotate: There are 10 options to rotate the structure symbol for displaying in the drawing. Symbol Angle: When the Symbol Rotate value is set to Enter Azimuth Angle, this edit field is enabled for entering an angle. Symbol Size: Three options to determine the size of the structure symbol. Rim Elevation: The rim elevation for the structure, it's usually the surface elevation. Depth: The distance between the rim elevation and the base elevation of the structure. Invert-Out Elev: The invert elevation of the pipe that exits the structure. Sump Height: The distance between the base elevation and the invert-out elevation. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 149

157 4. Drainage Sewer Network Edit Structure The Rational Method is used to determine the flow rate from a single catchment or from multiple catchments at upstream. Please refer to HEC-22 manual for details. The Pavement parameters along with the catchment flow are used to design the size of the inlet device that collects ground flows. Drainage and pavement information is entered through Drainage tab. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 150

158 Sewer Network Edit Drainage 4.1 Drainage Data Area Units: Choose a unit to display the area values. Drainage Area: The drainage area that contributes to this inlet only. Draw: Click this button, then the watershed analysis program is conducted on the surface model, and the drainage area that contributes to this inlet is hatched in the drawing. Pick: This button allows you to select a closed polyline that represents the boundary of the drainage area. The area will be calculated and displayed. Calc: This function triggers the watershed analysis program to calculate the drainage area and displays the value. Time to Inlet: Time of concentration. Runoff Coeff.: The composite runoff coefficient for the drainage area. Select: This button opens a Drainage Runoff Areas dialog, where you can define a few of area types with different runoff coefficients and area portions. The program will compute the composite runoff coefficient for you. Please refer to the documentation on Define Runoff Layers for details. 4.2 Pavement Parameters Long Slope: Enter the longitudinal slope of the pavement. This edit field is only available if this inlet is on grade. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 151

159 Cross Slope: Enter the pavement cross slope. Calc: This function triggers the watershed analysis program to analyze the pavement and extract the longitudinal slope and cross slope. Manning's n: Pavement Manning's n value. 4.3 Inlet Calculation After you Design or Analyze the network, the inlet calculation results are displayed. The inlet result helps you to observe if the inlet is sufficient for conveying the ground flow into the network and make corrections. 5. Pipe The pipe data is entered through the pipe tab. The Downstream/Upstream list contains the connection that exits the structure or the connections that enter the structure, depending on the design direction. The Available list contains all the structures that are not connected to the current structure, i.e. the potential structures that can be connected to the current structure. There is two ways to add a connection. The first one is clicking on the Add button to connect the highlighted structure in the Available list to the current structure. The other one is clicking on the Pick button and then select a structure symbol in the plan view to connect it. If the connection is unable to be performed, a warning massage pops up. The Remove button allows you to remove the highlighted connection from the Downstream/Upstream list. The pipes can have four different cross-sectional shapes: circular, box, horizontal ellipse and vertical ellipse. The Pipe Material has nine options. The Pipe Size can be specified or you can toggle the pipe to be in design.pipe Size Library button allows you to store commonly used pipe sizes. When the pipe is in design, the program calculates the appropriate pipe size based on the flow and design settings and picks the closest available pipe size from the library. Please refer to the documentation on the Pipe Size Library for details. In the Manning's n box, enter the Manning's n coefficient for calculating the friction loss of the pipe. The Library button allows you to select a Manning's' n value. Please refer to the documentation on the Manning's N Library for details. Down Invert and Up Invert are the downstream invert and upstream invert elevations of the pipe. You can enter the values directly or toggle them to be in design. When the Design toggle is on, the edit fields are disabled. The Slope is usually the normal slope. After the Design or Analysis, the slope is the pipe slope base on its upstream and downstream invert elevations, as while as its length. Invert elevations can be changed by specifying the slope. After you Design or Analyze the network, the pipe calculation result is displayed. Length is the Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 152

160 real pipe length. Total Flow is the flow that is being carried by the pipe. Total Area is the total of all the drainage areas that contribute to the flow inside the pipe. Min. Cover is the minimum distance from the surface elevation to the crown elevation all along the pipe. 6. Hydraulic Calc Sewer Network Edit Pipe The energy losses through a pipe junction are specified in the Hydraulic Calc tab. There are four methods to calculate the junction losses: Approximate Method, Dynamic Method, Fixed Head Loss and Energy-Loss Method. Approximate Method uses the difference between the downstream velocity head and the upstream velocity head multiplied by the junction loss coefficient. Dynamic Method uses the downstream velocity head multiplied by the junction loss coefficient. Fixed Head Loss uses the actual head loss you specified. Energy-Loss Method, similar to the Dynamic Method, uses the downstream velocity head multiplied by the adjusted junction loss coefficient. The adjusted junction loss coefficient is defined as the initial head loss coefficient based on relative size of structure multiplied by the correction factors for pipe diameter, flow depth, relative flow, plunging flow and benching. Please refer to the HEC-22 manual for details. After you Design or Analyze the network, the hydraulic calculation results are displayed. The hydraulic grade line, energy grade line, flow depth and flow velocity at both downstream and upstream ends are reported. A graphic box also shows the hydraulic and energy grade lines, pipe Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 153

161 outlines and the ground surface, which help you to observe the design result easily. Sewer Network Hydraulic Result 7. Design and Analysis of Storm Sewer Network When you have input all necessary data to describe the sewer network system and the watershed drainage system, you can let the program to compute the hydraulic grade line in the system or to design the pipes to sufficiently convey the drainage flow. The drainage flow is determined using the Rational Method. Please refer to HEC-22 manual for details. You can design the sewer system with one rainfall return period, and analyze it with another return period. 7.1 Design Mode There is a variety of design options in hydraulic calculation, such as designing pipe sizes, setting the invert elevations or designing both. You can also specify to design all pipe lines, or only a portion of pipes. When designing pipe sizes, the program first estimates the design flow for each pipe in the system and make an initial selection of the size required for each pipe. Typically, pipe slope is set to the actual invert slope. If the pipe invert elevations are to be designed, pipe slope is assumed as the same as the normal slope. The Manning equation is then used to solve the required pipe size given the pipe Manning's n coefficient, design discharge and slope. The calculated size is then rounded up to a available size in the pipe size library. When designing pipe invert elevations, the criterion of minimizing ground cover at all locations along pipe lines is used. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 154

162 After initial design, the program analyzes gradually varied flow with the standard step method for a few iterations. It uses the actual velocity from the previous calculation to determine the actual flow and hydraulic grade line, modifys the pipe sizes and invert elevations based on the design constraints, and then performs next iteration of computation, until the result is stable and meets the design constraints. Any violations of the design settings will be displayed in a warning message dialog window. 7.2 Analysis Mode The program analyzes gradually varied flow with the standard step method and reports the results such as hydraulic grade line, energy grade line, flow velocity, drainage flow rate and inlet interception etc. Any violations of the design settings will be displayed in a warning message dialog window. Prompts Select sewer structure to edit: pick a manhole symbol Sewer Structure Data dialog Select sewer structure to edit: press Enter to end Pulldown Menu Location: network > Edit/Create Sewer Structure Keyboard Command: editswr/putswr Prerequisite: a sewer file (.SEW), a surface file (.TIN,.GRD,.FLT) File Name: \lsp\cntr grd16.arx Remove Sewer Structure Function This command removes a structure from the sewer network. The structure to remove can be selected from a list of structure names or screen picked. To screen select a manhole, pick on the manhole symbol. The manhole symbol and labels are erased from the screen and the manhole is removed from the sewer network file. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 155

163 Prompts Select structures to erase by screen pick or name list [<Pick>/List]? press Enter for Pick Select sewer structure to remove: pick a manhole symbol Select sewer structure to remove: press Enter to end Pulldown Menu Location: Network Keyboard Command: rmswr Prerequisite: Sewer network manholes File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Check Sewer Network Parameters Function This command reads a sewer network file and audits the sewer network for any invalid data fields or values that don't follow the specified design constraints. From the Network > Check Sewer Network menu in the Hydrology Module, select Check Parameters and enter the sewer file name to check the parameters. If any problems are found with the sewer data, a report is displayed indicating all invalid values. Prompts Select Sewer Network File Choose file to process Pulldown Menu Location: Network > Check Sewer Network > Check Parameters Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 156

164 Keyboard Command: chkswr Prerequisite: a sewer file (.SEW),...\USER\inlet.dta,...\USER\pipesize.dta (mpipesize.dta in Metric unit) File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Check Reference Centerlines and Surface Function This command compares the sewer network structure locations with the reference surface and centerlines. The current sewer surface files is used as the elevation reference for the structure rim elevations. Each structure has the option to assign a reference centerline and the structure will record the station and offset from this centerline. If this routine finds a difference between the structure location and these reference files, then there will be an option for whether to update the sewer structures. For differences with the reference centerlines, the structure can be moved to the position of the recorded station and offset along the modified centerline. For reference surface changes, the structure rim elevation can be updated and there are two options for updating the invert elevation. One method is to hold the structure depth and change the invert elevation. The other method is to hold the invert elevation and change the depth. Pulldown Menu Location: Network->Check Sewer Network Keyboard Command: chkswrref Prerequisite: none File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Collision Conflicts Check Function When there are two or more sewer networks in one area, it's very important to know if there is any collisions among pipe lines. The Collision Conflicts Check command performs a three dimensional check on two sewer networks. If any parts of the two systems are too close to each other, i.e their distance is closer than the safety buffer, the conflicting pipes and their collision locations would be reported. From the Network > Check Sewer Network menu in the Hydrology Module, select Collision Conflicts Check. In the dialog, click on the two Select buttons to select two sewer files on that you want to check collisions. In the Conflict Tolerance box, type the value of the distance buffer Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 157

165 that the two sewer systems shouldn't violate. The Use Collision Navigator toggle provides an Data Problem Log dialog to navigate you to the details of every collision. If the toggle is off, a report would pop up indicating the collisions. Data Problem Log dialog Sewer Network Collision Conflict Check When the Use Collision Navigator toggle is on, an Data Problem Log is generated if the Collision Conflicts Check finds any collisions. Clicking to the ''+'' sign beside the Collisions Total will display the individual collisions. When a collision item is selected, two highlighted arrows are temporarily placed in the drawing to indicate the exact location of the specified collision. Zoom functionality allows you to more closely inspect the specific problem area, and if needed a marker can be drawn or a report generated for an individual conflict or all conflicts. Zoom To button moves the selected collision to the center of the screen. Zoom In button zooms in on the highlighted area for a closer inspection. Zoom Out zooms out away from the highlighted area. Report All/One toggles between One and All depending on whether a single collision or all collisions are selected from the Log. An error Report is generated listing the positions of the entities in conflict. Draw All/One draws an ''X'' symbol at each selected collision. The layer and size of the symbol are defined in the Settings dialog, which can be initiated by clicking on the Settings button. Continue button closes the Data Problem Log and proceeds to finish the function, while Cancel button exits the whole function. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 158

166 Collision Navigator Collision Explorer Settings Prompts Collision Conflicts Check dialog: Fill in values. Pulldown Menu Location: Network > Check Sewer Network > Collision Conflicts Check Keyboard Command: chkmswr Prerequisite: two sewer files (.SEW) File Name: \lsp\cntr grd16.arx Find Sewer Structure Function Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 159

167 This command will find a sewer structure by name. Prompts Structure Name to Find: A3 The program will then display a temporary arrow locating the structure, and zoom to it at the current zoom resolution. Pulldown Menu Location: Network Keyboard Command: findswr Prerequisite: Sewer network (.SEW) file File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Report Sewer Network Function This command reads a sewer network file and reports its design parameters and hydraulic results. Select Report Sewer Network from the Network menu in the Hydrology Module, the report dialog Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 160

168 displays. The Select Sewer Line(s) To Report list displays all upstream entrance structure names, which represents pipe lines from every entrance to the outfall. Select one entrance to report one pipe line. If you want to report the whole sewer network, turn on the Report All Sewer Lines toggle. The Rainfall Library button and Return Period list allow you to change the rainfall information for reporting different hydraulic results. Turn on the Use Report Formatter toggle will report the sewer network data in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, otherwise in the standard Carlson report window from where the information can be edited, printed to a printer or to the screen, and saved. Sewer Network Report Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 161

169 Sewer Network Report Example: Inlet Report Prompts Report Sewer Network dialog: Fill in values. Pulldown Menu Location: Network > Report Sewer Network Keyboard Command: reportswr Prerequisite: a sewer file (.SEW), a surface file (.TIN,.GRD)...\USER\RainLib.dta,...\USER\inlet.dta,...\USER\pipesize.dta (mpipesize.dta in Metric unit),...\user\swrstruct.dta File Name: \lsp\cntr grd16.arx Sewer Network Hydrographs Function HYDRA, a software product by PIZER Incorporated, is designed specifically for the analysis, design and management of sewer systems. The HYDRA analysis philosophy has over 30 years Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 162

170 of experience in modeling sewer systems. Carlson Hydrology Module uses HYDRA as an alternative method to conduct the hydraulic analysis of the existing storm sewer systems and generate the inflow and routed hydrographs at every node of the network. Select Sewer Network Hydrographs from the the Network menu in the Hydrology Module. The command reads the current active sewer network file and conducts the hydraulic computation via HYDRA. If the computation is successful, a dialog displays presenting the lists of inflow and outflow hydrographs identified by the structures and pipes. Select an inflow and outflow hydrograph and click on Display button to show the hydrographs in the Hydrograph dialog. Sewer Network Hydrograph by Hydra Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 163

171 Hydragraph Example Prompts Sewer Network Hydrographs dialog: Fill in values. Pulldown Menu Location: Network > Sewer Network Hydrographs Keyboard Command: swrhyd Prerequisite: a sewer file (.SEW), a surface file (.TIN,.GRD)...\USER\RainLib.dta,...\USER\inlet.dta,...\USER\pipesize.dta (mpipesize.dta in Metric unit),...\user\swrstruct.dta,...\user\paven.dta,...\user\pipen.dta,...\user\runoff.dta File Name: \lsp\cntr grd16.arx Spreadsheet Sewer Editor Function This command is an alternative method to the Edit Sewer Structure command for editing existing sewer networks. From the Network menu in the Hydrology Module, select Spreadsheet Sewer Editor to open the spreadsheet dialog. In the Select Pipe Line list box, all pipe line entrances are listed. Select one pipe line to display its parameters for editing. Select All Pipe Lines toggle Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 164

172 allows you to choose between displaying all pipe lines or one pipe line in the spreadsheet. After editing the pipe line data, click on the Apply button to perform hydraulic calculation and display the new result. In the Hydraulic Calculation Results section, the hydraulic results are shown in the result list box. Usually one pipe is displayed, but you can display the result of all pipe segments by turning on the Show Results of the Whole Pipe Line(s) toggle. On the right side of the dialog, a graphic box shows the hydraulic and energy grade lines, pipe structures and the ground surface. You can also modify the Return Period of the rainfall, the Friction Slope Average Method and the Tailwater Elevation At Outfall to get different hydraulic results, which would help you to edit the sewer network. Apply button conducts the hydraulic calculation based on your current changes. Save button saves current changes, SaveAs button saves the network data to another file. OK button saves the changes and exit the dialog, while Cancel button abandons the changes and exit the dialog. Prompts Spreadsheet Sewer Editor Spreadsheet Sewer Editor dialog: Fill in values. Pulldown Menu Location: Network > Spreadsheet Sewer Editor Keyboard Command: sizeswr Prerequisite: a sewer file (.SEW),...\USER\RainLib.dta,...\USER\inlet.dta, Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 165

173 ...\USER\pipesize.dta (mpipesize.dta in Metric unit) File Name: \lsp\cntr grd16.arx Draw Sewer Network Plan View Function This command draws and labels the manhole symbols and pipe connections for the current sewer network (.SEW) file. An arrow is drawn on the connections to indicate the direction of flow. The format for the labels is defined in the Plan View Label Settings command. Pulldown Menu Location: Network Keyboard Command: drawswr Prerequisite: Sewer network (.SEW) file File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Draw Sewer Network Centerlines Function Example drawn sewer network This command creates a centerline that connects each pipeline between the selected structures. The centerline can be drawn as a polyline or saved to a centerline (.cl) file. The direction of the centerline can go either upstream or downstream. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 166

174 Pulldown Menu Location: Network Keyboard Command: drwswrcl Prerequisite: Sewer network (.SEW) file File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Draw Sewer Network Profile Function This command will read a sewer network (.SEW) file, which contains inverts elevations, rim elevations and pipe sizes, and draw the network as a profile, using the standard prompting in Draw Profile. In the options dialog, you can select the structure names for the start and end of the profile and set the profile direction as either upstream or downstream. The Save To Profile File option will save the sewer profile to a.pro file in addition to drawing the profile. When the Save option is active, there is another option available to Link Profile To Sewer Network. This Link option will update the sewer profile drawing when the sewer network structures are modified. The Draw Pipe Lateral Connections will draw ellipses at the profile structures for any additional pipes that connect to the structure. The Draw Hydraulic and Energy Grade Line options use the hydraulic flow calculations to draw those additional profiles. The Draw Existing and Design Surface options will prompt for a surface grid or triangulation file to draw on the profile. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 167

175 Consider the Sewer Trunk Line shown in the plan view below: When this network main sewer line is entered using Locate Sewer Structure, starting at the upstream rim elevation of and running downhill to , a new.sew file is created. Prompting asks you to select a starting structure. If you created 5 structures named A1 through A5, you could choose A1 to plot all 5. This file will then plot, in profile view, as shown below (this example was drawn without ground surface or hydraulic grade lines). If you pick Draw Existing Ground Surface, you will be prompted for the grid or triangulation file for the ground surface, and similarly if you turn on Draw Design Surface. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 168

176 Profile view of Sewer Network Pulldown Menu Location: Network->Draw Sewer Network Keyboard Command: drwswrpro Prerequisite: Sewer network (.SEW) file File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Draw Sewer Network-3DFaces Function The command will read a sewer network (.SEW) file and draw the sewer pipelines as 3D faces for viewing in 3D and to help verify if there are sufficient clearances with other 3D objects. You don't load a sewer network file in this command since the program draws the sewer network file set active in the command Set Sewer File. The 3D faces are drawn directly on the plan view, in a distinct layer of your choosing (defaults to SWRNET3D), which you can freeze or delete later when plotting the plan view. The structures are drawn using the dimensions as defined in the Sewer Structure Library. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 169

177 Pulldown Menu Location: Network->Draw Sewer Network Keyboard Command: swr3d Prerequisite: Sewer network (.SEW) file File Name: \lsp\profedit.arx Move Sewer Label Function This command moves the selected plan view labels and draws a leader from the labels to the sewer network reference location. Both structure and pipe labels can be moved. The purpose is to clean up label overlaps. To move a label, pick any one of the text labels and the program will pick up all the other associated labels. Then pick the new location and while the pointer is moved, the program shows an outline of the label area. The program remembers the moved locations for each label so that when the plan view labels are redrawn, the moved locations are retained. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 170

178 These graphics show the sewer labels before and after Move Sewer Label was used to clean up the label overlaps. Prompts Select sewer label to move: Pick a sewer label text entity Pick label position: pick a point Select sewer label to move (Enter to end): press Enter to end Pulldown Menu Location: Network Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 171

179 Keyboard Command: move swr label Prerequisite: Plan view sewer network labels File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Draw IDF Curve Function This command plots the Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves for the rainfall associated with the current sewer network. From the Network menu in the Hydrology Module, choose Draw IDF Curve. On the top of the dialog, the sewer network file name and the rainfall ID are shown. The Library button allows you to specify other rainfall data from the rainfall library. In the Return Period list, select one or more return periods. Select the Display Duration in either Hour or Minute, and enter the values in the Duration and Duration Interval boxes. Click on OK button to plot. The Draw IDF Settings dialog allows you to specify how to plot IDF curves on screen. Draw IDF Curves Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 172

180 Draw IDF Settings IDF Curve Example Prompts Draw IDF Curve dialog: Fill in values. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 173

181 Pulldown Menu Location: Network > Draw IDF Curve Keyboard Command: drwidf Prerequisite: a sewer file (.SEW),...\USER\RainLib.dta File Name: \lsp\cntr grd16.arx Find And Replace Data Values Function The Edit Sewer Structure command allows you to modify the parameters of a sewer network. However, it can be tedious when the network is large and when you need to change just one parameter of most of the sewer structures or pipe lines. For example, you'll have to go through all pipe lines if you want to change pipe manning's n to for all pipes whose manning's n is currently Here, the Find and Replace Data Values command would help you to find and replace the pipe manning's n values for all pipes at once. From the Network > Sewer Network Utilities menu in the Hydrology Module, select Find and Replace Data Values to open the dialog. The sewer file name is displayed on the top of the dialog. In the Parameters list, choose what parameter you want to replace. In the Find what Box, type the value that you want to change, and in the Replace with box type the new value. Click on Replace button to find all pipes with manning's n values of and replace their manning's n with A message will be displayed on the dialog showing how many values have been replaced. Click on OK button to commit the changes or Cancel button to abandon the changes. Prompts Find and Replace Sewer Network Parameters Find and Replace Data Values dialog: Fill in values. Pulldown Menu Location: Network > Sewer Network Utilities > Find and Replace Data Values Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 174

182 Keyboard Command:swr find replace Prerequisite: a sewer file (.SEW) File Name: \lsp\cntr grd16.arx Review Sewer Network Links Function This command shows a list of all the sewer network links that the program knows about in the current drawing. These links are between the sewer network files and the drawing entities. You can use the Remove button to remove links for any obsolete sewer networks or if you don't want to link a certain sewer network. Pulldown Menu Location: Network->Sewer Network Utilities Keyboard Command: swrnetdict Prerequisite: Sewer network (.SEW) file File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Review Sewer Profile Links Function This command shows a list of all the sewer network profile links that the program knows about in the current drawing. These links are between the sewer network files and the sewer profiles in the drawing. You can use the Remove button to remove links for any obsolete sewer profiles or if you don't want to link a certain sewer profile. Pulldown Menu Location: Network->Sewer Network Utilities Keyboard Command: swrprodict Prerequisite: none File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Export To Points Function This command creates points in the current coordinate file for the selected structures of the Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 175

183 current sewer network. In the options dialog, you can select multiple structures from the list of structure names. The elevation for the points can be either the rim elevation or the invert-out of the structures. The point numbers will be incremented from the specified Starting Point Number. Pulldown Menu Location: Network->Sewer Network Utilities Keyboard Command: swr2pts Prerequisite: Sewer network (.SEW) file File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Export To Profiles Function This command creates a profile (.pro) from the current sewer network. The profile is created from the specified upstream structure through all the downstream connections to the end of the pipeline. The profile direction can be either upstream or downstream for the stations. Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 176

184 Pulldown Menu Location: Network->Sewer Network Utilities Keyboard Command: swr2pro Prerequisite: Sewer network (.SEW) file File Name: \lsp\cntr grd.arx Chapter 1. Hydrology Module 177

185 Natural Regrade Module 178

186 Introduction and Overview Traditional landscape design is often based on the subjective judgment of landscape appearance or desired land use with little consideration for proper hydrologic function for balanced conveyance of water and sediment from the land surface. Alternately, traditional design methods might use engineering principles to create structural controls for water and sediment conveyance (Bugosh, 2000). Over the last several decades, fluvial geomorphic research has identified distinct relationships among several important factors including climate, discharge, slope, and earth materials that define stable stream channels (Bloom, 1978) (Dunne and Leopold, 1978) (Williams, 1986). The Carlson Natural Regrade module applies fluvial geomorphic principles to upland landforms through computer software (GeoFluv ). GeoFluv creates a landscape design that mimics the functions of the natural landscape that would evolve over time under the physical and climatic conditions present at the site to convey the water and sediment from the land surface in a stable hydrologic equilibrium. The following sections summarize why GeoFluv benefits reclamation landform design and description of how computerizing the approach provides a value multiplier by allowing detailed designs to be made and evaluated quickly. The ''Problems Addressed by Natural Regrade'' section discusses limitations of conventional approaches to disturbed-land reclamation design. ''The Fluvial Geomorphic Solution'' section discusses how and why Natural Regrade's GeoFluv approach solves the problems inherent in the conventional approaches. The ''Description of Software'' section explains fundamental concepts and terminology used in GeoFluv approach, and how and where these are used in the Natural Regrade module. The remaining sections are as follows. The ''Links with other Software'' section describes other software that the user can use along with Natural Regrade to achieve even greater efficiency when constructing the GeoFluv design (or any other construction project). The ''Software Compatibility'' section describes the CAD software that Natural Regrade is designed to work with. Problems Addressed by Natural Regrade with GeoFluv Conventional land-shaping practices are often based on conveying or capturing runoff from an extreme event. These conventional practices include grading slopes to a uniform gradient, building gradient terraces across slope faces, and constructing rip-rapped down drains to convey runoff as shown in Figure 1. Use and Cost Limitations of Conventional Approach Conventional designs often do not address the hydrologic balance during less extreme flow conditions. This results in problems with reclamation success for vegetation, livestock, and wildlife post-disturbance land uses, high maintenance costs, and reclamation bond complications. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 179

187 Figure 1. Conventional steep slope reclamation with uniform slope gradient, gradient terrace, and rip-rap lined downdrain The unnatural configuration of these designs does not provide the terrain diversity that creates spatial variation in water harvesting and slope aspect. The result is that vegetation tends toward a monoculture and animal habitat is minimized. The native land in the foreground of Figure 1 has forbes and shrubs growing near minor gullies, whereas the uniformly-graded slopes above them do not favor these plants, despite having been seeded with them. Conventional land-shaping practices have high construction, maintenance, and liability costs. Terraces can be difficult and expensive to grade on steep side slopes. The rip-rap material may have to be procured off site and transported to the site. After construction, regular maintenance is often required as the terraces and ditches sized for extreme flows become clogged with sediment at lower flows, or are penetrated by burrowing animals. Clogged or burrowed terraces can result in catastrophic diversions of runoff from the terraces straight down the slope, often requiring major repairs. Bonding Limitations of Conventional Approach The conventional approach to reclamation landform design affects reclamation bonding liability and costs. The damage to the slope from a blowout and related repair work can result in a reclamation bond clock being restarted, which prolongs the operator's period of liability. The expense of creating land form designs has often limited an operator's ability to propose incremental reclamation bonding for various stages of a project's disturbance. For example, an operator may Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 180

188 determine that their greatest disturbance will occur at year four of a five-year permit and they may post a bond for that maximum disturbance, even though their liability will be lower for the first four years. This creates an unnecessary financial burden for the operator. The Fluvial Geomorphic Solution This fluvial geomorphic landscape computer-design software (GeoFluv ) uses an algorithm based on fluvial geomorphic principles. The essence of this approach is to identify the type of drainage network, i.e., stream channels and valleys, which would tend to form over a long time given the site's earth materials, relief, and climate to achieve a stable landform, and to design and build that landform. The resulting slopes and stream channels are stable because they are in balance with these conditions (Rosgen, 1996). They are a reclamation alternative to uniform slopes with terraces and down-drains. Rather than fight the natural forces that shape the land, the algorithm helps the user create a landscape that harmonizes with these forces. The channel and swales in the foreground, and the steep slope ridges, valleys, and channels in the center of Figure 2., are examples of portions of a 115-acre coal mine reclamation project completed using this innovation fluvial geomorphic approach. Figure 2. Steep slope reclamation using the fluvial geomorphic approach shown during the second growing season Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 181

189 Natural Stability Over the last thirty-some years hydrologists have observed and measured stable natural streams and determined mathematical relationships that describe these stable stream types. Essential among these determinations is that channel morphology is directly related to a relatively small, but frequently recurring annual flood event. The natural channel is shaped to keep its sediment load and stream flow in balance during these low-flow events, as well as during extreme events. The GeoFluv fluvial geomorphic approach to land reclamation relates the upland landforms to the stream channel form. Both can be formed similarly by flowing water. Reclamation landscapes created using fluvial geomorphic principles provide stability against erosion with runoff waters capable of meeting water quality criteria, and support a diverse vegetative community. These landscapes offer the benefits of lower initial cost, no long-term maintenance costs, and they promote bond release (Bugosh, 2002, 2003). Promotes Bond Release The GeoFluv fluvial geomorphic approach provides a high degree of confidence that reclamation projects will demonstrate long-term stability against erosion similar to adjacent undisturbed lands because the reclamation channels are designed to maintain the hydrologic balance, as the natural channel does. This means that the reclaimed land does not have to be regularly disturbed to repair erosion problems. Additionally, the varied landform provides niches for different plants, wildlife, and livestock. These benefits demonstrate to regulatory authorities that the site will remain stable and productive; that demonstrated stability can promote bond release. Benefits of Computerizing the Fluvial Geomorphic Approach Previous application of alternative land-shaping practices may have been limited for several reasons, including the limited extent of training in fluvial geomorphic principles of the designers, the complexity of the design calculations to create a thoroughly integrated landform, and the difficulty of guiding the heavy equipment operators to build more sophisticated designs. The Natural Regrade module addresses all these potential limitations. GeoFluv creates a draft landform based on empirically determined fluvial geomorphic mathematical relationships. The draft landform is an idealized solution that uses the input parameters to create a stable landform. The designer can then modify this idealized draft landform to conform to special site conditions, such as an archaeological site, landmark, or other feature, or to create a more natural appearance. User Friendly Existing computer software for earth-moving designs does not incorporate this innovative approach, is often not ''user friendly'', and does not have the broad applications for landscape designs that are stable against erosion offered by Natural Regrade. GeoFluv makes ''user friendly'' computer design software available to a large body of users that do not have advanced training in fluvial geomorphology, as well as to those who do have this background. Natural Regrade has Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 182

190 been designed to be as ''user friendly'' as possible; the program commands are organized following a left-to-right and top-to-bottom format that follows the project design work sequence, with minimal input needed and with guidance provided in the ''Help'' resource and documentation. Minimizes Training The Natural Regrade module minimizes the training necessary to immediately use the fluvial geomorphic approach for reclamation at disturbed sites, or when evaluating proposed reclamation designs. Users can compress design time and build reclamation landscapes from disturbed earth to seeded reclamation. GeoFluv 's developer has successfully introduced this reclamation approach to the largest mining company in the world at truck-and-shovel and dragline operations. The Natural Regrade module is designed to quickly make the GeoFluv design approach available to the widest range of users including professional hydrologists, environmental scientists, and engineers responsible for reclamation design at disturbed sites, and for regulatory personnel responsible for evaluating reclamation designs. Simplifies numerous complex calculations An important advantage of the Natural Regrade module's GeoFluv computerized approach is the ease by which the user can create landscapes that are functional, stable against erosion, lowmaintenance, aesthetically pleasing, and cost-effective. The GeoFluv computer design software offers several options for developing input parameters from climatic and hydrologic data, and several options for creating landscape features, e.g., ephemeral, intermittent and perennial stream channels, complex slopes, ridges and valleys, and calculating material balances and centroids, and optimum material movement routes, for the resulting design. The user can design channels with appropriate characteristics, including channel patterns, sinuosity, longitudinal profiles, cross sectional areas, width to depth ratios, etc. and their contiguous uplands as functional components of a stable topography for tens of acres of land in minutes. GeoFluv allows the user to view topographic maps and three-dimensional images of the resulting landscape design. The GeoFluv approach replaces lengthy and tedious manual calculations and allows rapid evaluation of many landscape design alternatives. This allows the user to select the optimum landscape design for his needs. Promotes Bonding Alternatives The ability to quickly create and evaluate alternative reclamation designs provides great utility for both industry and regulatory personnel working on reclamation bonds. Because designing a reclamation surface has been such a lengthy and expensive process, often only a 'worst case scenario' design has been created for setting a reclamation bond. For example, this 'worst case scenario' may have been based on the disturbance in year four of a five-year mine permit. The ability to quickly create design surfaces and conduct mass balance comparisons makes it practical for the Natural Regrade module user to propose bonds for several stages of mine development, i.e., incremental bonding, that can reduce bond costs and promote release of more acres from Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 183

191 bond. Interface with GPS and Machine-control Software This software also is ideal for integrating with Global Positioning System and laser machine control to simplify and speed construction and reduce costs. Construction of the complex landforms that are characteristic of stable natural landscapes, and which GeoFluv helps the user design, is facilitated by GPS and machine guidance technologies. The need to survey and stake the designs in the field is eliminated using these technologies, as is the need for the construction team to constantly provide guidance to the equipment operators. Description of Software GeoFluv requires only minimal input parameters to produce a draft surface and the material balance associated with creating that surface. The software outputs a draft landform that provides a solution for a stable landform that satisfies the input parameters. The software also displays the cut/fill balance achieved when building the draft landform, and centroids of material and void for material movement planning. The Natural Regrade module helps the user through the design process by conveniently organizing all the commands that design a draft landform using the GeoFluv approach on a 'dockable dialog box' that is activated by the Design GeoFluv Regrade command. When this command is selected from the Natural Regrade menu, the dockable dialog box appears on the screen with all the GeoFluv design steps organized in a generally left-to-right and top-to-bottom sequence that leads the user through the design process. As a further aid to design sequencing, subsequent GeoFluv design inputs/commands are inactive on the dockable dialog box until the prerequisite step has been made. Finally, the commands automate and integrate as many of the calculations as possible to relieve the user of the burden of repetitive command steps. The user can focus his design energy on testing alternative designs for enhanced suitability to site-specific conditions. Those site-specific conditions can include post-disturbance land use considerations, community relations, equipment constraints, material constraints, bond costs, visual aesthetics, etc. The resulting three-dimensional surface map can be exported in a variety of electronic formats to other programs, or printed as two-dimensional hard copy. The completed design can be taken to the construction site using survey and stakes, or output electronically to GPS and laser-guided construction equipment to further promote project efficiency. The designed topography can then be constructed with available equipment and earth materials. Discussion of Input Parameters GeoFluv helps the user create a stable landform based on minimal local input variables. These include site elevations (from a survey grid), a GeoFluv project boundary, a local stream base level to which the area within the GeoFluv boundary drains, a desired drainage density, design Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 184

192 maximum discharge velocity, precipitation from the 2-yr, 1-hr and 50-yr, 6-hr storms, and runoff coefficient. The user will also select a desired cut/fill balance tolerance. Figure 3 shows an example of the minimal input data needed for the software to design the landform using this fluvial geomorphic approach. Figure 3. Example of Setup tab input dialog box The user can then edit this idealized landform for any number of reasons. The site may have boundaries that must be avoided. The user may want to bend a channel around an archaeological or historic site, or local landmark. The user may want to alter slope aspects to promote vegetation diversity, wildlife niches, or to harvest moisture by retaining snow. Aesthetic considerations, such as view sight line, may prompt the user to edit the draft landform. Material movement planning may require the user to evaluate factors including the cut/fill balance and haul distances associated with various alterations of the draft landform. The user may wish to create several interim landform designs leading to the final design for submission for incremental reclamation bonding. The ease and speed by which the software creates a draft design solution facilitates these and other edits. The Natural Regrade module frees the user to focus on site-specific design considerations and finding an optimal solution to creating a stable site landform, rather than being immersed in ponderous calculations for each subwatershed. Following the discussion of input parameters below, the Settings button default settings on the Setup tab will be explained. These settings are one way that the draft landform can be edited. Drainage Density and Channel Pattern Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 185

193 The drainage density input is the valley length (without meanders) divided by the subwatershed area (Dunne and Leopold, 1978). Its units are length over area (L/L 2 ). Convenient U.S. units for landscape design work are feet/acre. This value will vary depending on factors such as earth materials, slope aspect, storm intensity, and vegetation type and coverage. Drainage density is important because it represents the subwatershed size that will be stable for the local conditions. Drainage density and the ridges that form between channel meanders work together to break up the landform into many small subwatersheds, as can be seen in the natural subwatershed shown in Figure 4. The subwatersheds minimize both slope length and catchment area and thereby minimize erosion. Figure 4. Natural ''A'' channel meanders and ridges break slope length into a series of subwatersheds The drainage density is an expression of the amount of erosion that has occurred in the watershed. In a stable watershed, it represents the state at which sediment supply and water runoff are balanced in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Designing the landform using an appropriate drainage density for the project area conditions is an important first step toward achieving a stable landform design. Watersheds may be disturbed in different ways and those affect reclamation planning differently. For example, mining may break up consolidated rock in the watershed and replace it with unconsolidated material. The result of this change on watershed reclamation design is often a marked change in channel pattern. Channels exploit weak portions of consolidated rock and tend not to form on more resistant portions, that is, the channel pattern has structural control. In the disturbed, unconsolidated material, the channels may form anywhere. Streams that previously had patterns that followed cracks in the consolidated rock can now form a more random pattern in the unconsolidated material. A different drainage pattern with greater drainage density may be expected in the unconsolidated, disturbed material for these reasons. The effects of land leveling, whether for road building, urbanization, agriculture, or other purpose, Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 186

194 may be nearer to the land surface and may not affect structural rock as much as an activity like mining might. The adverse affects of these land disturbances can still be unacceptable. Often these activities result in a decrease in drainage density and associated diversion of runoff from several watersheds into another watershed that is not adjusted to that flow. Runoff water may accumulate in undesirable parts of the leveled land and an undersized receiving watershed may respond to an increased flow with erosion and excess sediment production. Reclaiming these lands disturbed by leveling with an appropriate channel pattern and drainage density can mitigate the effects of the prior disturbance. GeoFluv 's default drainage pattern is a dendritic pattern, because this ''branching tree'' pattern is the type that typically forms in unconsolidated materials (Bloom, 1978; Dunne and Leopold, 1978), such as those existing at a disturbed site. Drainage patterns other than the dendritic pattern generally express structural controls related to rock (or soil) mineralogy. Streamflow will not tend to maintain variation from the dendritic pattern when reclaiming unconsolidated materials without reestablishment of a structural control, e.g., rock-lined stream banks. Installing structural controls will add cost, will establish a point of weakness subject to attack by flowing water, and can cause disruption in the flow regime up- and downstream of the structure that will require compensation in the channel designs there. Determining appropriate reclamation drainage density GeoFluv suggests a default drainage density value, but the user can, and must, determine site-specific values to achieve landform stability comparable to surrounding natural land. By using empirically determined drainage density values in GeoFluv 's input, the user can have a very high degree of confidence that the resulting design will behave similar to the areas from which the drainage density measurements were taken. The user can determine a desired range of site-specific drainage density values. Local drainage density measurements taken from the undisturbed land with earth materials similar to the project area, and from nearby areas with earth materials that are similar to the project's disturbed earth materials, can define the range. The drainage density measured on undisturbed earth materials provides a lower end-of-range value, while the drainage density measured on nearby areas similar to the project's disturbed materials provides an upper end to the range of desirable drainage density input values. The recommended procedure for determining drainage density values is to visit the field site with a map and to mark the location and length of each valley feature that, if it were to erode into a finished reclamation landscape, would be large enough to be considered undesirable. Many of these features that will be identified in the field would not be apparent when examining a 7.5 minute quadrangle. It is important to recognize that when different individuals determine Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 187

195 drainage density values for the same stable watershed, their results will vary. One individual may map a slightly smaller feature and generate a greater drainage density value than another observer, or vice versa. For this reason, it is recommended that the same individual make all the determinations for design consistency. Entering Drainage Density Values The user draws a GeoFluv Boundary and sketches a draft channel pattern inside the boundary. The appropriate pattern for unconsolidated, disturbed material is typically a dendritic pattern. The channels should be spaced so as to divide the GeoFluv TM work area into roughly equal portions. The user then identifies the GeoFluv Boundary in the Setup tab by pressing the Select GeoFluv Boundary button and then selecting the boundary on screen with the cursor. The software calculates and displays the watershed area. The user then clicks on the Select Main Channel button to identify which channel segment in the drainage pattern will collect discharge from all the tributary channels and convey it out of the watershed at the watershed's base level. Regrade will display on the Output tab the length of the main channel selected and calculate the GeoFluv work area drainage density that the user has sketched. If the reclamation drainage density is too low, the natural watershed response would be to erode material until the appropriate drainage density is achieved. If the software's indicated value is too low as compared to the desired design value, the user can lengthen or add channel segments until the desired drainage density is attained. Conversely, if the indicated value is too high, the user can shorten or remove channel segments. If the design drainage density is too high, erosion is not likely, the landform may even be more resistant to erosion, but earthwork costs would increase beyond that which is necessary to create a landform as stable as surrounding natural lands. Sinuosity Sinuosity is the ratio of channel length to valley length. A stream flowing in unconsolidated material will typically begin to meander as it flows down slope. Because of this, the distance that the stream flows is greater than the straight line distance from the stream's head to its mouth. Sinuosity is calculated using units of length over length (L/L) and is a dimensionless value greater than 1.0 when any meandering is present. After the user has input the channel pattern and accepted a pattern with the desired drainage density, this software will then draw a draft channel pattern with suggested sinuosity appropriate to the channel slope. Channels on steeper slopes generally are less sinuous than those on lower gradients in stable land forms. The user may edit the draft channel's sinuosity value using the Channels tab's 'Current Channel Settings...' button. Channel Longitudinal Profile Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 188

196 Following the development of the channel pattern with sinuosity, GeoFluv calculates channel longitudinal profiles for each channel in the draft drainage pattern. The longitudinal profile of a natural channel is typically concave (Dunne & Leopold, 1978), steeper gradient in the headwater reaches and lower gradient near the channel mouth. That is because the headwaters of the watershed have less area, and therefore generate less runoff and erosive energy than the reaches near the channel mouth. Steeper channel gradients can be stable in the upstream reaches and lower channel gradients are appropriate in the downstream reaches for this reason. Stable slope profiles also tend toward this profile as can be seen in Figure 5. Figure 5. Concave longitudinal profiles in stable natural slopes Determining appropriate channel reclamation longitudinal profile GeoFluv designs the longitudinal profiles for the draft landform to grade concave profiles to each local base level. For example, the main valley bottom channel in the draft GeoFluv Boundary work area grades to the user-input local base level (the lowest elevation in the design's main channel, typically where all runoff leaves the GeoFluv Boundary). GeoFluv grades each valley wall channel, at its confluence with the main valley bottom channel, to the main valley bottom channel slope at their confluence. The headwater slope for the design profile can be automatically determined by the elevation of the design's GeoFluv Boundary and a default distance from that boundary over which the ridgeline can have a convex profile and be stable, or can be user specified using the Channels tab's 'Current Channel Settings...' button. Entering Longitudinal Profile Values When the user identifies the GeoFluv Boundary in the Setup tab by pressing the Select GeoFluv Boundary button and then selecting the boundary on screen with the cursor, GeoFluv TM uses the boundary elevation to calculate a channel head elevation for each channel in the watershed Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 189

197 from the Surface for Elevations file. The user specifies the three dimensional surface file that GeoFluv will use as a beginning surface from which to create its fluvial geomorphic landform design using the Surface for Elevations button. Examples of Surface for Elevations include existing post-disturbance topography designs or pre-disturbance topography. The user can type in the file path and name or use the browse button to help locate the desired file. The user may also enter Head Elevation and Base Elevation values using the Channels tab's 'Current Channel Settings...' button manually to gain accuracy; this is highly recommended for the base level elevation. The base level elevation has great effect on watershed response and an interpolated elevation may vary by several feet from the actual elevation. If the sketched channel begins beyond the default maximum distance from the GeoFluv Boundary, a pop-up warning will advise the user of this condition. The user may then either extend the channel to be within the default value or reset the default distance using the Settings button if local conditions permit a greater distance without erosion. The result of GeoFluv 's longitudinal gradient solution is a network of sinuous channels that have concave profiles and smoothly transition from steeper headwater gradients to the gradient at the design watershed's local base level elevation. Figure 6 shows an example of a natural stable network of slopes and channels with concave longitudinal profiles graded together from steeper ground to a lower gradient valley bottom. Figure 6. Stable natural channels and slopes grade from steep to flatter gradient by a network of concave longitudinal profiles The Profile button allows the user to review the design longitudinal profile for the current channel. It displays the beginning and ending channel elevations, the profile, and by moving the cursor, stationing is depicted along the profile along with the elevation and slope at that station. The viewer allows for vertical exaggeration to aid work on lower relief channels. The viewer also has toggle settings for pan/zoom and tick mark options. The Natural Regrade drop-down menu has powerful editing commands for channel and slope longitudinal profiles for special situations. Channel Cross-section GeoFluv calculates the channel cross-sectional profiles for channel reaches. The bankfull width (Dunne and Leopold, 1978) (Rosgen, 1996) for the mean annual flow is used to create a Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 190

198 hydrologically balanced cross section. GeoFluv uses the input runoff coefficient, maximum water velocity, 2-yr, 1-hr storm precipitation, and width to depth ratio values to create this cross section. As the watershed area increases downstream, more water is present in the channels and the channel cross sectional area must increase to convey the discharge within the user-specified design velocity range. Other channel pattern dimensions, i.e., meander length, meander belt width, radius of curvature, related to the bankfull discharge (Williams, 1986) increase concurrently. GeoFluv 's cross sectional area increase occurs simultaneously with the other channel dimensions. Channel flood-prone area has been related to a 50-year recurrence interval event (Rosgen, 1996) and GeoFluv uses this value to design the flood-prone area of the channel. The resulting dimensions define the channel banks for the draft landform. The designer can get cross section information by station for any channel in the GeoFluv design using the Channels tab's Report button. The range of design dimensions can also be seen using the Output tab's Summary Report button. A reviewer can get cross section information by station for any channel in the GeoFluv design from a completed drawing using the Natural Regrade dropdown menu's GeoFluv Channel Cross-section Report command. Ridges, Slopes, and VolumesGeoFluv designs ridgelines between the channels at elevations that create side slopes less than a default 5:1 gradient for the draft landform. The Preview button in the Output tab will display the location of the main ridges, and the subridges and subridge valleys that form around the channel bends. The user may alter the elevation and placement of the ridgelines to adjust slope gradient and material balance. The Draw Design Surface button in the Output tab is used to contour the ridgelines and channels to reveal the draft landform. The Save Design Surface button in the Output tab saves the landform drawing as a file. Figure 7 shows a reclamation project midway through construction that used this fluvial geomorphic approach. The mine pit highwall that ends at the graded gray spoil used to continue trending to the right of the figure and then turned ninety degrees toward the lower right of the figure. The steep slope reclamation with four subwatersheds immediately to the right of the end of the pit is the same slope shown in Figure 2 above. This project was designed over a period of months without the benefit of the computerized software; using Natural Regrade with GeoFluv, the design time would be measured in hours. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 191

199 Figure 7. Fluvial geomorphic reclamation is underway at the 115-acre Cottonwood Reclamation Project, Farmington, New Mexico. Gray colored material is mine spoil being graded using fluvial geomorphic approach. The U.S. Department of the Interior awarded San Juan Coal Company ''National'' and ''Best of the Best'' reclamation awards for 2004 for this project. GeoFluv calculates and displays the material balance needed to create the draft landform. The GeoFluv design's material balance is calculated by comparing the GeoFluv design surface to the surface file identified as the Comparison Surface. The user could compare the Design Surface to the pre-disturbance surface, another post-disturbance reclamation surface design, the existing disturbed surface, or other surface file. Figure 8 is an example output dialog box that compares the cut to the fill needed to create the landform. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 192

200 Figure 8. Output dialog box gives immediate cut/fill balance to guide landform design editing Note that the Output tab also displays the overall drainage density with the GeoFluv work area, which can be compared with the current channel drainage density. The user can compare the drainage density that is displayed in the Channels tab for each channel's subwatershed to the overall watershed drainage density to verify that the drainage density is uniform throughout the watershed. Subwatersheds that have too great or small drainage density values can be corrected by editing ridges or channels to vary areas or channel lengths. The Output tab and the Summary Report show whether or not the balance is within the userspecified tolerance. The Summary Report button in the Output tab generates a report for the channel showing the design parameter values of the channel and valley slopes. The report also displays the parameter values for natural channel types in the Rosgen stream classification scheme for ready comparison. The draft landform is an idealized solution to creating a stable landform according to fluvial geomorphic principles based on the user-specified input values. The user may modify the draft landform, for example to reduce the fill volume by lowering a ridgeline using the Edit Longitudinal Profile or Auto Longitudinal Profile commands, and the software can almost instantaneously recalculate the cut/fill balance to meet the user's design. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 193

201 The DWG tab lists the tools for analyzing the Design Surface as it is represented in the drawing in the channels and ridges layers (GF Channels and GF Ridges by default). These are the same commands that are in the Natural Regrade menu plus the addition of Save Design Surface TIN. The Save Design Surface TIN command will save a TIN file of the current Design Surface (as it is represented in the drawing) and is simply the built channels and ridges within the GeoFluv boundary. The Editing Mode toggle helps to clarify the difference between editing a GeoFluv input and editing a Design Surface in the drawing. The Fluvial Geomorphic Characteristics of the Draft Landform The fluvial geomorphic characteristics of the draft landform are those that are compatible with unconsolidated materials placed at various slopes, subject to particular storms, and considering special limitations of typical reclamation sites. Those special limitations include a relatively thin topsoil veneer over mixed earth materials (spoil), equipment limitations (e.g., equipment grading capability versus design grading requirements, ability to traverse steep slopes), and desire to minimize cost and maintenance. The GeoFluv fluvial geomorphic approach to building stable reclamation landforms is centered on creating a network of ephemeral drainage channels and associated slopes that are in a state of quasi-equilibrium, i.e., that are ''stable.'' Natural ephemeral channels are the landscape's response Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 194

202 to runoff events. By definition, they flow now only in response to direct precipitation. However, they may have formed in response to greater precipitation during wetter climatic conditions, including glacial periods, when they may have flowed as intermittent or even perennial streams. Considering that, their water and sediment transport characteristics would be expected to be consistent with streams that flow perennially in the present climate. For this discussion, we will use the Rosgen classification scheme for natural channels. The Rosgen scheme classifies perennial streams according to major types based on slope, width to depth ratio, entrenchment ratio, and sinuosity (see glossary for definitions), and stream bed material particle size (1 through 6, where 1=bedrock and 6=silt/clay). The Rosgen classification scheme describes natural channels as major types A through G using characteristics of multiple and single thread channels that form in different geologic settings. Slope is generally considered the dominant characteristic, and only the type A and A+ channels are associated with slopes greater than For this reason, the A and A+ channel types have a place in many reclamation landscape designs. Some of these channel types, such as the multiple-thread D and single-thread F and G, are associated with high bank erosion rates and sediment transport and deposition. They tend to exist as transitional channel forms as the channel moves towards a more stable type and for this reason are not favored for use in a stable reclamation landscape design. The B type is a step-pool stream with low sinuosity, with the steps typically formed by resistant rock strata and narrow rock canyon walls limiting sinuosity. Because both of these structural elements are typically gone in a reclamation landscape, the B type channel is not favored in stable reclamation landscape design either. The remaining major types, the C and E, differ mainly in their width to depth ratios and sinuosities, and the stable E type's association with dense bank vegetation. The low width to depth ratio of the E-type develops where the combination of cohesive bank material and a dense network of roots from bank vegetation are present. The E type channel is stable, but is very sensitive to disturbance of its bank material and vegetation. The C type has a tendency toward lateral migration through the process of erosion at the cut bank and deposition on the point bars, a tendency that is also exacerbated by bank material and vegetation disturbance. From this discussion, it can be concluded that the characteristics of the A, C, and E major types Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 195

203 have advantages for stable reclamation channel design. Further, the major channel types do not exist as distinct and separate entities, but in an evolutionary continuum from one type to another. For example, a B5c stream would have the major characteristics of a B channel with dominantly sand-size material, but its flatter slope, greater sinuosity, and width-to-depth and entrenchment ratios, would be tending toward those associated with type C streams. The flatter slope of this stream type combined with its greater sinuosity can allow it to transport and balance its water and sediment loads by channel geometry and not require the structural drops associated with the major B-type's step/pool sequences. Its width-to-depth and entrenchment ratios are such that all but extreme events may remain within a flood prone area within its channel banks. When its hydraulic design is correct and its banks are sufficiently protected by vegetation, natural appropriate channel roughness, and bank protection such as rock deflectors or J-hook vanes, this channel type can convey water and sediment discharge with minimal changes to the channel pattern. In other words, the channel can maintain its course and not erode into its banks and through the relatively thin veneer of topsoil because sediment transport and deposition occurs within the channel. When floods greater than the flood-prone capacity (based on entire 50-year, 6-hr recurrence interval precipitation introduced to the channel instantaneously in the GeoFluv approach) occur, the additional discharge energy can be rapidly dissipated on an adjacent floodplain. The default channel-type settings create type A and A+ channels at slopes greater than and type Bc channels for slopes less than using lower-range channel geometry values for these types. The user can also optionally choose to randomly vary the channel geometry values within the acceptable range using the Channels tab's 'Current Channel Settings...'' button. GeoFluv displays the channel geometry values for all channels and reaches of longer channels in the watershed in the Summary Report. The user can then edit the channel settings within the ranges of value appropriate to the default channel types or vary the settings to use different channel types. Links with Other Software The Natural Regrade with GeoFluv computerized landform design can further improve operational efficiency by interfacing with computerized machine guidance software. The GeoFluv landform design can literally be sent from the designer's computer screen to the machine operator's guidance screen by radio transmission and the designs can be implemented ''on the fly''. Design editing can also be done expeditiously. For example, if unforeseen conditions emerge, such as shallow bedrock near the edge of disturbance that hinders a dozer cut, the designer can keep the operator working elsewhere, adjust the channel's and related subwatershed design during the shift, and return the operator to work on the revised design. Additional efficiency can be achieved by integrating the computerized landform design with soft- Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 196

204 ware, such as Carlson Software's Productivity Tools, that provide real-time equipment monitoring and data capture during construction. This software determines material movement volumes and distances over time for associated equipment. The information that this software provides to decision makers was previously not available and can help them identify the most efficient operational methods for maximum cost savings. Carlson Telescope and Starnet are two office monitoring products that allow for viewing heavy equipment in real-time, as well as enabling two-way real-time file transfer. GPS guidance and machine control software can virtually eliminate the need for survey stakeout in the field and greatly enhance production efficiency. The machine operators can follow the project design and complete it to grade on their own as they work. Carlson Software makes Carlson Dig for excavators and shovels, Carlson TruckPro for haul trucks, Carlson Autograde for dozers, loaders, compactors, motorgraders, scrapers, foreman trucks, etc., Carlson Drillstar for drills, and Carlson Grade that allows cross-platform, multi-equipment functionality. Software Compatibility The Natural Regrade module with GeoFluv is a module of the Carlson Civil / Survey family. As such, it functions in tandem with the widely-used AutoCAD drafting software. Carlson Civil / Survey is application software for the civil engineering, surveying, mine engineering, and GIS disciplines that use AutoCAD as the graphics engine and drawing editor. Carlson Civil / Survey's system requirements are no greater than that of the AutoCAD version with which it operates and will work with any AutoCAD-based product from AutoCAD 2000 through AutoCAD Data Entry The Carlson Civil / Survey 2007 software accepts data downloads from any data collector, or other data file. Once the data are imported, they are stored as a coordinate (.crd) file. The entire Natural Regrade module project can then be designed from the.crd files without leaving Carlson Civil / Survey Summary Computerization of this fluvial geomorphic approach to land reclamation makes the applied science from a relatively obscure body of knowledge available to a wide range of users. The approach Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 197

205 helps the designer to build the landform that would tend to form under the existing physical conditions. The benefits of this approach include stability against erosion, hydrologic function and plant and animal habitat that are similar to undisturbed natural lands, lower construction cost for steep slopes, mitigation of maintenance concerns, and improved aesthetics. This approach also links with machine control and management software to further improve the efficiency of land reclamation. Table 1 summarizes the advantages gained by using the Natural Regrade software with GeoFluv to reclaim disturbed lands. Table. 1. Comparison of old methods of reclamation to landscape designed using this computer-aided fluvial geomorphic design method. *Approach is award-winning: New Mexico Innovative Practices- 2001, US Dept. of Interior ''National'' and ''Best of the Best'' reclamation for These benefits will be realized for those designing mine reclamation, subdivisions, golf courses, ski areas, parks, etc.; any site where the land surface has been disturbed. For example, storm water catchments do not have to be a rectangular pond surrounded by a chain link fence, but can serve the storm water control purpose and also be a hydrologically functioning and esthetically pleasing park. This technology will help designers, developers, and regulators evaluate more options, help companies save production and bond dollars, and promote better land reclamation and use. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 198

206 Documentation References Bloom, A.L., Geomorphology, a systematic analysis of late Cenozoic landforms. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 510 p. Bugosh, N Innovative reclamation techniques at San Juan Coal Company (or why we are using fluvial geomorphic principles and otherwise doing our reclamation differently), at Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute national meeting, July 2003, Copper Mt., Colorado. Bugosh, N Stream channel design reclamation - The fluvial geomorphic approach to hydrologic reclamation, pre-conference workshop at joint conference of the Billings Land Reclamation Symposium and the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, June 2003, Billings, MT. Bugosh, N. 2002, Reclamation using fluvial geomorphic principles (or why we are doing our reclamation differently), at Office of Surface Mining Bond Release Forum, August 2002, Bismarck, ND. Bugosh, N Innovative reclamation practices promoting successful bond release at San Juan Coal Company, NM at Office of Surface Mining Bond Release Forum, August 2002, Bismarck, ND. Bugosh, N Fluvial geomorphic principles applied to mine reclamation at New Mexico meeting of Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute, April 2002, Farmington, NM. Bugosh, N Fluvial geomorphic principles applied to mined land reclamation at OSM Alternatives to Gradient Terraces Workshop, January 2000, Farmington, NM. Dunne, T. and L.B. Leopold, Water in environmental planning. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco. 796 p. Rosgen, D., Applied river morphology. Wildland Hydrology, Pagosa Springs, Colorado, 343 p. Williams, G.P., River meanders and channel size. Journal of Hydrology, v. 88, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, pp Natural Regrade Menu Design GeoFluv Regrade Function Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 199

207 The Design GeoFluv Regrade command on the Natural Regrade Menu is used to open the dockable dialog box and access the main GeoFluv design commands. The main GeoFluv input edit boxes, buttons, and commands are arranged in GeoFluv 's main dockable dialog box in four tabs, Setup, Channels, Output, and DWG. The edit boxes and buttons are arranged in the input and operational sequence that the user will usually follow to make a GeoFluv design. The general order is left-to-right through the tabs and top-to-bottom within each tab. Prerequisite commands are further noted in the GeoFluv TM dockable dialog box by making prerequisite commands/inputs active (clear image) while subsequent command/inputs remain inactive (faded image) until the prerequisite step is performed. Pulldown Menu Location: Natural Regrade Keyboard Command: gf Prerequisite: Polyline perimeter File Name: \lsp\geofluv.arx Natural Regrade File Function The File button at the top of the Design GeoFluv Regrade dockable dialog box provides a con- Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 200

208 venient way for the user to save GeoFluv projects. The File button can be clicked at any time. When the user left-clicks on the File button, the Open and Save Projects dialog box appears. This dialog box gives the user the options to create a ''New'' GeoFluv project file, ''Open'' an existing GeoFluv project file, or ''Save As...'' a new project file. Saving the various designs as separate project files allows the user to store and retrieve each design alternative with all of its settings intact. If the user creates a project file, either with the New button or the Save As button, then all changes made to that design will be saved automatically to the project file. If a project file is never selected, then the settings are lost when the drawing is closed or when the dockable dialog box is closed and a new drawing is opened. Every line and point (and in general, ''entity'') has a name in AutoCAD. The GeoFluv project file remembers the names of the GeoFluv Boundary polyline and the valley bottom polylines that are in the drawing rather than storing complete copies of all the coordinates in those polylines. The advantage of this method is that when the GeoFluv Boundary or the valley bottoms change, the GeoFluv design will reflect the changes automatically and will never be inconsistent with the drawing. Natural Regrade gives the user the ability to rapidly create many design alternatives according to fluvial geomorphic principles for a stable landform. The user can then compare the various GeoFluv landform design alternatives considering the how well the designs satisfy land use objectives, and practicality and overall material handling costs. From these comparisons the user can decide on an optimal design. Saving the design alternatives as projects using the File button saves the user from having to repeat data entries. Natural Regrade Global Settings Function These settings include variables that will remain constant for a GeoFluv design, e.g., precipitation event values, and other detail settings specific to a GeoFluv design area that the user will typically not change for each design iteration. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 201

209 The Settings button at the top of the Design GeoFluv Regrade dockable dialog box provides a convenient way for the user to access all these settings in one place. The Settings button is accessible at any time. Left-clicking on the Setup tab's Settings button opens the Natural Regrade Global Settings dialog box. Each of the settings is described below. Maximum distance between connecting channels (ft.): This is a drawing setting that defines a maximum separation of polylines that Natural Regrade will recognize as channel polylines. The maximum distance should be set as small as the user can comfortably draw. The user types this value into the edit box. Some users may be able to hold and click the cursor more accurately than other users and this setting accommodates those differences. Maximum distance from ridge line to channel's head (ft.): This is an essential local variable in the GeoFluv approach. It is the shortest distance from a ridgeline to the head of a stable channel. The user will determine this value, in the vicinity of the the GeoFluv project, for stable landforms that developed in earth materials similar to the disturbed earth materials within the GeoFluv boundary. The value is a function of local factors including soil cohesiveness, vegetation canopy, cover, and root density, storm intensity and other climatic factors, and topographic relief. The user types this value into the edit box. The 80-foot default value is for an erosive semi-arid, high-altitude desert region in the southwestern United States. Slope at the mouth of the main valley bottom channel (%): This setting, along with the Channels tab's ''Advanced...Specify mouth elevation.'' setting, may be the most critical value to creating a stable final landform design using the GeoFluv approach. The GeoFluv design must integrate with upstream and downstream areas to achieve stability. That means that GeoFluv Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 202

210 channel reaches must have longitudinal profiles that blend smoothly with up-and downstream channel reach profiles. The user will determine the slope downstream of the mouth of the main valley bottom channel by survey, e.g., a point every 25 feet for about 400 feet. The user can plot a longitudinal profile from these points and select an input value for the channel slope upstream that will blend smoothly into the downstream profile. The user types this value into the edit box. In some cases, disturbance may continue for a great distance downstream of the GeoFluv boundary. In those cases, the user must determine the slope at the eventual downstream, undisturbed tie-in point, extend that profile upstream to the GeoFluv boundary, and specify a smooth tie-in slope value. ''A'' channel sinuosity: This setting applies to channel reaches with slopes >0.04. The channel types that form in these steeper reaches have low sinuosity, <1.2. Steeper reaches may be expected to have lower sinuosity still. Sinuosity will typically increase as slope decreases (inversely proportional). This setting allows the user to specify a maximum sinuosity <1.2, which may be desirable in certain cases, e.g., for very steep, short channels the user may want to specify a lower value. The user types this value into the edit box. ''A'' channel reach (ft.): This is an essential local variable in the GeoFluv approach, and reflects many of the same local variables as does ''Maximum distance from ridge line to channel's head'' above. It is one-half of a meander length. The user will determine this value for stable landforms, in the vicinity of the the GeoFluv project, that developed in earth materials similar to those within the GeoFluv TM boundary. The user types this value into the edit box. 2-yr, 1-hr (in.) (see documentation): This is where the user inputs the precipitation value for the storm event that determines the bankfull channel dimensions and plan-view channel geometry. This is an essential local variable in the GeoFluv approach. The GeoFluv TM approach uses a 2-yr, 1-hr storm event to design these features for ephemeral upland channels, and it can be used for ungauged intermittent and perennial channels as well. The value can be typed into the edit box, or entered by using the Rain Map button for sites in the U.S. and Puerto Rico. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 203

211 Clicking on the Rain Map button produces a dialog box in which the user will select the state or territory of interest, and the storm frequency and duration using dropdown menus. When the user selects a state or territory, Rain Map zooms in to that selection. The user then moves the cursor to the GeoFluv project area, left-clicks on it, and the interpolated value is entered into the ''Rainfall (in.)'' field in Rain Map. When the user clicks on the OK button at the bottom of the Rain Map dialog box, the dialog box closes and the rainfall value is automatically entered into the Natural Regrade Global Settings precipitation event edit box (next to the Rain Map button). If the user has data from a stream gauging station sufficient to determine the discharge associated with an annual recurrence interval (bankfull) event, they can directly enter that value into GeoFluv using the ''Channels'' tab's ''Advanced...'' button and ''Use manual Qpk.''. The user is cautioned that increasing these values beyond the actual event value will not create a ''design safety factor'', but rather will create a channel that is not competent to transport sediment during more frequent, lower-discharge events, i.e., it will cause sediment deposition in the channel that can cause channel blockage, etc. 50-yr, 6-hr (in.) (see documentation): This is where the user inputs the precipitation value for the storm event that determines the flood-prone channel dimensions. This is an essential local variable in the GeoFluv approach. The user can input the value using methods discussed in the ''2-yr, 1-hr'' section above. The dominant channel morphology has been shown to be related to about a 50-year recurrence interval event, rather than some extreme 100-year, 200-year, probable maximum, or other event. The GeoFluv approach uses an intense 50-year event to design the flood prone area of the Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 204

212 channel and places the entire amount of the 6-hour storm into the channel instantaneously to calculate a peak discharge associated with extreme channel-forming events. All this discharge is contained within the channel banks in Natural Regrade's default GeoFluv channel design. The user can also design a floodplain or terrace adjacent to the channel to accommodate greater discharges; when these are relatively wide the tremendous increase in cross sectional area allows the additional discharge to spread across the surface without causing undesirable erosion. Target drainage density (ft./ac.): This is an essential local variable in the GeoFluv approach. It is the total valley length divided by the area within the GeoFluv boundary. The user will determine this value for stable landforms, in the vicinity of the the GeoFluv project, that developed in earth materials similar to those within the GeoFluv boundary. (Refer to Introduction section for more detail.) It is a function of local factors including soil cohesiveness, vegetation canopy, cover, and root density, storm intensity and other climatic factors, and topographic relief. It is the extent to which a drainage network will develop given those local factors to achieve a stability comparable to surrounding land areas. The user types this value into the edit box. Target drainage density variance (%): This is an essential local variable in the GeoFluv approach. It captures the range of acceptable drainage density values for the GeoFluv project area based on the range of locally-measured drainage density measurements as described above and in the Introduction section. For example, if the lowest drainage density value that the designer has determined can be stable is 80 feet/acre and the highest drainage density value that is measured in similar local earth materials is 120 feet/acre, the user could set a target drainage density value of 100 feet/acre and a target drainage density variance at 20 percent to capture that locally-determined range of 80 to 120 feet/acre. The user types this value into the field. Force ridges to be lower than GeoFluv boundary: This toggle setting allows the user to specify if any point on a main ridge line can be higher than where the ridge line meets the GeoFluv boundary. A main ridge line in the GeoFluv approach is a ridge that defines a subwatershed divide within the GeoFluv boundary. When this box is checked (toggled on), the elevations on the main ridgeline will all be lower than the elevation on the GeoFluv boundary where the main ridgeline intersects the GeoFluv boundary. When this box is left blank (toggled off), a ridgeline may have a high point of greater elevation than the GeoFluv boundary, e.g., creating a knob or butte feature. In this case all runoff will still remain within the GeoFluv boundary and exit at the mouth of the main valley bottom channel. The feature allows the user to create a topographic feature within the GeoFluv boundary that may vary from the pre-disturbed surface, but is still a stable landform. This can be used to minimize the movement of piles of earth material when creating a stable landform design. Angle from subridge to channel's perpendicular, upstream (deg.): This is a local variable in the GeoFluv approach. This is the angle that subridgelines make in the upstream direction from Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 205

213 the valley bottom to the main ridgeline. The user will determine this value for stable landforms, in the vicinity of the GeoFluv project, that developed in earth materials similar to those within the GeoFluv boundary. Setting this value similar to surrounding stable landforms will help the GeoFluv -designed landform blend harmoniously with surrounding natural landforms. Natural Regrade will automatically create all the subridges in the draft landform using this value. The user can edit individual ridgeline orientations from the draft landform to suit site-specific design needs, however, Natural Regrade's ability to create the subridges and subridge valleys saves the user a tremendous amount of design time when producing draft landform designs. The user types this value into the edit box. North or East straight-line slopes (%): This setting allows the user to specify a global target for a maximum ridge-to-toe slope profile steepness on the north- and east-facing slopes (between 315 and 135 degrees). The north and east-facing slopes are generally steeper in natural landforms because they get less sun and can retain more moisture, factors that favor tree growth and its associated root-binding of slope soils. Because the slope faces can contain an infinite degree of aspects in the GeoFluv approach, Natural Regrade does not produce the identical slope angle for all north or east-facing slopes with this setting; it is rather a best-fit slope adjustment toward the specified target value. The user should remember that changing the slope on one side of a ridgeline will affect the slope on the other side of the ridgeline. The user types this value into the edit box. Maximum straight-line slopes (%): This setting allows the user to specify a global target for a maximum ridge-to-toe slope profile steepness on all slopes within the GeoFluv boundary. As in ''North or East straight -line slopes'' above, it is impractical for Natural Regrade to control every area of the design with this setting; it is a best-fit slope adjustment toward the specified target value. The user should remember that changing the slope on one side of a ridgeline will affect the slope on the other side of the ridgeline. The default value is 33 percent because agricultural machinery commonly in use for land reclamation has difficulty working across steeper slopes. The user types this value into the edit box. Maximum cut & fill variance (%): This setting allows the user to specify a global maximum for the cut and fill material balance for the GeoFluv design surface as compared to another surface, e.g., Pre-disturbed surface. A value of 100 percent means cut and fill are balanced. A value of 125 percent means that there is 25 percent more material that needs to be removed to create the surface than there are areas requiring fill. The user types this value into the edit box. Minimum cut & fill variance (%): This setting allows the user to specify a global minimum for the cut and fill material balance for the GeoFluv design surface as compared to another surface, e.g., Pre-disturbed surface. A value of 100 percent means cut and fill are balanced. A value of 80 percent means that there is 20 percent less material that needs to be removed to create the surface than there are areas requiring fill. The user types this value into the edit box. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 206

214 Cut swell factor: This setting allows the user to specify a global swell factor for cut material from bank volume to loose volume. A value of means that the loose volume is the same as the bank volume. A value of means that the excavated loose material fills 12 percent greater volume than did the same material in place before excavation. The user types this value into the edit box. Fill shrink factor: This setting allows the user to specify a global shrink factor for fill material from loose volume to fill volume. A value of means that the fill volume is the same as the loose volume. A value of means that the filled and settled/compacted material fills 10 percent less volume than did the same loose material after excavation. The user types this value into the edit box. Setup Tab Function The Setup tab is used for work that defines the watershed boundary, establishes the general channel pattern, calculates the watershed drainage density, channel head and mouth elevations, channel slopes,and defines the three dimensional surfaces that GeoFluv will use to create the stable draft design watershed and calculate the material balances for the design. Select GeoFluv Boundary Function The user defines the boundary polyline that they have drawn to outline the GeoFluv design area on the drawing. GeoFluv will automatically calculate and display the watershed area inside the defined boundary. (This area is only the area to which the GeoFluv design will be applied. If additional undisturbed or previously reclaimed area lies upstream of the GeoFluv TM design area, runoff from that additional area can be added into the design in the Channels tab using the Add Area window.) The default area units are acres, but metric units can be selected in the Carlson Drawing Setup dialog box accessed through the Carlson toolbar at File/Configure /Drawing Setup (use of consistent units in a drawing is recommended). Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 207

215 Command Prompt: Select GeoFluv boundary polyline. Select objects The user moves the cursor to cross the GeoFluv Boundary polyline anywhere along its length and left-clicks to define the GeoFluv Boundary to the Natural Regrade module. The command prompt reads, ''New GeoFluv boundary has been accepted.'', if the cursor has clicked on a closed polyline, the watershed area is calculated and displayed, and the Select Main Channel button on the Setup tab becomes active. The command prompt reads, ''GeoFluv boundary polyline must be closed.'' if the polyline the user selected is not closed, and the watershed area is not calculated and displayed, and the Select Main Channel button remains inactive. Select Main Channel Function The user defines the channel that is the main valley bottom channel draining all discharge to the watershed's base level. The user also specifies the point at which the main valley bottom channel makes its transition from a lower gradient (<0.04) channel type to a steeper gradient (>0.04) channel type. The Select Main Channel button becomes active after the user has selected the GeoFluv Boundary polyline. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 208

216 Command Prompt Select main valley bottom channel polyline. Select objects: The user moves the cursor to cross the main valley bottom channel polyline anywhere along its length and left-clicks to define the main valley bottom channel to GeoFluv. When executed correctly, the command prompt reads, ''Choose the forced transition point between channel types. (Press Enter to find automatically.)'' if the cursor has covered and left-clicked a closed polyline. The user then either specifies the forced transition point between channel types (reaches with >-0.04 and <-0.04 slope) by placing the cursor crosshairs on the valley bottom polyline and left-clicking, or presses enter to allow GeoFluv to find a transition point based on the Pre-Disturbed Surface file elevations. Command Prompt: Choose the forced transition point between channel types: The user moves the cursor crosshairs to the point at which he wants the main valley bottom channel to transition to its steeper (A/Aa+ type) reach and left-clicks to select that point. Alternately, the user can press the Enter key and GeoFluv will determine a transition point using the Pre-disturbed file data. When executed correctly, the main channel length and drainage density for that channel in the entire GeoFluv Boundary area are calculated and displayed in the ''Data for main channel:'' fields and the reads, ''Main channel has been accepted.'' GeoFluv will compare this drainage density to the target value in Settings and, will highlight the value in red if it is too low or will highlight the value in green if it is within the acceptable range. If the value is too low, the user can lengthen the main channel, decrease the GeoFluv Boundary area, or add more channels using the Channels tab's Add button. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 209

217 The command prompt reads, ''Main channel polyline must not be a closed polyline'' if the polyline the user selected is closed, and the channel length is not calculated and displayed. The command prompt reads, ''Main channel must cross watershed boundary'' if the user has clicked on a segment that does not leave the watershed at its base level, and the channel length is not calculated and displayed. Data for Main Channel Function The ''Data for main channel'' fields display information that GeoFluv will use to create the main valley-bottom channel that conveys all runoff from within the GeoFluv Boundary downstream to the base level elevation. The GeoFluv design is built headwards from the base elevation. Head Elev. (ft.) displays the elevation at the head of the main valley bottom channel. GeoFluv TM can determine a head elevation from the three-dimensional surface entered using the Pre-Disturbed Surface button. The head elevation will appear in this field when the user enters a three-dimensional surface file. Alternatively, the user may specify an elevation using the Channels tab's Advanced button to access the ''Specify head elevation'' option on the 'Channel ''main'' Advanced Settings' dialog box. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 210

218 Base Elev. (ft.) displays the elevation at the that is the local base level for the main valley bottom channel. GeoFluv TM can determine an approximate base-level elevation from the threedimensional surface entered using the Pre-Disturbed Surface button. The approximate base-level elevation will appear in this field when the user enters a three-dimensional surface file. This elevation is adequate for creating draft GeoFluv designs, but the user must use an accurate field-surveyed base-level elevation for the final design. The user may specify the field-surveyed base-level elevation using the Channels tab's Advanced button to access the ''Specify mouth elevation'' option on the 'Channel ''main'' Advanced Settings' dialog box. (See also Settings tab's ''Natural Regrade Global Settings'', Slope at the mouth of the main valley bottom channel (%) for this related critical setting.) Valley Length (ft.) displays the length of the main channel that the user has identified using the Setup tab's Select Main Channel button. After the user inputs the transition point from the main channel's headwater reach (slope >-0.04) and its valley bottom reach (slope <-0.04), GeoFluv TM will display the length of the selected main channel in this field and use the value to calculate the main channel subwatershed drainage density. Drainage Density displays the drainage density value for the main valley bottom channel subwatershed as determined from the main channel Valley Length (ft.) and the GeoFluv Boundary Area (ac.). The drainage density is displayed in units of feet/acre in U.S. units, a convenient unit for landform design work. If the drainage density is within the variance that the user specified in the Design Natural Regrade dockable dialog box's Settings button, Natural Regrade Global Settings, ''Target drainage density variance (%)'', then the value will be highlighted in green; if the value is outside the user-specified variance it will be highlighted in red. A red warning can mean that the drainage density is too high or too low. If too high, the channel can be shortened or the GeoFluv Boundary area decreased. If the value is too low, the main channel can be lengthened or more channels can be added using the Channels tab's Add button. Pre-disturbed Surface Function The user defines a three-dimensional surface file that GeoFluv will use as the reference surface from which the fluvial geomorphic surface will be designed. This surface file could be an existing Approximate Original Contour map, a pre-disturbance map, or any other surface from which the user wants to begin the design. The Select Pre-Disturbed Surface T-Mesh File (.FLT,.TIN) dialog box appears when the Pre- Disturbed Surface button is left-clicked. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 211

219 The user can type the file name into the File Name field or browse for the file by left-clicking the Browse button to the right of the File Name field. Left-clicking the browse button will open another dialog box that will display file selections and the directory path. The user can search for the surface file in various directories and left-click the Open button when the desired 3-D surface file is found. When Open is clicked in the file search dialog box, the search dialog disappears and the file name is entered into the File Name field in the Select Design Surface T-Mesh File (.flt) dialog box. The user can then click Open on the Select Design Surface T-Mesh File (.FLT) dialog box and details of the file loading will be listed: Loadings edges..., the number of points and triangles that were loaded will be listed. Regrade will also conduct an automatic save of the file and the path will be stated. When the Pre-disturbed Surface file has been accepted, the file name is listed below the Pre- Disturbed Surface button, and GeoFluv reads the head and base level elevations from the Pre- Disturbed Surface file for the main channel that the user has sketched and displays these elevations in the ''Data for main channel:'' fields above the Pre-Disturbed Surface button. GeoFluv designs the main channel from this information and the settings on the Channels tab. The elevation at the heads of all other channels have their defaults set by the Pre-Disturbed Surface. The elevations along the GeoFluv Boundary are also set from this surface. This in turn sets the elevations of the main ridges and subridges and subridge valleys that intersect the GeoFluv Boundary. Channels Tab Function The Channels tab is used to input variables that GeoFluv will use to design channel geometry dimensions (including radius of curvature, meander length, meander belt width, sinuosity, and channel cross sections that are sized for bankfull and more extreme flood events), to add or delete channels from the design, to name channels, to view channel longitudinal profiles, and to design related upland landforms, and to generate reach-scale reports of the design characteristics of channels. GeoFluv 's draft design will have concave longitudinal channel profiles that join together in a smooth hydraulic transition. GeoFluv will automatically design drainage-divide ridges between the channels that form subwatersheds for each channel using this information. GeoFluv will also automatically design the sub-ridges and sub-ridge valleys in each subwatershed, and calculate and display the subwatershed area, subwatershed channel valley length, and subwatershed drainage density. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 212

220 Channel Add Function The Add button is used to add each channel to the watershed design. Command Prompt: Select tributary channel polyline. Select objects The user selects the polyline that represents the valley bottom for a channel that is to be added to the GeoFluv design. The selected polyline must meet the following criteria: One end must be near another valley bottom polyline that has already been added to the design. The other end must be near the GeoFluv Boundary. It must not cross the GeoFluv Boundary. It must not cross any valley bottom polyline. It must not cross itself. It must not be closed. When executed correctly, the command prompt reads, ''Creating final design surface... DONE'', GeoFluv adds the channel to the design, lists it in the Current Channel menu, retains the input settings from the previously added channel, designs the channel based on those input settings, and Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 213

221 recalculates and displays the channel length, subwatershed area, and subwatershed drainage density. The user can view the channel's vertical curve profile and edit any of the channel design input settings. When the user left-clicks on a channel name in the Current Channel field, GeoFluv draws an arrow on the design pointing to that channel. GeoFluv uses a consistent naming convention for channels, because this has been found to be a very important attribute for communication when taking designs to the field. Everyone involved with the project, from the designers to surveyors to equipment operators can clearly know what part of the project is being discussed when following this consistent naming convention, and this minimizes the chances of miscommunication and mistakes. GeoFluv uses the main valley bottom channel that drains to the watershed's local base level for the primary name, for example ''Carlson Arroyo''. The channels tributary to ''Carlson Arroyo'' have alphanumeric names that follow the hydrologic right- and left-bank convention, that is, right and left bank when facing downstream. The first tributary downstream of the headwaters entering ''Carlson Arroyo'' on its right bank is labeled ''Carlson R1'' and the first tributary entering on the left bank is ''Carlson L1''. This convention is applied to the tributaries themselves, so that the first tributary entering ''Carlson R1'' on its left bank is labeled ''Carlson R1L1'', and so on. GeoFluv will revise the naming sequence so that when all the channels in the watershed have been added, each channel will be named correctly following this convention. To name the channels differently, simply type the preferred name into the edit box in the Change Channel Name dialog box accessed using the Channels tab's Name button. Channel Delete Function The Delete button is used to delete the ''Current Channel'' from the watershed design. First, the correct channel must be chosen in the dropdown list on the Channel tab. The user can change the current channel by left-clicking on the menu arrow to the right of the Current Channel list-box and selecting the name of the channel that is to be deleted. The user then left-clicks on the Delete button. GeoFluv deletes that channel name from the list, deletes that channel's input settings, deletes any tributaries that connect to this channel, adjusts the names of the remaining channels according to GeoFluv 's naming convention, recalculates the ridges and subwatersheds and other aspects of the GeoFluv design, and makes the main valley bottom channel to be the ''Current Channel.'' Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 214

222 Channel Name Function The Channels tab's Name button allows the user to change the name of a channel within the GeoFluv Boundary that has been named according to GeoFluv 's default automatic naming convention. Left clicking on the Name button causes the Change Channel Name dialog box to appear on the screen. The user types the new channel name into the ''Channel's name:'' edit box and left-clicks the OK button to apply the new name. The user can toggle the Change Channel Name dialog box's option to ''Update tributary channel names'' on or off. This option will automatically rename all channel's that are tributary to the channel named in the ''Channel's name:'' edit box using that new name. Note that if the toggle is off, the selected channel will be renamed, but the channel tributary to it will not, but may need to be manually renamed if its name includes a GeoFluv alpha-numeric portion, i.e., if Moose Creek RE1 is renamed Spruce Creek, its tributary's name, Moose Creek R1R1, will still include the now meaningless R1R1. If the user does not want to use the default GeoFluv channel naming convention, they can rename the channels simply by toggling off the Update tributary channels names option and typing in any name. Channel Transition Function This button allows the user to change the transition point from a reach greater than slope to less than slope in a channel's longitudinal profile. Command Prompt: Choose the forced transition point between channel types. (Press Enter to find automatically.) When the user left-clicks on the Transition button, the cursor changes to a crosshair that the user can place on the valley line to specify a new transition point. The user can elect to allow GeoFluv to determine this point automatically based on the elevation data supplied in the Pre- Disturbed Surface file by pressing the Enter key. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 215

223 Current Channel Function The Current Channel list-box displays the name of the current GeoFluv channel that the user is designing. The main valley bottom channel was specified in the Settings tab and this channel is the first listed in the Current Channel tab. Channels that are tributary to the main valley bottom channel are added in the Channels tab using the Add button. The user can see a listing of all channels that are built by left-clicking on the down arrow to the right of the list-box. Then leftclicking on a channel name will make that channel be the ''current channel''. Current Channel Settings Function This button allows the user to specify settings that will vary the channel discharge and the related channel geometry and upland ridge and subridge morphology specific to the subwatershed active in the Channels tab current channel name box. The settings are organized on two tabs, Geometry and Watershed. The Geometry tab has settings for maximum velocity, upstream slope, downstream slope, width to depth ratio, sinuosity, random scale factors on sinusoidal channel, subridge spacing on sinusoidal channel, and channel head and mouth elevation. The Watershed tab has settings for runoff coefficient when using the Rational Runoff Method (the default method), or to allow input of discharge computed by an alternate method, and to add runoff from contiguous land areas. Left-clicking on the ''Settings'' button brings up the ''Channel 'xxxx' Settings'' dialog box that gives the user the options shown below. The optional settings made in the ''Channel 'xxxx' Settings'' dialog box will apply only to the Channel 'xxxx' subwatershed. The blue subject bar at the top of the dialog box displays the name of the channel's subwatershed to which the Settings will apply. The user will select a different channel in the ''Current Channel'' window of the ''Channels'' tab and then left-click on ''Settings'' to make these changes to other channels and their subwatersheds, e.g., 'Channel yyyy', 'Channel zzzz,'' etc. After specifying the settings in the dialog box, the user can apply them by left-clicking the ''OK'' button at the bottom of the dialog box. Geometry Tab Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 216

224 Maximum Water Velocity (ft./s.): The user can specify a maximum water velocity for the channel by typing the desired value into the edit box. Velocity is inversely related to channel crosssectional area for a given discharge according to the relationship Q/a=v, where Q is discharge (cubic feet per second), a is area (square feet), and v is velocity (feet per second). Upstream slope %: The user can specify the upstream slope for the channel using this edit box. This feature can be used to vary the channel's longitudinal profile that will join to a mouth slope dictated by the receiving channel slope at their confluence. It can also be used to tie into the upstream slope when the headwaters of the channel are at the GeoFluv Boundary and join with an upstream channel slope draining ''Additional watershed area.'' Downstream slope % (Only adjustable on main channel.): The user can specify the mouth slope for the main channel at the GeoFluv Boundary to join smoothly to the downstream channel slope by typing the desired slope into the edit box. If the Channel's tab Settings dialog box is open for any tributary to the main channel, the edit box will read ''n/a.'' Width-to-Depth, slope>-0.04: xx.xx, <-0.04: xx.xx: The user can specify width-to-depth ratios for channels with slopes greater and less than by typing the desired width-to-depth ratio into the edit box. The default values are 10.00:1 for channels with greater than slope and 12.5:1 for channels with less than slope. Sinuosity, slope>-0.04: xx.xx, <-0.04: xx.xx: The user can specify sinuosity for channels with slopes greater and less than by typing the desired sinuosity into the edit box. The default values are 1.15 for channels with greater than slope and 1.48 for channels with less than slope. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 217

225 Random scale factors on sinusoidal channel: The meander pattern of the idealized draft valley bottom channels (<-0.04) will be determined by mathematical constants and thus will be very uniform, changing (enlarging) as a function of flow (related to discharge) and valley bottom orientation. Checking the 'Random scale factors on sinusoidal channel' box will randomly vary the constant values, within their acceptable ranges for stable channels, such that radius of curvature, meander length, and meander belt width vary. This random variation produces a more natural appearance for the channel and related upland landforms. Subridge spacing on sinusoidal channel: This setting applies to channels with slopes < The lower-gradient channels, with slopes <-0.04, may have an adjacent floodplain (or terrace) area and the uplands landform may begin some distance from the channel banks. The user can use this setting to create some of this open floodplain or terrace area by increasing the spacing between subridges. A subridge spacing setting of 3, for example, will create a subridge on every third meander bend of the channel with an opening for the floor of the subridge valley between these subridges. Note: The user must select odd-number spacing; specifying even number spacing will result in all subridges and subridge valleys being on opposite sides of the valley. Even spacing can be made with manual Carlson editing. The user can also manually add or delete subridges, or vary subridge longitudinal profiles using Natural Regrade's longitudinal profile editors, to introduce more variation to the draft GeoFluv landform. Specify head elevation: The user can specify the head elevation for any channel, rather than accepting an elevation that is automatically determined from the Pre-disturbance file specified in the Settings tab. The user checks the box to select this option and then proceeds in one of two ways. The user can type a desired headwater elevation into the Specify Head Elevation field. Alternately, the user can left-click on the Pick button and then identify a (COGO) point of the desired elevation on the drawing. To use the Pick method, the user left-clicks the cursor near the desired point and then, by moving the cursor diagonally, creates a box around the point. The user left-clicks again to define the opposite corner of the box surrounding the desired point and the point elevation is entered into the Specify Head Elevation field. Specify mouth elevation: The user can (and should) specify the mouth elevation for the main channel only. This setting becomes inactive on the tributary channels because their mouth elevation is controlled by the main channel's longitudinal profile. The procedures for setting the elevation are the same as in Specify Head Elevation above. Note: The user should specify the mouth elevation of the main channel in the GeoFluv project area because this elevation and the channel slope immediately downstream of this point may be the most critical variables for assuring a stable landform design. The elevations that Natural Regrade interpolates from the 'Pre-disturbed surface' specified in the Settings tab are appropriate for creating and comparing draft design alternatives, but a channel mouth elevation interpolated Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 218

226 from a map surface can vary from the actual elevation on the order of feet. A channel will be expected to adjust to elevation and slope inaccuracies by erosion. Watershed Tab Use Rational Runoff Method: This is the default setting for calculating runoff to the GeoFluv channels in Natural Regrade and is the setting that will be used when the box is checked. The Rational Runoff Method calculates a peak discharge using the formula Qpk = CIA, where C is the runoff coefficient, I is the rainfall intensity, and A is the acreage. The user enters the appropriate runoff coefficient for the area within the GeoFluv boundary in the Runoff Coefficient field and Natural Regrade does all the related calculations. Use manual Qpk: The user can choose to input a peak discharge value calculated by some other method by checking the 'Use Manual Qpk' option. When the user checks this box, the runoff coefficient field in the Use Rational Runoff Method setting (and use of that method) becomes disabled. The user then types in the peak discharges to use for the two storm events. Note: The GeoFluv approach uses the 2-yr, 1-hour storm event to calculate bankfull discharge and the 50-yr, 6-hr event to calculate a flood-prone discharge. Reclamation landforms constructed using the GeoFluv approach that use these inputs have been stable in a very harsh and erosive high-altitude desert environment through extreme storm events. Using other input values may give unsatisfactory results. Additional Watershed Area: This setting allows the user to incorporate runoff from contiguous lands into the GeoFluv Boundary. When the user checks the Additional Watershed Area box, the fields below become active and offer a choice of how the additional runoff will enter the GeoFluv Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 219

227 Boundary. If the head of the GeoFluv channel is downstream of the Additional Watershed Area, as when joining to an upstream channel reach, the user should select the ''At head of channel'' option. The GeoFluv channel's headwater dimensions will then be sized to accommodate the runoff from the area above the channel headwaters within the GeoFluv Boundary and the Additional Watershed Area upstream of that. If the Additional Watershed Area is subparallel to the GeoFluv channel, checking ''Evenly along length'' will introduce the runoff from the Additional Watershed Area gradually along the GeoFluv channel reach and the channel dimensions will increase proportionately along the reach. The remainder of the settings are as described above in ''Use Rational Method'' and ''Use manual Qpk.'' Data for Current Channel Function These are the data that GeoFluv uses to calculate the drainage density for the subwatershed containing the channel in the Current Channel field above, and a display window that informs the user if discharge from additional area outside the GeoFluv Boundary is entering the subwatershed. These are not input fields, but real-time displays of the values being used in the GeoFluv design for the Current Channel. GeoFluv calculates these values from the subwatershed boundary it has built and the drainage pattern that the user sketched, and user-input additional area by the Channels tab's ''Advanced...'' button. Valley Length (ft.) This value is the straight-line length of the valley (in feet in U.S. units), not the sinuous length of the channel. Reach Area (ac.) This value is the area (in acres in U.S. units) draining water to that channel or channel reach. Add'l Area (ac.) This field displays any additional area outside the GeoFluv boundary that is draining into the GeoFluv Current Channel. This could be contiguous undisturbed land or land that has already been reclaimed. The Channels tab's ''Advanced...'' button allows the user to add additional area. Drainage Density (ft/ac) This value is the ratio of Valley Length to Reach Area in U.S. units of feet per acre, a convenient unit for this parameter in landform design work. If the drainage density is within the variance that the user specified in the Design Natural Regrade dockable dialog box's Settings button, Natural Regrade Global Settings, ''Target drainage density variance (%)'', then the value will be highlighted in green; if the value is outside the user-specified variance it will be highlighted in red. A red warning can mean that the drainage density is too high or too low. If too high, the channel can be shortened or the Current Channel's subwatershed area Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 220

228 increased. If the value is too low, the Current Channel can be lengthened, or a tributary channel can be drawn in the Current Channel subwatershed and then added using the Channels tab's Add button, or the subwatershed area can be decreased. If the GeoFluv Boundary polyline or the valley bottom polylines are modified in the drawing, clicking on the Reread Valley Bottoms button will cause the above data to be updated. Profile Function This button activates a popup view window, Profile Viewer, which allows the user to see the Current Channel's longitudinal profile graphically. Moving the viewer cursor along the profile allows the user to obtain the station, elevation, and slope at any point indicated by crosshairs along the profile. Vertical Exaggeration This toggle button setting allows the user to select profile views at fit, 1x, 2x, 5x, and 10x vertical exaggeration. Drag Action This toggle button setting allows the user to select either zoom or pan drag action. Then the user selects the Zoom button, holding down the left-click button on the mouse as the mouse is moved will zoom in and out on the profile display. Similarly, when the user selects the Pan button, holding down the left-click button on the mouse allows the user to pan the profile in Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 221

229 the display. Whether in Zoom mode or Pan mode, the middle mouse button can be held down to pan the profile in the display. Thus, if the user has a middle mouse button, staying in the Zoom mode and using the middle mouse button to pan is most efficient. Grid Ticks Only This toggle button setting allows the user to select either the default x and y grid lines across the profile, or tick marks only on the axes. Report Function The Report button is used for detailed inspection of the GeoFluv Current Channel's design characteristics. The report is for the channel as it would be incorporated into the design after using the Draw Design Surface button on the Output tab. Note that the channels with slopes >-0.04 do not have the meandering channel geometry relationships that lower slope channels do. Their different characteristics are designed differently in the GeoFluv approach and because of this radius of curvature, meander length, meander belt width, and meander width ratio are not listed. The user left-clicks on the Report button and the ''Channel 'xxxx' Report Options'' dialog box opens. The user can type in the desired station interval for the report in the ''Station Interval:'' window. The user then left-clicks on the OK button and the report for that channel is generated according to the user-specified stationing. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 222

230 The report gives summary design information for the Current Channel and lists channel-reach detailed information at the user-specified station intervals. The stationing increases in the downstream direction with station 00 being the channel head. Output Tab Function The Output Tab allows the user to preview the channels and ridgelines that will be contoured to reveal the draft GeoFluv design landform, to draw and contour the surface, to save the design, to verify the average drainage density within the GeoFluv Boundary, to compare the cut and fill volumes needed to create the design and to verify that the cut and fill volumes balance within a user-specified limit, and to create and view a summary report of the channel settings and design dimensions. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 223

231 Preview Function The Preview button displays the channel and main ridgelines from which GeoFluv will base its draft landform design. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 224

232 Command Prompt: The command reads, ''Preview. Use View menu commands to change views. Press Enter to continue.'' when the Preview button is left-clicked. Left-clicking on the Preview button draws the main GeoFluv channel and ridge design lines on the drawing. The A and A+ channel reaches (>-0.04 slope) are displayed as zig-zag lines. The valley bottom channel reaches (<-0.04 slope) are displayed as sinuous curved lines. The main ridgelines are shown between the tributary channels and are sub-parallel to the channels. Data for GeoFluv Work Area Function These are the data that GeoFluv uses to calculate the drainage density for the entire area within the GeoFluv Boundary. These are not input fields, but real-time displays of the values being used in the GeoFluv design for overall project area within the GeoFluv Boundary. GeoFluv TM calculates these values from the GeoFluv Boundary that the user has drawn and the drainage pattern that the user sketched. Valleys (ft.) This value is the combined straight-line length of all the valleys (in feet in U.S. units), not the sinuous length of the channel, that the user has sketched within the GeoFluv Boundary. Area (ac.) This value is the area (in acres in U.S. units) within the GeoFluv Boundary. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 225

233 Drainage Density (ft/ac) This value is the ratio of Valley Length to Reach Area in U.S. units of feet per acre, a convenient unit for this parameter in landform design work. If the drainage density is within the variance that the user specified in the Design Natural Regrade dockable dialog box's Settings button, Natural Regrade Global Settings, ''Target drainage density variance (%)'', then the value will be highlighted in green; if the value is outside the user-specified variance it will be highlighted in red. A red warning can mean that the drainage density is too high or too low. If too high, channels can be deleted or shortened, or the area within the GeoFluv Boundary can be increased. If the value is too low, valleys can lengthened, or a tributary channel can be drawn within the GeoFluv Boundary and then added using the Channels tab's Add button, or the area within the GeoFluv Boundary can be decreased. Draw Design Surface Function Draw Design Surface integrates all of the GeoFluv landform design data that the user has input and outputs it to the drawing. Left-clicking on the Draw Design Surface button causes the Draw Design Surface dialog box to appear. This dialog box allows the user to choose the layer name to which Natural Regrade will save the channel and ridge polylines, the triangle skirt layer, and the Sub-Watersheds. Toggles in the dialog box also allow the user to specify: If the triangle mesh outside the GeoFluv boundary will be drawn. If the 2D outlines of subwatersheds will be drawn. If intersecting built tributary channels are trimmed at the point of intersection or if they continue all the way to the confluence. If existing entities in these layers are erased. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 226

234 Clicking the OK button in the Draw Design Surface dialog box will capture these settings for the GeoFluv design. If the settings are valid, Natural Regrade will insert the subwatershed subridge and subvalley breaklines into the drawing, regardless of how many are needed to create the stable draft design and the Triangulate and Contour from TIN dialog box will pop up. The user can edit the settings on the dialog box tabs or accept the default settings. The user clicks OK to begin contouring. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 227

235 Natural Regrade will draw the draft GeoFluv landform contours on the drawing and a pop-up Carlson Edit dialog box will appear that lists any instances of 'crossing barrier lines', if the triangulate and contour settings were appropriate. The user can use this edit box to review the drawing for possible errors; typically the crossing barrier lines reported in this edit box are intersections of channel and valley lines. (See also the Draw GeoFluv Contours command for more detail about this feature.) If the 'maximum triangle mesh line length' setting in the Triangulate tab of the Contour selection in the Carlson DTM Triangulate and Contour menu is set to a value less than the required triangle mesh line length for portions of the design, the command line will read ''Ignored 'xxx' triangulation lines that exceeded maximum tmesh line length'' and only those portions of the design, if any, that did not exceed the maximum tmesh line length will be contoured. If this occurs, the user can reset the maximum triangle mesh setting in the DTM menu to be greater than the 'xxx' distance reported in the command line and then repeat the Draw Design Surface command sequence as described above. GeoFluv will then contour the entire drawing as described above. (See also the Draw GeoFluv Contours command for more detail about this feature.) The subridgelines and the valleys between them extend from the main ridgelines to the channels. The slopes have default settings that create concave slopes, rather than constant gradient or convex slopes that are subject to rill and gully formation. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 228

236 Save Design Surface Function The Save Design Surface button provides a quick means to save the triangulation mesh file of the GeoFluv draft design surface. The draft design surface is virtual and is not necessarily represented in the drawing at the moment. The draft design surface is created using the inputs of the 2D valley bottom polylines, the GeoFluv Boundary, the Pre-Disturbed Surface, and the various settings of the current GeoFluv project. The draft design surface is the same one that would be created by the Draw Design Surface button. Any modifications to ridge or subridge or channel polylines in the drawing using tools such as Edit Longitudinal Profile are not a part of the draft design surface. To create a triangulation mesh file of the design surface in the drawing, use the Draw GeoFluv Contours command in the Natural Regrade dropdown menu and select the Write Triangulation File option on the Triangulate tab. The user left-clicks on the Save Design Surface button and the Save Design Surface - (.FLT;.TIN) dialog box appears on the screen. The user is offered three options to name and save the surface file. The user can type in the name of a new or existing file in the File Name window, or left-click on the Browse button to the right of the window to get a list of surface files related to the project. If the user wants to save surface file as an existing file (overwrite the file), they can highlight the file name in the Recently Used Files: window at the bottom of the dialog box or in the ''Files in that folder'' window at the right of the dialog box. The user then left-clicks on the Open button at the bottom of the dialog box to save the file with the selected name. Update Cut/Fill Function The user can compare the current GeoFluv design surface with either the Pre-Disturbed Surface or the Disturbed Surface that is toggled on in the Output tab. This feature provides a convenient means for the user to document that editing has achieved a material balance for the GeoFluv design. If the user has toggled Pre-Disturbed Surface in the Output tab's Surface for Cut / Fill option, leftclicking the Update Cut / Fill button will cause Natural Regrade to compare the GeoFluv design surface to the Pre-Disturbed surface and calculate the volumes of cut and fill material required to construct the GeoFluv design from the Pre-Disturbed Surface. The results of the calculation are displayed (in English units) as cubic yards of cut, cubic yards of fill, and the percent variance of cut to fill. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 229

237 If the user has toggled Disturbed Surface in the Output tab's Surface for Cut / Fill option, leftclicking the Update Cut / Fill button will cause Natural Regrade to compare the GeoFluv design surface to the user-selected Disturbed surface and calculate the volumes of cut and fill material required to construct the GeoFluv design from the Disturbed Surface. The results of the calculation are displayed (in English units) as cubic yards of cut, cubic yards of fill, and the percent variance of cut to fill. If the cut and fill variance percentage is within the range that the user specified in the Settings, Natural Regrade Global Settings dialog box, then the Cut / Fill percent variance will be highlighted in green to quickly inform the user that they have achieved a desired material balance. If the cut and fill variance percentage is outside the user-specified range, then the Cut / Fill percent variance will be highlighted in red to alert the user that they have not achieved a desired material balance. Some ways to quickly alter the cut / fill balance in the draft GeoFluv TM design include raising or lower ridge longitudinal profiles using the editors in Natural Regrade's dropdown menu, changing the upstream slope percent of channels in the Channels tab, and moving the channel transition point from >-0.04 reach to <-0.04 reach using the Channels tab's Advanced button. Summary Report Function The Summary Report button provides the user with a quick summary report of the input parameters and resulting dimensions and material volumes that Natural Regradeused to design each GeoFluv channel within the project's GeoFluv Boundary. The user left-clicks on the Summary Report button and the GeoFluv Summary Report dialog box appears on the screen. The dialog box gives the user the options of creating a custom report by checking the ''Use report formatter'' box (toggle on) and presenting characteristics of Rosgen channel types by checking the ''Show Rosgen example channels'' box (toggle on; this is the default setting). Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 230

238 This information can be useful to compare the channels' morphology with other natural channel types when editing the draft GeoFluv design to verify that changes to the channel do not exceed the range established for that stable channel type. The summary report information can also be useful for estimating if the user may want to increase channel roughness, install additional bank protection or channel weirs to augment step-pool sequences, etc. Fields that contain information that is not used in the GeoFluv approach for designing A and Aa+ channels (>0.04 slope) are marked n/a. Many of the channel characteristics occur within a range at any particular reach in stable natural channels, rather than as a specific value. The dimensions also change in the up-and downstream directions as a function of discharge. The Summary Report presents the range of these values that are applicable to the entire length of each channel. The user can report channel reach-specific information by using the Channels tab's Report button. DWG Tab Draw GeoFluv Contours Function This command gives the user single-click access to the ''Triangulate and Contour from TIN'' dialog box via the Natural Regrade drop-down menu. After the user has used the Design GeoFluv Regrade dockable dialog box/output tab's Draw Design Surface button to create the GeoFluv design in the drawing, the user can left-click on Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 231

239 the Draw GeoFluv Contours command and produce the Triangulate and Contour from TIN dialog box to contour revisions to the polylines in the layers that the GeoFluv design was drawn to. When the contours have been drawn, the Error Log: C:\ Scad2005\User Trierror.xml dialog box will appear. The user can review this error log, or close the box and proceed with the contouring if precise detail is not yet required at this design stage. This Error Log reports any potential errors that Carlson has detected when contouring the drawing. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 232

240 For example, if the report has a Crossing Breaklines (two polylines with different elevations) field, the user can left-click on that field and a list of the detected crossing breaklines will appear. The user can then left-click on each detected crossing breakline and its x and y coordinates will be displayed at the bottom of the dialog box. The user may choose to report or draw all the detected potential problems using the Report All and Draw All buttons, or may highlight to select a single potential problem. If the user selects a single problem, the buttons change to Report One and Draw One. The user can left-click on the Zoom button to inspect the suspected problem; this will zoom to the relevant area of the drawing and place an arrow that points to the suspected problem on the drawing. Left clicking on the Zoom In button will allow closer inspection of the area of concern, and the Zoom Out button will return the user to the previous view. For example, if only one entity was selected as a problem of concern, the ''Report.. '' button will indicate Report One and left-clicking on the Report One button brings up the Carlson Edit: c:\scad2005\user\scadrprt.tmp dialong box that displays a Crossing Breaklines Report with the x and y coordinates of the problem, and the elevation difference between the crossing breaklines. Left clicking on the Draw One button draws the selected potential problem breakline on the drawing and brings up an AutoCAD dialog box that tells the user that one feature has been processed. When the user closes the Error Log dialog box by left-clicking on the X in the upper right corner or on the Done button, the Error Log dialog box disappears and the contoured GeoFluv design remains on the screen. The user can then choose to edit the drawing using tools in the Natural Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 233

241 Regrade menu, or any other Carlson menu tools, or can reopen the Design GeoFluv Regrade dockable dialog box to edit any of the GeoFluv settings there. Pulldown Menu Location: Natural Regrade Keyboard Command: gfcontour Prerequisite: Design geofluv File Name: \lsp\geofluv.arx 3D GeoFluv Contour Viewer Function This Natural Regrade menu gives the user single-click access to the 3D GeoFluv Contour Viewer that displays, in 3D, the surface created from the contours of a GeoFluv design. Viewing the contours is more representative of how the landform will look after grading than the surface produced by the 3D GeoFluv Surface Viewer. The 3D GeoFluv Surface Viewer shows you the surface based on the GeoFluv design, before using Triangulate and Contour. This resulting surface tends to be angular and faceted, and it is also the surface used for volume calculations. The 3D GeoFluv Contour Viewer shows you the surface based on the GeoFluv design after using Triangulate and Contour, and therefore has more and smaller triangles, lending a smoother appearance to the 3D image. Note that these commands use linework from particular layers in the drawing. This means that any editing the user makes to the linework in these layers will be reflected in the resulting 3D image. The prerequisite to using the 3D GeoFluv Contour Viewer is that the contours must already exist. To create contours, the user can select the Triangulate and Contour option after clicking on the Draw Design Surface button on the Output tab of the Design GeoFluv Regrade command. Alternatively, the user can use the Draw GeoFluv Contours command on the Natural Regrade drop-down menu, which will create the contours based on the GeoFluv design that exists in particular layers in the drawing. Clicking on the 3D GeoFluv Contour Viewer command first shows a dialog box asking the user to verify the layers in the drawing that the contours are in. There is also an option for saving the surface created from the contours into a TIN file, which can then be used with other tools in other Carlson Civil / Survey modules. Clicking on the OK button causes the contours in the selected layers to be ''triangulated'' into a solid surface, or TIN, and then opens the Carlson Software 3D Viewer with the GeoFluv design surface displayed. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 234

242 The user has many options for viewing the image available in the View Control tab dialog box on the right side of the 3D Viewer screen. The 3D project view can be rotated on the x, y, and z axes using the sliding Rotation Axis controls to the right of the view. By left-clicking and dragging the slider control below the image, the user can clip off forward portions of the view. The viewer has the ability to add vertical exaggeration to aid inspection of lower-relief areas by left-clicking on the arrow to the right of the ''Vert. scale'' edit box and selecting a factor from the dropdown menu. The viewer can also change the position of the sun on the project to evaluate sunny and shady areas throughout the day, a very useful tool for identifying optimal areas for different plantings. The user can either left-click on the 'sun' (yellow box in the blue circle) and drag is across the 'sky' from the west (the blue circle is the sky) or move the slider buttons surrounding the blue circle. The 3D viewer has the ability to color the view by elevation layers by a toggle setting at the top of the dialog box. These views are helpful for construction to help workers visualize how the final project surface can be built in a series of lifts, for example by using GPS-guided truck dumping. The toggle buttons on the dialog box below the blue and yellow 'sun and sky' indicator control: Pan The user holds down the left-click button and moves the mouse across the drawing to pan the drawing in the 3D Viewer. Rotation The 3D project view can be rotated on the x, y, and z axes by left-clicking the rotation toggle button and then holding down the left-click button while moving the mouse on the drawing. Dynamic Zoom The user can zoom in and out of the 3D view by holding down the left-click button and moving the mouse up and down on the drawing. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 235

243 Shading The user can toggle to fill with shading (color) between the TIN file's triangular edges to give the drawing a solid surface appearance. Average Elevation The user can toggle to have an arrow appear on the drawing surface that indicates the average elevation at the point at which the arrow points. Reset to Plan The user can left-click on this button to cancel all rotation settings and return to plan view. The Carlson Software 3D Viewer's Advanced tab has options to block model objects, shade the view, export the view image, and save the view that are fully described in the General Commands/View Commands documentation. The user can exit the 3D Viewer by left-clicking on the X at the upper right or the door at the bottom of the dialog box. Pulldown Menu Location: Natural Regrade Keyboard Command: gfviewc Prerequisite: Design geofluv File Name: \lsp\geofluv.arx 3D GeoFluv Surface Viewer Function This Natural Regrade command gives the user single-click access to a 3D GeoFluv surface viewer that is based on the GeoFluv TM design. The 3D GeoFluv Surface Viewer displays, in 3D, the surface created from the linework that was drawn by the Design GeoFluv Regrade command. This resulting surface is the same one that is used for volume calculations. Alternatively, the 3D GeoFluv Contour Viewer displays, in 3D, the surface created from the contours of a GeoFluv TM design which has more and smaller triangles lending a smoother appearance to the 3D image. Note that these commands use linework from particular layers in the drawing. This means that any editing the user makes to the linework in these layers will be reflected in the resulting 3D image. The prerequisite to using the 3D GeoFluv Surface Viewer is that the linework for a GeoFluv TM design must already exist in the drawing. To create the GeoFluv TM design in the drawing, the user can click on the Draw Design Surface button on the Output tab of the Design GeoFluv Regrade command. Clicking on the 3D GeoFluv Surface Viewer command causes the 3D Surface Viewer dialog box to appear on the screen. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 236

244 The user has many options for viewing the image available in the View Control tab dialog box on the right side of the 3D Viewer screen. The 3D project view can be rotated on the x, y, and z axes using the sliding Rotation Axis controls to the right of the view. By left-clicking and dragging the slider control below the image, the user can clip off forward portions of the view. The viewer has the ability to add vertical exaggeration to aid inspection of lower-relief areas by left-clicking on the arrow to the right of the ''Vert. scale'' edit box and selecting a factor from the dropdown menu. The viewer can also change the position of the sun on the project to evaluate sunny and shady areas throughout the day, a very useful tool for identifying optimal areas for different plantings. The user can either left-click on the 'sun' (yellow box in the blue circle) and drag is across the 'sky' from the west (the blue circle is the sky) or move the slider buttons surrounding the blue circle. The 3D viewer has the ability to color the view by elevation layers by a toggle setting at the top of the dialog box. These views are helpful for construction to help workers visualize how the final project surface can be built in a series of lifts, for example by using GPS-guided truck dumping. The toggle buttons on the dialog box below the blue and yellow 'sun and sky' indicator control: Pan The user holds down the left-click button and moves the mouse across the drawing to pan the drawing in the 3D Viewer. Rotation The 3D project view can be rotated on the x, y, and z axes by left-clicking the rotation toggle button and then holding down the left-click button while moving the mouse on the drawing. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 237

245 Dynamic Zoom The user can zoom in and out of the 3D view by holding down the left-click button and moving the mouse up and down on the drawing. Shading The user can toggle to fill with shading (color) between the TIN file's triangular edges to give the drawing a solid surface appearance. Average Elevation The user can toggle to have an arrow appear on the drawing surface that indicates the average elevation at the point at which the arrow points. Reset to Plan The user can left-click on this button to cancel all rotation settings and return to plan view. The Carlson Software 3D Viewer's Advanced tab has options to block model objects, shade the view, export the view image, and save the view that are fully described in the General Commands/View Commands documentation. The user can exit the 3D Viewer by left-clicking on the X at the upper right or the door at the bottom of the dialog box. Pulldown Menu Location: Natural Regrade Keyboard Command: gfview3d Prerequisite: Design geofluv File Name: \lsp\geofluv.arx Calculate GeoFluv Volume Function This Natural Regrade drop-down menu command is used to calculate the cut and fill volume difference between the GeoFluv TM design surface in the drawing and another surface, the Comparison Surface. The Comparison Surface is specified on the Output tab. Possible sources for the Comparison Surface may be pre-disturbed, such as the natural landsurface or an earlier reclamation design, or may be disturbed, such as a mine pit or construction site. If the valley bottom or GeoFluv Boundary polylines have been moved, or any setting in the GeoFluv project has been changed that can affect volumes, then the design surface in the drawing will be out-of-date. The ''Draw Design Surface'' button must be used to create a new surface in the drawing to reflect the changes. When the user clicks on the command, a dialog box appears with the cut and fill required to transform the first surface into the current design surface (layers GF Channels and GF Ridges). The first surface is the Comparison Surface. The cut and fill are calculated wherever the two Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 238

246 surfaces overlap unless an inclusion polyline is given in which case the cut and fill are calculated within the inclusion polyline. The results are displayed in cubic yards in the English system of units and cubic meters in the metric system. Pulldown Menu Location: Natural Regrade Keyboard Command: gfvolume Prerequisite: Design geofluv File Name: \lsp\geofluv.arx Cut/Fill Centroids Function This Natural Regrade dropdown menu command is designed to show the amounts and locations of cut and fill that are required to transform the Comparison Surface (typically the disturbed surface) into the design surface. The Comparison Surface is specified in the current GeoFluv project on the Output tab. The design surface for this command is the result of combining the GeoFluv design in the layers in the drawing within the GeoFluv Boundary plus the Surface for Elevations (specified on the Setup tab) outside the GeoFluv Boundary. After comparing these two surfaces, this command identifies the centers of earth-material volumes that need to be moved and the centers of voids that need to be filled to create the GeoFluv design. The command includes the option to identify optimal straight-line material movement paths. Note that this command uses linework from particular layers in the drawing. This means that any editing the user makes to the linework in these layers will be reflected in the results. The prerequisites for using the Cut Fill Centroids command is that the linework for a GeoFluv TM design must already exist in the drawing and the Comparison Surface must be set. To create the GeoFluv TM design in the drawing, the user can click on the Draw Design Surface button on the Output tab of the Design GeoFluv Regrade command. The Comparison Surface file can be entered by clicking on the Comparison Surface button on the Design GeoFluv Regrade Output tab. Clicking on the Cut Fill Centroid command causes the Cut & Fill Centroid Locator dialog box to appear, if the prerequisites have been met. The Cut & Fill Centroid Locator dialog box gives the user several options. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 239

247 Minimum Region Volume allows the user to type a minimum cut / fill centroid region volume for the calculations into an edit box. Generate Labels is a toggle setting that allows the user to have the centroid region number, cut or fill, and volume value labeled on the drawing next to a crosshair that indicates the centroid coordinates. Text Size Scaler: Allows the user to type a scale factor into an edit box to enlarge or reduce the size of label text. This command is inactive when Generate Labels is toggled off. Layer: Allows the user to specify the layer on which the labels will be drawn by either typing them into an edit box or by left-clicking on the Select button which produces a dropdown list of existing layers from which to choose. The user can highlight a layer name on the list and click OK at the bottom of the dropdown menu to select a layer. Generate Boundaries is a toggle setting that allows the user to specify if Natural Regrade shall create cut / fill boundaries and, if so, to what layer the boundaries should be saved. If toggled off, the edit window is inactive. When toggled on, the user may accept the default boundary layer name, type a different boundary layer name into the edit box, or left-click on the Select button to choose from the list of layers. Hatch Regions is a toggle setting that allows the user to have the centroid regions covered with hatching to make it easier to discriminate from other parts of the drawing. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 240

248 Hatch Scale: Allows the user to type a scale factor into an edit box to enlarge or reduce the size of hatching. If the user specifies a scaler that causes the hatch spacing to be too dense or the dash size too small, this error will be reported on the Command Line. [Tip: Before drawing a different scale, erase the previous iteration using Edit/Erase/Erase by layer.] This command is inactive when Hatch Regions is toggled off. Layer: Allows the user to specify the layer on which the hatching will be drawn by either typing the layer name into an edit box or by left-clicking on the Select button which produces a dropdown list of existing layers from which to choose. The user can highlight a layer name on the list and click OK at the bottom of the dropdown menu to select a layer. Hatch Styles: Allows the user to specify hatch styles to differentiate among Fill, Zero elevations between Fill and Cut, and Cut material by either typing them into an edit box or by left-clicking on the Select button which produces a dropdown list of existing layers from which to choose. The user can highlight a layer name on the list and click OK at the bottom of the dropdown menu to select a layer. Report Optimized Earth Movement is a toggle setting that allows the user to specify if Natural Regrade shall not only calculate and identify the cut and fill centroids, but also determine the shortest straight-line haul distances to distribute the material from cut to fill regions. When the user is satisfied with the settings on the Cut & Fill Centroid Locator dialog box, Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 241

249 left-clicking on the OK button at the bottom will cause the centroid command selections to be executed and the Cut & Fill Centroid Report to appear on the screen. This report lists the three-dimensional surfaces that were compared to make the calculations, the material and void centroid regions that were identified, the volume of material or void in each region, whether the region identifies a cut or fill area, and the northing and easting of each centroid. If the user toggled on Report Optimized Earth Movement, the report will be appended with the Earth Movement Report which lists the volume in cubic yards of material that has to be removed from region x to region y and the straight-line haul distance for the material movement, when such a solution can be found. Pulldown Menu Location: Natural Regrade Keyboard Command: gfcentroids Prerequisite: Design geofluv File Name: \lsp\geofluv.arx GeoFluv Channel Cross-Section Report Function Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 242

250 TheNatural Regrade dropdown menu's GeoFluv Channel Cross-Section Report gives the user single click access to the detailed-by-station GeoFluv channel cross section Report that the user can create using the Channel's tab in the Design GeoFluv Regrade dockable dialog box when not actively working in the design. A user can select any GeoFluv -designed channel in a drawing without any other files and generate this report. Refer to the Channels tab's Report button description for details of the report. Command prompt: Select any channel polyline created by GeoFluv. Select objects: Pulldown Menu Location: Natural Regrade Keyboard Command: gfreport Prerequisite: Design geofluv File Name: \lsp\geofluv.arx GeoFluv Channel Inspector Function This command allows the user to obtain detailed design information from the Natural Regrade drawing by passing the cursor over the point of interest (on a polyline in the drawing). Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 243

251 When the user left-clicks once on the GeoFluv Channel Inspector command in the Natural Regrade dropdown menu, a check mark appears to the left of the command signaling the user that the command is toggled on. Then when the user passes the cursor over any polyline in the drawing, detailed GeoFluv design information for that point on the polyline appears on the screen next to the cursor. The command remains active until the user left-clicks on the command in the dropdown menu to toggle it off. The GeoFluv Channel Inspector works on ridge, valley, and contour polylines also, but obviously does not present channel design information for those polylines. This convenient and powerful feature allows the user to inspect designs without having to refer back and forth from a database to the drawing, but instead read directly from the drawing. Note that the information displayed is not an average for the entire line, but is specific to location on the line and can vary even in very small distances. There are some limitations to be aware of. First, to inspect the zig-zag A-channel, the GeoFluv project that was used to create that channel must currently be open in the Design Geofluv Regrade tool. Secondly, using almost any command, including Edit Longitudinal Profile and Auto Longitudinal Profile, to modify a channel polyline causes the extended entity data to be removed which prevents the GeoFluv Channel Inspector from having certain information that it needs. Pulldown Menu Location: Natural Regrade Keyboard Command: gfinspect Prerequisite: Design geofluv Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 244

252 File Name: \lsp\geofluv.arx View Longitudinal Profile Function This Natural Regrade dropdown menu command allows the user to view the longitudinal profile of any polyline in the GeoFluv design and obtain the elevation and slope at any point along the profile. Command prompt: Select objects The user places the cursor over the polyline that they want to inspect and left-clicks. The profile viewer appears on the screen. The user can move the cursor along the profile and the station, elevation, and slope information are displayed along the bottom of the dialog box at the position indicated by the cursor. Simultaneously, an arrow moves along the channel in the drawing pointing to the location along the longitudinal profile that the cursor is covering on the profile viewer. Radio buttons for Vertical Exaggeration settings aid the user in evaluating low relief profiles. Radio buttons also allow the user to toggle back and forth between Zoom and Pan drag action for the mouse. When set to Zoom, holding the mouse left-click button down while moving the Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 245

253 mouse up and down will cause the viewer to zoom in and out on the longitudinal profile. When set to Pan, holding the mouse left-click button down while moving the mouse across the viewer will allow the user to pan around the longitudinal profile. Whether in Zoom mode or Pan mode, the middle mouse button can be held down to pan the profile in the display. Thus, if the user has a middle mouse button, staying in the Zoom mode and using the middle mouse button to pan is most efficient. The Grid Ticks Only toggle allows the user to see a grid on the profile display or to see only tick marks on the axes. Pulldown Menu Location: Natural Regrade Keyboard Command: gfviewpro Prerequisite: Design geofluv File Name: \lsp\geofluv.arx Edit Longitudinal Profile Function The Natural Regrade dropdown menu's Edit Longitudinal Profile command gives the user quick access to a powerful longitudinal profile editing tool that can change the entire longitudinal profile of a 3D polyline or just a portion of the profile. Examples of tasks that this profile editor is well suited for is creating saddles on a long ridge line to further dissect topography and creating a 'hump' on the ridge profile where the user might want to leave excess material. When the user left-clicks on Edit Longitudinal Profile, the command line directs the user to Select 3D Polyline and the command prompt reads, ''Select objects:.'' The user moves the cursor to the 3D polyline that they wish to edit and left-clicks on the polyline. The ''Edit Longitudinal Profile Double Click to Adjust Profile'' pop-up dialog box appears on the screen. The dialog box has a profile viewer similar to the View Longitudinal Profile command viewer. The user can move the cursor along the profile and the station, elevation, and slope information are displayed along the bottom of the dialog box at the position indicated by the cursor. Simultaneously, an arrow moves along the channel in the drawing locating the point along the longitudinal profile that the cursor is covering. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 246

254 The dialog box gives the user toggle settings for the following options: Adjust connecting linework, when toggled on (the default setting) by left-clicking on the box, will cause Natural Regrade to automatically change all connecting linework, e.g., connecting ridges, to smoothly fit the new longitudinal profile. To update contours to reflect the modified surface, the Draw GeoFluv Contours command can be used. Grid Ticks Only toggle allows the user to see a grid on the profile display or to see only tick marks on the axes. Radio buttons give the user the following options: Vertical Exaggeration settings aid the user in evaluating low relief profiles. Zoom and Pan drag action for the mouse - When set to Zoom, holding the mouse left-click button down while moving it up and down will cause the viewer to zoom in and out on the longitudinal profile. When set to Pan, holding the mouse left-click button down while moving it around the viewer will allow the user to pan around the longitudinal profile. Whether in Zoom mode or Pan mode, the middle mouse button can be held down to pan the profile in the display. Thus, if the user has a middle mouse button, staying in the Zoom mode and using the middle mouse button to pan is most efficient. A slider button on the Blend 'x'% control allows the user to specify the percentage of the polyline to which they want to apply the profile change. As the user holds down the mouse left-click button Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 247

255 on the slider button and moves the slider button left to right, the percentage of the line that will be affected by the edit is displayed above the slider. When the user has specified the settings that they want to use for the edit, they move the cursor above or below the longitudinal profile in the display to the elevation that they want to raise or lower the profile at that point and double left-click on the mouse. The profile will raise at that point to the specified elevation and the line will blend from that elevation to the remaining profile over the distance specified using the ''Blend 'x' %'' slider control. The user can make multiple adjustments to the longitudinal profile in this fashion until the desired profile is achieved. The user then left-clicks on the OK button to apply the changes. Left clicking on the Cancel button will close the dialog box without applying the changes. Command Prompt: Select objects: Pulldown Menu Location: Natural Regrade Keyboard Command: gfeditpro Prerequisite: Design geofluv File Name: \lsp\geofluv.arx Auto Longitudinal Profile Function The Natural Regrade dropdown menu's Auto Longitudinal Profile command gives the user quick access to a powerful longitudinal profile editing tool that can change the entire longitudinal profile of a 3D polyline or just a portion of the profile in a smooth curve by specifying starting and ending slopes. When the user left-clicks on Auto Longitudinal Profile, the command line directs the user to Select 3D Polyline and the command prompt reads, ''Select objects:''. The user selects the 3D polyline that they wish to edit and left-clicks on it. The Auto Longitudinal Profile pop-up dialog box appears, which gives the user the following options. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 248

256 Top Slope can be user-specified by typing a value into the edit box, or the default value, which is the present value for the selected 3D polyline, can be accepted. When the user exits the edit box, e.g., with Tab key, an entered slope value is applied to the profile and the user can inspect the revision on the profile viewer. The user can make multiple adjustments to the longitudinal profile in this fashion until the desired profile is achieved. This setting will be the slope at the upper end of the longitudinal profile. Bottom Slope can be user-specified by typing a value into the edit box, or the default value, which is the present value for the selected 3D polyline, can be accepted. When the user exits the edit box, e.g., with Tab key, an entered slope value is applied to the profile and the user can inspect the revision on the profile viewer. The user can make multiple adjustments to the longitudinal profile in this fashion until the desired profile is achieved. This setting will be the slope at the lower end of the longitudinal profile. Connect to Ridge allows the user to allow a longitudinal profile, e.g., on a ridgeline, to have an extended convex profile before beginning its concave longitudinal profile. When toggled off (the default setting with the ''Convex curve length (ft.)'' edit box inactivated), the GeoFluv approach will design a longitudinal profile between the upper and lower elevations of the 3D polyline by constructing a vertical curve using the specified bottom and top slope percents. When toggled on, the ''Convex curve length (ft.)'' edit box is activated and the user can type in a desired distance value that the upper end of the profile can remain convex before the GeoFluv vertical curve is applied using the specified Top Slope percentage. This feature can be used to place extra material in a hump, for example on a ridgeline, and still have the face of the material grade in a concave profile toward the valley bottom. Chapter 2. Natural Regrade Module 249