2ROGRAM. E-How. M. Jute. Dehe' DEHTEL Upper Saddle River, New Jersey SIXTH EDITION. Deitel Assodaes, Inc. Deitel & Associates, Inc.

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1 DEHTEL Upper Saddle River, New Jersey E-How SIXTH EDITION 2ROGRAM Dehe' Deitel Assodaes, Inc. M. Jute Deitel & Associates, Inc. PEARSON

2 cp =-,...--, 1?Tehce f V M Begfin fi llrerrckmeicm Complutercs, ne ggi]ercne mild ne Wcrlid Wfide Wec3 g 1.1 Introduction What Is a Computer? Computer Organization Early Operating Systems Personal, Distributed and Client/Server Computing The Internet and the World Wide Web Web Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages History of C and C C++ Standard Library History of Java Fortran, COBOL, Pascal and Ada BASIC, Visual Basic, Visual C++, C# and.net Key Software Trend: Object Technology Typical C++ Development Environment Notes About C++ and C++ How to Program, 6/e Test-Driving a C++ Application Software Technologies Game Programming with the Ogre Libraries Future of C++: Open Source Boost Libraries, TR1 and C++Ox Software Engineering Case Study: Introduction to Object Technology and the UML Wrap-Up Web Resources 31 llneod.mceern C++ Prrogmanniing Introduction First Program in C++: Printing a Line of Text Modifying Our First C++ Program Another C++ Program: Adding Integers 49

3 x Contents 2.5 Memory Concepts 2.6 Arithmetic 2.7 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 2.8 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Examining the ATM Requirements Specification 2.9 Wrap-Up llrerrocumden LD CDbjeds Introduction Classes, Objects, Member Functions and Data Members Overview of the Chapter Examples Defining a Class with a Member Function Defining a Member Function with a Parameter Data Members, set Functions and get Functions Initializing Objects with Constructors Placing a Class in a Separate File for Reusability Separating Interface from Implementation Validating Data with set Functions (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying the Classes in the ATM Requirements Specification Wrap-Up 125 ConUoll 22ementso PaA Introduction Algorithms Pseudocode Control Structures i f Selection Statement i f...el se Double-Selection Statement whi 1 e Repetition Statement Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Repetition Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Repetition Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements Assignment Operators Increment and Decrement Operators (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying Class Attributes in the ATM System Wrap-Up 177 Corned2M2roents g L32, g' Introduction Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition for Repetition Statement Examples Using the for Statement 200

4 Contents xi 5.5 do...wh i le Repetition Statement swi t ch Multiple-Selection Statement break and conti nue Statements Logical Operators Confusing the Equality (==) and Assignment (.) Operators Structured Programming Summary (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying Objects' States and Activities in the ATM System Wrap-Up 233 lunceerrus Ern ['Reedzehn Recurcsiion Introduction Program Components in C Math Library Functions Function Definitions with Multiple Parameters Function Prototypes and Argument Coercion C++ Standard Library Header Files Case Study: Random Number Generation Case Study: Garne of Chance; Introducing en um Storage Classes Scope Rules Function Call Stack and Activation Records Functions with Empty Parameter Lists Inline Functions References and Reference Parameters Default Arguments Unary Scope Resolution Operator Function Overloading Function Templates Recursion Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series Recursion vs. Iteration (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying Class Operations in the ATM System Wrap-Up 311 A VeCeDJS Introduction Arrays Declaring Arrays Examples Using Arrays Declaring an Array and Using a Loop to Initialize the Array's Elements Initializing an Array in a Declaration with an Initializer List 338

5 xii Contents Specifying an Array's Size with a Constant Variable and Setting Array Elements with Calculations Summing the Elements of an Array Using Bar Charts to Display Array Data Graphically Using the Elements of an Array as Counters Using Arrays to Summarize Survey Results Using Character Arrays to Store and Manipulate Strings Static Local Arrays and Automatic Local Arrays Passing Arrays to Functions Case Study: Class GradeBook Using an Array to Store Grades Searching Arrays with Linear Search Sorting Arrays with Insertion Sort Multidimensional Arrays Case Study: Class GradeBook Using a Two-Dimensional Array Introduction to C++ Standard Library Class Template vector (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Collaboration Among Objects in the ATM System Wrap-Up 391 Poh2es Jod PoiiMe-f3@sed Shings Introduction Pointer Variable Declarations and Initialization Pointer Operators Passing Arguments to Functions by Reference with Pointers Using const with Pointers Selection Sort Using Pass-by-Reference s i zeof Operator Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic Relationship Between Pointers and Arrays Arrays of Pointers Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation Function Pointers Introduction to Pointer-Based String Processing Fundamentals of Characters and Pointer-Based Strings String-Manipulation Functions of the String-Handling Library Wrap-Up 461 Cll@SS2S. A Beeperr 'Look, PEfe li Introduction Time Class Case Study Class Scope and Accessing Class Members Separating Interface from Implementation Access Functions and Utility Functions Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments Destructors 506

6 Contents xiii 9.8 When Constructors and Destructors Are Called Ti me Class Case Study: A Subtle Trap-Returning a Reference to a private Data Member Default Memberwise Assignment (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Starting to Program the Classes of the ATM System Wrap-Up 523 Cll2SS2S: A 2e2p2fi- Leck, -0 me Introduction const (Constant) Objects and const Member Functions Composition: Objects as Members of Classes f ri end Functions and f ri end Classes Using the thi s Pointer Dynamic Memory Management with Operators new and del ete s t at i c Class Members Data Abstraction and Information Hiding Example: Array Abstract Data Type Example: String Abstract Data Type Example: Queue Abstract Data Type Container Classes and Iterators Proxy Classes Wrap-Up xemhz OverrllomIng; 2llirng 2nd. Anmy CDIAects Introduction Fundamentals of Operator Overloading Restrictions an Operator Overloading Operator Functions as Class Members vs. Global Functions Overloading Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators Overloading Unary Operators Overloading Binary Operators Case Study: Array Class Converting between Types Gase Study: St ri ng Class Overloading ++ and Case Study: A Date Class Standard Library Class st ri ng expl i ci t Constructors Wrap-Up 628 CDete=CDTficeAcid PTegrrunimkug g lnhß ge@nc e Introduction 641

7 xiv Contents 12.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes protected Members Relationship between Base Classes and Derived Classes Creating and Using a Commi ssi onempl oyee Class Creating a BasePl uscommi ssi onempl oyee Class Without Using Inheritance Creating a Commi ssi onemployee BaseP1usCommi ssi onempl oyee Inheritance Hierarchy Commi ssi onempl oyee BasePlusCommi ssi on Empl oyee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Data Commi ssi onempl oyee BasePlusCommi ssi on Empl oyee Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Data Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes publ i c, protected and pri vate Inheritance Software Engineering with Inheritance Wrap-Up 687 Cb,he-Ordienged hezwernmihro Püllymo gilfiisin Introduction Polymorphism Examples Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy Invoking Base-Class Functions from Derived-Class Objects Aiming Derived-Class Pointers at Base-Class Objects Derived-Class Member-Function Calls via Base-Class Pointers Virtual Functions Summary of the Allowed Assignments Between Base-Class and Derived-Class Objects and Pointers Type Fields and swi tch Statements Abstract Classes and Pure vi rtual Functions Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism Creating Abstract Base Class Employee Creating Concrete Derived Class Sal ari edempl oyee Creating Concrete Derived Class Hourl yemployee Creating Concrete Derived Class Commi ssi onempl oyee Creating Indirect Concrete Derived Class BasePlusCommi ssi onempl oyee Demonstrating Polymorphic Processing (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding "Under the Hood" Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism and Runtime Type Information with Downcasting, dynami c_cast, typei d and type_i nfo Virtual Destructors (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Incorporating Inheritance into the ATM System Wrap-Up 751

8 Contents xv TUrilp1122S Introduction Function Templates Overloading Function Templates Class Templates Nontype Parameters and Default Types for Class Templates Notes on Templates and Inheritance Notes on Templates and Friends Notes on Templates and stati c Members Wrap-Up 771 Seremin ilnpefouotpwa Introduction Streams Classic Streams vs. Standard Streams iostream Library Header Files Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects Stream Output Output of char * Variables Character Output Using Member Function put Stream Input get and get1 i ne Member Functions i st ream Member Functions peek, putback and i gnore Type-Safe I/O Unformatted I/O Using read, wri te and gcount Introduction to Stream Manipulators Integral Stream Base: dec, oct, hex and setbase Floating-Point Precision (p reci si on, setpreci sion) Field Width (wi dth, s etw) User-Defined Output Stream Manipulators Stream Format States and Stream Manipulators Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points (s howpoi nt) Justification (left, ri ght and i nte mal) Padding (fi 11, setfi 11) Integral Stream Base (dec, oct, hex, showbase) Floating-Point Numbers; Scientific and Fixed Notation (sci enti fi c, fi xed) Uppercase/Lowercase Control (uppercase) Speciing Boolean Format (boolal pha) Setting and Resetting the Format State via Member Function fl ags Stream Error States Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream Wrap-Up 807

9 xvi Contents luceparionl Nmdilfing Introduction Exception-Handling Overview Example: Handling an Attempt to Divide by Zero When to Use Exception Handling Rethrowing an Exception Exception Specifications Processing Unexpected Exceptions Stack Unwinding Constructors, Destructors and Exception Handling Exceptions and Inheritance Processing new Failures Class auto_pt r and Dynamic Memory Allocation Standard Library Exception Hierarchy Other Error-Handling Techniques Wrap-Up 841 Elle P)rocesg rng Introduction Data Hierarchy Files and Streams Creating a Sequential File Reading Data from a Sequential File Updating Sequential Files Random-Access Files Creating a Random-Access File Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File Reading from a Random-Access File Sequentially Case Study: A Transaction-Processing Program Overview of Object Serialization Wrap-Up 881 C11233 Stri ng unci Sefung Selle@ilin PT cesgng Introduction stri ng Assignment and Concatenation Comparing st ri ngs Substrings Swapping st ri ngs stri ng Characteristics Finding Substrings and Characters in a st ri ng Replacing Characters in a st ri ng Inserting Characters into a st ri ng Conversion to C-Style Pointer-Based char * Strings Iterators 911

10 Contents xvii String Stream Processing Wrap-Up Sewake mnd Sorreng 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Searching Algorithms Efficiency of Linear Search Binary Search 19.3 Sorting Algorithms Efficiency of Selection Sort Efficiency of Insertion Sort Merge Sort (A Recursive Implementation) Wrap-Up 939 Dmh Shrmemes Introduction Self-Referential Classes Dynamic Memory Allocation and Data Structures Linked Lists Stacks Queues Trees Wrap-Up 980 Ms, Ciumeem, C d. structs il Introduction Structure Definitions Initializing Structures Using Structures with Functions typedef Example: High-Performance Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation Bitwise Operators Bit Fields Character-Handling Library Pointer-Based S tring-conversion Functions Search Functions of the Pointer-Based String-Handling Library Memory Functions of the Pointer-Based String-Handling Library Wrap-Up 1046 Shnorz ge Ire gullp112e lfibmi gy QSTIU Introduction to the Standard Template Library (STL) Introduction to Containers Introduction to Iterators 1064

11 xviii Contents Introduction to Algorithms 22.2 Sequence Containers vector Sequence Container li st Sequence Container deque Sequence Container 22.3 Associative Containers mul ti set Associative Container set Associative Container mult i map Associative Container map Associative Container 22.4 Container Adapters st ack Adapter queue Adapter pri ori ty_queue Adapter 22.5 Algorithms fi 11, fill_n, generate and generate_n equal, mi smatch and lexi cog raphi cal _compare remove, remove_i f, remove_copy and remove_copy_i f repl ace, replace_i f, repl ace_copy and repl ace_copy_i f Mathematical Algorithms Basic Searching and Sorting Algorithms swap, i ter_swap and swap_ranges copy_backward, merge, uni que and reve rse i np1 ace_merge, uni que_copy and reverse_copy Set Operations lower_bound, upper_bound and equal_range Heapsort min and max STL Algorithms Not Covered in This Chapter 22.6 Class bi tset 22.7 Function Objects 22.8 Wrap-Up 22.9 STL Web Resources Gure Pa grimlinnsiing vjien Ogre II 1143 Introduction 1149 Installing Ogre, OgreAL and OpenAL 1149 Basics of Garne Programming 1149 The Garne of Pong: Code Walkthrough Ogre Initialization Creating a Scene Adding to the Scene Animation and Timers User Input Collision Detection 1178

12 Contents xix Sound Resources Pong Driver Wrap-Up Ogre Web Resources Boes Lfikallciies, TezhnkmIlRepeEe C++Om fi Introduction Deitel Online C++ and Related Resource Centers Boost Libraries Adding a New Library to Boost Installing the Boost Libraries Boost Libraries in Technical Report 1 (TR1) Regular Expressions with the Boost. Regex Li brary Regular Expression Example Validating User Input with Regular Expressions Replacing and Splitting Strings Smart Pointers with Boost.Smart_ptr Reference Counted shared_ptr weak_pt r: shared_ptr Observer Technical Report C++Ox Core Language Changes Wrap-Up 1229 hefi Topfics 25.1 Introduction 25.2 const_cast Operator 25.3 namespaces 25.4 Operator Keywords 25.5 mutable Class Members 25.6 Pointers to Class Members (.* and ->*) 25.7 Multiple Inheritance 25.8 Multiple Inheritance and vi rtual Base Classes 25.9 Wrap-Up A.1 CDperr2orr PTecedence und Operator Precedence AssezfiAve Ch@A fi ASCH Chumecerr Sets X269 1Fmnid@ffiffleffhil Typ3s 11270

13 xx Constants._Kullialfoerc Syste gno [1272 D.1 Introduction 1273 D.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers 1276 D.3 Converting Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers 1277 D.4 Converting from Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal to Decimal 1277 D.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal 1278 D.6 Negative Binary Numbers: Two's Complement Notation 1280 C Leg@cy Code To[Acs E.1 Introduction H E.2 Redirecting Input/Output on UNIX/Linux/Mac OS X and Windows Systems 1286 E.3 Variable-Length Argument Lists 1287 E.4 Using Command-Line Arguments 1290 E.5 Notes on Compiling Multiple-Source-File Programs 1291 E.6 Program Termination with exi t and atexi t 1293 E.7 Type Qualifier vol ati le 1295 E.8 Suffixes for Integer and Floating-Point Constants 1295 E.9 Signal Handling 1295 E.10 Dynamic Memory Allocation with cal oc and real 1 oc 1298 E.11 Unconditional Branch: goto 1299 E.12 Unions 1300 E.13 Linkage Specifications 1303 E.14 Wrap-Up 1304?rfeLDJOCeSSOff 113 g 11 F.1 Introduction 1312 F.2 The #i ncl ude Preprocessor Directive F.3 The #defi ne Preprocessor Directive: Symbolic Constants F.4 The #defi ne Preprocessor Directive: Macros 1313 F.5 Conditional Compilation 1315 F.6 The #er ror and #pragma Preprocessor Directives 1316 F.7 Operators # and ## 1317 F.8 Predefined Symbolic Constants 1317 F.9 Assertions 1318 F.10 Wrap-Up 1318 ATM CalS2 Study Code G.1 ATM Case Study Implementation 1323 G.2 Class ATM 1324 G.3 Class Screen 1331 G.4 Class Keypad G.5 Class CashDi spense r

14 Contents xxi G.6 Class Deposi ts1 ot 1335 G.7 Class Account 1336 G.8 Class BankDatabase 1338 G.9 Class Transacti on 1342 G.10 Class Bal anceinqui ry 1344 G.11 Class Wi thd rawal 1346 G.12 Class Deposi t 1351 G.13 Test Program ATMCaseStudy.. cpp 1354 G.14 Wrap-Up 1354 UWE, 120 Aadriemmil lidh,grmrdn Types H.1 Introduction 1355 H.2 Additional Diagram Types 1355 Usfing Vrisemll Debugger I.1 Introduction Breakpoints and the Continue Command Locals and Watch Windows Controlling ExecutionUsing die Step Into, Step Over, Step Out and Continue Commands Autos Window Wrap-Up 1370 C{ 11 idne GNU C++ Debugger(' J.1 Introduction 1374 J.2 Breakpoints and die run, stop, conti nue and pri nt Commands 1374 J.3 pri nt and set Commands J.4 Controlling Execution Using the step, fi ni sh and next Commands 1383 J.5 wat ch Command 1385 J.6 Wrap-Up 1387 BfiblIfiegrimphy lindem

Contents. 2 Introduction to C++ Programming,

Contents. 2 Introduction to C++ Programming, cppfp2_toc.fm Page vii Thursday, February 14, 2013 9:33 AM Chapter 24 and Appendices F K are PDF documents posted online at www.informit.com/title/9780133439854 Preface xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction