CO200 Computer Organization and Architecture

Transcription

1 CO200 Computer Organization and Architecture Basavaraj Talawar, CSE, NITK

2 Learning from the Course How does the hardware execute our program? What goes on under the hood during program execution?

3 Learning from the Course How does the hardware execute our program? What goes on under the hood during program execution? Which components of the system are at work? Design of these components

4 What does the hardware see? int main() { int i, i, a=2, b=3, sum=0; sum = a + b; b; This This is is what what the the Programmer sees. sees.

5 What does the hardware see? int main() { int i, i, a=2, b=3, sum=0; sum = a + b; b; This This is is what what the the Programmer sees. sees. Compiler

6 What does the hardware see? int main() { int i, i, a=2, b=3, sum=0; sum = a + b; b; This This is is what what the the Programmer sees. sees. Binary Code Code This This is is what what the the Machine sees. sees. Compiler

7 What does the hardware see? Binary Code Code What does the binary code (a.out) contain? What happens when do do $./a.out

8 The Program int main() { int a=2, b=3, sum=0; sum = a + b; b; Start Start here! here!

9 The Program int main() { int a=2, b=3, sum=0; sum = a + b; b; Allocate space in in memory for for these data! data!

10 The Program int main() { int a=2, b=3, sum=0; sum = a + b; b; Add Add a and and b and and store store the the result in in c. c.

11 The Program int main() { int a=2, b=3, sum=0; sum = a + b; b; Exit Exit the the program!

12 What goes on under the hood? int main() { int a=2, b=3, sum=0; sum = a + b; b; Add Add a and and b and and store store the the result in in c. c.

13 What goes on under the hood? int main() { int a=2, b=3, sum=0; sum = a + b; b; Add Add a and and b and and store store the the result in in c. c. All the work is done here PROCESSOR MEMORY Programs and Data reside here

14 What goes on under the hood? a b c PROCESSOR MEMORY int main() { int a=2, b=3, sum=0; sum = a + b; b; Add Add a and and b and and store store the the result in in c. c.

15 What goes on under the hood? 0 0 ALU ALU PROCESSOR a b c MEMORY int main() { int a=2, b=3, sum=0; sum = a + b; b; Add Add a and and b and and store store the the result in in c. c.

16 What goes on under the hood? 1 1 Load Load a, a, b ALU ALU a a b b a b c MEMORY PROCESSOR int main() { int a=2, b=3, sum=0; sum = a + b; b; Add Add a and and b and and store store the the result in in c. c.

17 What goes on under the hood? 1 1 ALU ALU a b PROCESSOR a b c MEMORY int main() { int a=2, b=3, sum=0; sum = a + b; b; Add Add a and and b and and store store the the result in in c. c.

18 What goes on under the hood? 2 Feed Feed a, a, b to to ALU ALU ALU ALU b a a a b b PROCESSOR a b c MEMORY int main() { int a=2, b=3, sum=0; sum = a + b; b; Add Add a and and b and and store store the the result in in c. c.

19 What goes on under the hood? 2 Addition in in ALU ALU ALU ALU b + a a a b b PROCESSOR a b c MEMORY int main() { int a=2, b=3, sum=0; sum = a + b; b; Add Add a and and b and and store store the the result in in c. c.

20 What goes on under the hood? 2 Add Add a, a, b. b. Write a+b. a+b. ALU ALU b a a a b b a+b a+b PROCESSOR a b c MEMORY int main() { int a=2, b=3, sum=0; sum = a + b; b; Add Add a and and b and and store store the the result in in c. c.

21 What goes on under the hood? 3 Store Store a+b a+b in in memory in in c c ALU ALU a b a+b a+b PROCESSOR a+b a+b a b a+b a+b MEMORY int main() { int a=2, b=3, sum=0; sum = a + b; b; Add Add a and and b and and store store the the result in in c. c.

22 What goes on under the hood? int main() { int a=2, b=3, sum=0; sum = a + b; b; Add Add a and and b and and store store the the result in in c. c. Variables memory locations Load the values from memory into the processor Feed the inputs to to the ALU Arithmetic operation in in the ALU Addition Save the sum in in the processor Store the calculated sum from the processor to to the memory

23 A Bigger Program int int calculate_sum(int a[], a[], int int i) i) { int int sum=0; i=0; i=0; for(i=0;i<5;i++) sum sum = sum sum + a[i]; return sum; sum; int int main() { int int i, i, a[5]={2,3,5,7,11, sum=0; sum=calculate_sum(a, 5); 5);

24 A Bigger Program int int calculate_sum(int a[], a[], int int i) i) { int int sum=0; i=0; i=0; for(i=0;i<5;i++) sum sum = sum sum + a[i]; return sum; sum; int int main() { int int i, i, a[5]={2,3,5,7,11, sum=0; sum=calculate_sum(a, 5); 5); Condition evaluation Function call and return Parameters pass and return

25 An Even Bigger Program! int int calculate_sum(int a[], a[], int int i) i) { int int sum=0; i=0; i=0; for(i=0;i<5;i++) sum sum = sum sum + a[i]; return sum; sum; int int main() { int int i, i, a[5]={2,3,5,7,11, sum=0; sum=calculate_sum(a, 5); 5); printf( the sum: sum: %d., sum);

26 An Even Bigger Program! int int calculate_sum(int a[], a[], int int i) i) { int int sum=0; i=0; i=0; for(i=0;i<5;i++) sum sum = sum sum + a[i]; return sum; sum; int int main() { int int i, i, a[5]={2,3,5,7,11, sum=0; sum=calculate_sum(a, 5); 5); printf( the sum: sum: %d., sum); I/O operation!!

27 Computer Organization and Architecture This Course Binary Code Instructions The The Binary Program (a.out) Data Data Function Calls Calls I/O I/O Operations

28 Computer Organization and Architecture This Course Binary Code Hardware Units The The Binary Program (a.out) Instructions Data Data Function Calls Calls I/O I/O Operations ALU ALU Design Datapath Design Control Unit Unit Design Memory Hierarchy

29 Course Details Assignments (~4) RISC-V Assembly language programming Hardware design - Build components in HDL Tutorials (8 10) Solve problems in class; Teams of 2; Every week. Midterm and Final Exam Class slides will be on the course website

30 Course Reference Texts David A Patterson and John L Hennessy. Computer Organization and Design The Hardware/Software Interface. RISC-V Edition, Morgan Kaufmann M. Morris Mano. Computer System Architecture. 3e. Pearson, Hamacher, Vranesic, Zaky. Computer Organization, 5e. Tata McGraw Hill, John P Hayes. Computer Architecture and Organization, 3e. McGraw Hill, David Harris and Sarah Harris. Digital Design and Computer Architecture. 2e. MK NPTEL Courses ( Matthew Jacob High Performance Computing, Bhaskaran Raman Computer Organisation and Architecture, S. Raman Computer Organization, Jatindra Kumar Deka Computer Organisation and Architecture.

31 Extra Slides

32 The Program int main() { int a=2, b=3, sum=0; sum = a + b; b; Variables memory locations Load the values from memory Arithmetic operation Addition Store the sum into memory

33 int int main() { int int i, i, a[5]={2,3,5,7,11, sum=0; for(i=0;i<5;i++) sum sum = sum sum + a[i]; Variables memory locations Load the values from memory Store the sum into memory Arithmetic operation Addition Condition evaluation

34 A Bigger Program int int calculate_sum(int a[], a[], int int i) i) { int int sum=0; i=0; i=0; for(i=0;i<5;i++) sum sum = sum sum + a[i]; return sum; sum; int int main() { int int i, i, a[5]={2,3,5,7,11, sum=0; sum=calculate_sum(a, 5); 5); Variables memory locations Load the values from memory Store the sum into memory Arithmetic operation Addition Condition evaluation Function call, return, parameters pass and return

35 What do we learn in this course? What does a computer do? X = 10; Y = 20; X = 20; Y = 10;

36 The Binary Code Code for tasks to perform. Program Hardware interprets the code Decode Hardware accomplishes the task Execute

37 The Processor The processor decodes and executes the binary code Where does the code reside? PROCESSOR MEMORY Decodes, Executes Instructions Stores programs

38 The Computer System PROCESSOR MEMORY Hard Drive

39 The Computer System PROCESSOR MEMORY Interconnect I/O Devices I/O Devices I/O Devices

40 Computer Organization and Architecture Not in this Course Binary Code Hardware Units The The Binary Program (a.out) Instructions Data Data Function Calls Calls ALU ALU Design Datapath Design Control Unit Unit Design Memory Hierarchy Pipelining I/O I/O Processing Parallel Processing

41 What do we learn in this course? What does a computer do? v[k] = 10; v[k+1] = 20; v[k] = 20; v[k+1] = 10; C Program Binary Code Execution Compiler Hardware

42 return of the Binary Code Program Instructions and Data Instructions Arithmetic, Logic, Memory transfer, and others. Data Characters, Integers, Floating point numbers, etc.

43 This Course Decode, Execute Program Layout (Instructions and Data) How are bits stored? PROCESSOR MEMORY Interconnect I/O Devices I/O Devices I/O Devices Input and Output Devices, Communication A whole lot more!!!