ECE 15B COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

Transcription

1 ECE 15B COMPUTER ORGANIZATION What are Computing Systems? CMOS Camera (courtesy of Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd) Lecture 1 Introduction Dr. Rahul Singh UCLA Gonda Robotic Surgery Center da Vinci surgical robot, Intuitive Surgical, Inc. Robotic-Assisted Surgical System TiVo (courtesy of TiVo, Inc.) 1 More Computing Systems Electronics and the Car 1/8 CMOS HD Video camera (system on a chip) More than 30% of the cost of a car is now in electronics 90% of all innovations will be based on electronic systems Approx. 80 different computing systems in modern car Smart Dust Solar-power Wireless Sensor (Berkeley) Slide courtesy of Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelliapple 2 3

2 Increasingly smaller Higher performance More memory Computing Systems Lower power Lower cost Embedded Everywhere but increasingly more complex How do we handle complexity? Software Hardware Application (ex: browser) Compiler Assembler Operating System (ex: Mac OS X) Processor Memory I/O System Datapath & Control Digital Design Circuit Design Transistors Instruction Set Architecture ECE 15B Coordination of many levels of abstraction 4 5 Levels of Representation High Level Language Program (e.g., C) Compiler Assembly Language Program (e.g.,mips) Assembler Machine Language Program (MIPS) Machine Interpretation Hardware Architecture Description (e.g., Verilog Language) Architecture Implementation Logic Circuit Description (Verilog Language) temp = v[k]; v[k] = v[k+1]; v[k+1] = temp; lw $t0, 0($2) lw $t1, 4($2) sw $t1, 0($2) sw $t0, 4($2) wire [31:0] databus; regfile registers (databus); ALU ALUBlock (ina, inb, databus); wire w0; XOR (w0, a, b); AND (s, w0, a); Anatomy: 5 components of any Computer Personal Computer Computer Processor (active) Control ( brain ) Datapath ( brawn ) Memory (passive) (where programs, data live when running) Devices Input Output Keyboard, Mouse Disk (where programs, data live when not running) Display, Printer 6 7

3 Integrated Circuits Printed Circuit Boards Bare Die Chip in Package Primarily Crystalline Silicon 1mm - 25mm on a side Feature size ~ 65nm = 65 x 10-9 m Approaching 1 billion transistors (250M logic gates") 3-10 conductive layers CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) - most common. Package provides: spreading of chip-level signal paths to board-level heat dissipation. Ceramic or plastic with gold wires. fiberglass or ceramic 1-20 conductive layers Typically 1-20in on a side IC packages are soldered down. 8 9 Bits Technology Trends: Memory Capacity Single-Chip DRAM Year Size (Mbit) Y e a r Now 1.4X/yr, or 2X every 2 years. 65,000X since 1980! Technology Trends Mooreʼs Law In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors per chip would double every 18 months (1.5 years) 10 11

4 Did Mooreʼs prediction hold? Side effects of Mooreʼs Law World-wide semiconductor revenues 12 Side effects of Mooreʼs Law 13 Side effects of Mooreʼs Law Average transistor price per year Number of transistors shipped per year 14 15

5 Side effects of Mooreʼs Law Side effects of Mooreʼs Law Actual size of wafer today mm diameter, approx. 12 Moore s prediction Moore didn t get everything right Computer Technology - Trends Memory DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years (since ʻ96); 64x size improvement in last decade Processor Speed 2x / 1.5 years (since ʻ85); 100X performance in last decade Disk Capacity: 2x / 1 year (since ʻ97) 250X size in last decade 15B: So what's in it for me? Learning computing systems from a programmer's view What the programmer writes How it is converted to something the computer understands How the computer interprets the program What makes programs go slow 18 19

6 15B: So what's in it for me? Learn big ideas in computer engineering Principle of abstraction, used to build systems as layers 5 Classic components of a Computer Data can be anything (integers, floating point, characters): a program determines what it is Stored program concept: instructions just data Principle of Locality, exploited via a memory hierarchy Greater performance by exploiting parallelism Compilation v. interpretation thru system layers 15B can also help you Assembly Language Programming This is a skill you will pick up, as a side effect of understanding the Big Ideas Hardware design Hardware at abstract level, with only a little bit of physical logic to give things perspective 152 teaches this Understand Language Concepts If you know one, you should be able to learn another low level programming language on your own C constructs used in many other higher level programming languages B Does Not Teach A specific assembler language 486 Instruction set PowerPC instruction set ARM instruction set Because technologies change so dramatically Learning the concepts is more important than learning the language Learning abstract ideas is more important than learning the specific features Course Logistics Approx. schedule on class syllabus 1 homework/project/quiz due per week Homework / Projects due Fridays at 5:00 pm in HFH Office: Building 406, Room 210 Office Hours: Tues 6:30-7:30pm, Thurs 1:00-2:00pm Course web site URL On-line material lecture viewgraphs in PDF (available after lecture) copies of handouts, homeworks, project description, etc. important announcements Iʼll assume that you check website daily 22 23

7 Course Grading Course Logistics: Textbooks Grading Homework Assignments Projects Quiz 1 Quiz 2 Final Exam 15% 20% 15% 15% 35% Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface, Fourth Edition, By David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy MIPS Assembly Language Programming by Robert L Britton References (available on the web) The Art of Assembly Language Programming by Randall Hyde Essential C - Stanford CS Education Library TAs Brendon Bolin(bbolin@gmail.com) Discussion: Mondays 6:00-6:50 am, Phelps 1448 Office Hour: Tuesdays 3:00-4:00 pm, Phelps 1435 Vivek Nandakumar (vsn@umail.ucsb.edu) Discussion: Fridays 9:00-9:50 am, Phelps 1448 Office Hour: Wednesday 2:00-3:00 pm, Phelps 1435 Course Problems - Cheating What is cheating? Studying together in groups is encouraged Turned-in work must be completely your own. Common examples of cheating: running out of time on a assignment and then pick up output take homework from box and copy person asks to borrow solution just to take a look copying an exam question, Both giver and receiver are equally culpable Cheating on homeworks: negative points for that assignment (e.g., if itʼs worth 10 pts, you get -10) Cheating on projects / exams: At least, negative points for that project / exam. In most cases, F in the course. All instance of cheating will be referred to Office of Student Judicial Affairs

8 }Processor Summary Continued rapid improvement in computing 2X every 2.0 years in memory size; every 1.5 years in processor speed; every 1.0 year in disk capacity; Mooreʼs Law enables processor (2X transistors/chip ~1.5 yrs) 5 classic components of all computers Control Datapath Memory Input Output 28